Organic Chemistry 4@1

Organic chemistry
Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain a ring in their carbon backbones. Analogous ring
structures containing double and triple bonds are known as cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes. Cycloalkanes
with one ring have the chemical formula CnH2n.
Cycloalkanes, like alkanes, are subject to intermolecular forces called London dispersion forces. These
weak intermolecular interactions result in relatively low melting and boiling points. Like alkanes,
cycloalkanes are not particularly reactive, with the exception of the smallest, most strained
cycloalkanes.
A homologous series is a series of compounds having similar structures and each member different
from the consecutive member by a cH2 group
More notes.its called 2 methyl because the methyl group is on the second carbon and propane comes
from the fact that we have 3 carbon atoms at the top
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular structure but with different structural formula
Alkanes are said to be saturated hydrocarbons. What is a saturated hydrocarbon
Because they contain -c-c- single bonds
eg butane and propane are used as fuels in homes (Liquified petroleum gas LPG)
Alkanes are used as waxes in candles,as lubricating oils and to make alkenes
The crude petroleum oil obtained from oil field, undergoes fractional distillation and a number of
products are generated. These products of fractional distillation include, petrol (or gasoline), naptha,
kerosene, diesel oil, lubricating oil, fuel oil, grease and wax, and some residue. The basic idea is to heat
the crude oil and then separate out the various fractions in a fractional distillation column. The crude oil
vapors rise up in the column and condense at different heights, according to their boiling points. These
products of fractional distillation are used for various purposes in our daily lives. Petrol (or gasoline) and
diesel are commonly used for running our vehicles, which operate on petrol or diesel engines. Kerosene
is commonly used in developing and underdeveloped countries for cooking. It is also used as jet fuel.
Kerosene is also known as paraffin
Fractional distillation of petroleum or of crude oil is simply cracking larger hydrocarbons to produce
smaller carbon chained hydrocarbons.
Yes ,also as lamp oil or coal oil
Now let's go to the chemical properties of alkanes.
They undergo substitution reactions
Bromination
*they are saturated compounds
*alkanes undergo substitution reaction e.g Methane reacts with chlorine in the presence of light to form
chloromethane
CH4 +Cl2 --CH3Cl + HCL
The most important property about alkanes is that they burn easily.
So when gaseous alkanes burn in adequate oxygen ,water,carbon dioxide and energy are produced
Alkanes are Saturated Hydrocarbons. They consist of the elementsCarbon and Hydrogen, and all the

bonds between the Carbon atoms are single bonds. They have the general formula CnH2n+2. Since all
Alkanes are similar in structure and properties, they are called aHomologous Series.
Alkanes can be long straight chains of Carbon atoms bonded with each other and Hydrogen, but they
can also come in different shapes. Branchingcan occur, as can the formation of cyclic structures. This is
calledIsomerism.Branched Alkanes occur when a straight chain Alkane forms replaces one of its
Hydrogen atoms with an Alkyl group (an Alkane which has similarly lost a Hydrogen on the end Carbon),
forming a branch. Branching can happen inmany different ways and means that a variety of possible
structures can exist for one Molecular Formula. Branched Alkanes may have the prefix ‘iso’.

Alkanes with 10 C-atoms or less are generally gases at room temperatures more than 10 C-atoms, the
molecules are gases or liquid. Alkanes generally having low boiling and melting points owing to their
weak Vanderwal’s interaction.
Boiling point depends on the following factors:
Molecular massBranching
Alkanes having high molecular mass and high boiling points. Eg: C2H6has more boiling point than CH4
Alkanes having same molecular mass but having a different number of branches, the one with less
branching has more boiling point this is because of the Vanderwal’s force weak on as area increases.
For example, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 has more Boiling point. Alkanes are very feebly soluble in water but
they are soluble in non-polar solvents such as Benzene, CCl4, etc.
Uses of Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are widely used as fuels. For example LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), CNG (Liquefied
natural gas).They are used in the manufacturing of polymers such as polyethene, polystyrene etc.These
organic compounds find their application in the manufacturing of drugs and dyes as a starting
material.They serve as lubricating oil and grease.
Alkanes are unreactive to acids and alkalis and the most chemical property about them is that they burn
easily .look at petrol,diesel and paraffin even the gas you use at home
We get bitumen from the craking of crude oil(petreloeum). Remember craking is simply breaking a
larger alkane molecule into smaller carbon chained molecules
In the cracking of crude oil bitumen and fuel are the most substances that we obtain in larger quantities
and are in high demand also.
Dang!!!!!!!!!!

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Organic chemistry

Alkanes are said to be saturated hydrocarbons. What is a saturated hydrocarbon

Because they contain -c-c- single bonds

Kerosene is also known as paraffin

Yes ,also as lamp oil or coal oil

Now let's go to the chemical properties of alkanes.

They undergo substitution reactions

*they are saturated compounds

CH4 +Cl2 --CH3Cl + HCL

Alkanes are Saturated Hydrocarbons. They consist of the elementsCarbon and Hydrogen, and all the

Boiling point depends on the following factors:

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