SDL C Phases

SDLC Phases
1. System Study
2. System Analysis
3. System Design
4. System Development
5. System Testing
6. System Implementation
7. System Maintenance
System Study:
• Also known as preliminary investigation or need analysis phase.
• Concerned with determining whether or the new system/software
should be developed or not.
• Focuses on completing three tasks:
i. Survey the system by collecting the inputs from various resources.
ii. Analyzing the current system in depth and developing possible
solutions to the problem.
iii. Selecting the best solution and defining its function with a
feasibility study.
Feasibility Study
• Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a software/system
or project is worth doing.
• The process followed in making this determination is called
feasibility study.
• Post-phase of system study.
• A feasibility study is conducted once the system goal is set.
• The main goal of the feasibility study is not to solve the problem
but to achieve the possibility of the system.
Needs of feasibility Study
• It determines whether the system meets the goal of the clients or not.
• It determines the strengths and limitations before starting to develop
the system.
• Focuses on the boundary of the system’s outline.
• Suggests new opportunity through the investigation process.
• Enhances the probability of success by addressing and justifying the
factors prior that can affect the system.
• Provides quality information for decision making.
• Helps to increase investment in the system.
• Provides documentation of the investigated system.
• Allows new technology and development areas for faster processing,
more storage and lower costs than ever before.
• Helps in obtaining funds from financial institutions and other sources.
Types of feasibility study:
The system analyst will usually consider seven distinct, but interrelated
types of feasibility study. They are:
1. Technical Feasibility: The system analyst identifies the existing
computer systems of the concerned department and determines whether
these technical resources are sufficient for the proposed system or not.
During technical feasibility, financial resources and budgets are also
considered.
It includes:
Determination of whether the technology needed for a system is
available or not.
Determines how the technology can be well used with in the system.
 Identifies the correct personnel and correct equipment for the system,
including hardware and software systems.
Out of all types of feasibility study, technical feasibility generally is the

most difficult to determine.
2. Economical feasibility: Determines the cost and benefits of the

proposed system and compares it with the budget.
The cost of the system includes the cost of hardware, software,
development and implementation.
In this feasibility study, cost-benefit analysis is carried out.
The cost-benefit analysis might include:
 It concerns the return of the investments in the system/project.
 Determines whether the system or project is affordable or not.
Identifies the financial benefits and cost benefits analysis associated
with the system.
3. Operational Feasibility: It is determined whether the system will

operate in the way that the user wants.
It depends upon human resources for the development and
implementation of the system.
It is considered whether qualified and experienced manpower is
available for the development and implementation of the system.
• In this feasibility following things are considered:
 It determines the general skills, training and capabilities of the
existing personnel.
 Concerns with organizational structures, the business problems and
their solutions.
 Identifies how the system will fit in the current operations.
Mainly related to human organizational and political aspects.
4. Social Feasibility: Determination of whether a proposed system will
be acceptable to the people or not.
Examines the probability of the system being accepted by the group
directly affected by the proposed system change.
Determines the impact of the system on the employees.
5. Management Feasibility: Determination of whether a proposed

system will be acceptable to management or not.
6. Legal and Contractual Feasibility: Determination of whether a

proposed system infringes on known Acts, Statutes as well as pending
legislation.
7. Time Feasibility: Determination of whether a proposed system can be
implemented fully within a specified time frame or not.
8. Behavioral Feasibility: Includes a study of organizational behavior.

It includes:
 It concerns the behavioral approach of the management staff and
workers with in the system in the organization.
It concerns fear of loss of job and lost identity, displacement of the
manpower, fear of technology.
2. System Analysis: It follows the feasibility study and involves a
detailed study of the current system, leading to specifications of new
system.
It is a central part of the whole system development.
System analysis is a detailed study of various operations performed by a
system and their relationships within and outside the system.
During this phase, data is collected from various available sources by
using tools such as interviews, on-site observation, questionnaires,
sampling, research, and documentation.
All procedures, requirements must be analyzed and documented.
Finally, system analysis determines the shapes, form, strength,
capability, and even the life span of the system.
3. System Design: Most creative and challenging phase of SDLC.
Concerned with the design of the final system.
The design of an information system produces the details that how a
system will meet the requirement, identified during system analysis.
During this phase, the designer must design all the aspects of the system
from the input and output screen to reports, databases, and processes of
computing.
The designer must provide the physical specifies of the system
designed, either as a model or as detailed documentation, to guide those
who will develop the new system.
Many system design tools are available to help teams through the steps
of system design.
Some of them are algorithm, flowchart, pseudo code, context diagram,
Data flow diagram, decision table, decision tree, E-R diagram,
prototyping, and CASE tools.
4. System Development: During the development phase, the developers

play a key role in creating or customizing the system.
After designing the new system, defined procedures are transformed
into the physical system.
In this phase technical writers also work with the developers to develop
the technical documents for the system.
The technical documentation includes information about system
features, the flow of the system, the design, and the layout of the
necessary components.
The major goal of this phase is to translate the problem studied in the
system analysis and design phase into the proper physical system.
5. System Testing: After developing the whole components of the
system, a test plan should be developed and all the testing must be done
according to that schedule.
A test schedule may contain the following steps:
i. Test unit specification
ii. Features to be tested
iii. Approach used for testing
iv. Test deliverables
v. Schedule
vi. Personnel allocation
Costliest, time-consuming and complex phase.
Errors are corrected so that there is no difference in actual and desired
output.
Unit testing: It is the process of testing the individual component of the
system after the component is developed but before the components are
combined together to form a complete system.
Integration testing: Process of testing the system after all the individual
components are combined together.
System testing: Test is performed on the complete system using actual
data.
Can be tested in two ways:
i. Black-box testing(functional test): Internal code of the program is
tested.
ii. White-box testing(glass box test): Structure of the program is tested.
User acceptance testing
6. System implementation: The way of carrying out a developed system
into working condition is called system implementation.
In this phase user moves from the older system to the new system to
perform work. The process of moving from old system to the new
system is called system conversion.
There are different ways of system conversion:
i. Direct conversion
ii. Parallel conversion
iii. Phased conversion
iv. Pilot conversion
7. System maintenance and Review
System maintenance: Correcting and upgrading process of the system is
called system maintenance.
Maintenance is necessary to eliminate errors in the working system
during its working life and to tune the system to any variations in its
working environment.
Maintenance is classified as:
i. Corrective maintenance
ii. Adaptive maintenance
iii. Perfective maintenance
System Review

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SDLC Phases

Out of all types of feasibility study, technical feasibility generally is the

2. Economical feasibility: Determines the cost and benefits of the

3. Operational Feasibility: It is determined whether the system will

5. Management Feasibility: Determination of whether a proposed

6. Legal and Contractual Feasibility: Determination of whether a

8. Behavioral Feasibility: Includes a study of organizational behavior.

4. System Development: During the development phase, the developers

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