Questions 1-11

Harvard University, today recognized as part of the top echelon of the world's universities, came
from very inauspicious and humble beginnings.
This oldest of American universities was founded in 1636, just sixteen years after the Pilgrims
Line landed at Plymouth. Included in the Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts colony during this
(5) period were more than 100 graduates of England's prestigious Oxford and Cambridge universities,
and these university graduates in the New World were determined that their sons would have the
same educational opportunities that they themselves had had. Because of this support in the colony
for an institution of higher learning, the General Court of Massachusetts appropriated 400 pounds for
a college in October of 1636 and early the following year decided on a parcel of land for the school; this
(10) land was in an area called Newetowne, which was later renamed Cambridge after its English cousin
and is the site of the present-day university.
When a young minister named John Harvard, who came from the neighboring town of
Charlestowne, died from tuberculosis in 1638, he willed half of his estate of 1,700 pounds to the
fledgling college. In spite of the fact that only half of the bequest was actually paid, the General Court
(IS) named the college after the minister in appreciation for what he had done. The amount of the bequest
may not have been large, particularly by today's standards, but it was more than the General Court
had found it necessary to appropriate in order to open the college.
Henry Dunster was appointed the first president of Harvard in 1640, and it should be noted that
in addition to serving as president, he was also the entire faculty, with an entering freshman class of
(20) four students. Although the staff did expand somewhat, for the first century of its existence the entire
teaching staff consisted of the president and three or four tutors.

I. The main idea of this passage is that 3. It can be inferred from the passage that the
(A) Puritans who traveled to the
Harvard is one of the world's most
Massachusetts colony were
prestigious universities
(B) what is today a great university (A) rather well educated
started out small (B) rather rich
(C) John Harvard was key to the (C) rather supportive of the English
development of a great university government
(D) Harvard University developed under (D) rather undemocratic
the auspices of the General Court of
Massachusetts 4. The pronoun "they" in line 7 refers to

2. The passage indicates that Harvard is (A) Oxford and Cambridge universities
(B) university graduates
(A) one of the oldest universities in the (C) sons
world (D) educational opportunities
(B) the oldest university in the world

.
(C)

(D)
one of the
America
the oldest
oldest universities in

university in America
S. The "pounds" in line 8 are probably
(A) types of books
(B) college students
(C) units of money
(D) school campuses

COMPLETE TEST FIVE 529

 6. The "English cousin" in line 10 refers to a 9. The passage implies that

(A) city (A) Henry Dunster was an ineffective

(B) relative president
(C) person (B) someone else really served as
(D) court president of Harvard before Henry
Dunster
7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned (C) Henry Dunster spent much of his time
about John Harvard? as president managing the Harvard
faculty
(A) What he died of (D) the position of president of Harvard
(B) Where he came from was not merely an administrative
(C) Where he was buried position in the early years
(D) How much he bequeathed to Harvard
10. The word "somewhat" in line 20 could best
8. The word "fledgling" in line 14 could best be replaced by
be replaced by which of the following?
(A) back and forth
(A) Newborn (B) to and fro
(B) Flying (C) side by side
(C) Winged (D) more or less
(D) Established
II. Where in the passage does it indicate how
much money Minister Harvard was really
responsible for giving to the university?

(A) Lines 3-7

(B) Lines 7-11
(C) Lines 12-15
(D) Lines 15-17

530 COMPLETETESTFIVE
 Questions 12-21

A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity. Although
occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguished, they generally
appear as one star. The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to
Line orbit around the other. From the orbital pattern of a binary, tl.e mass of its stars can be determined:
(5) the gravitational pull of a star is in direct proportion to its mass, and the strength of the gravitational
force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.
Scientists have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space. It has been suggested
that such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star. The empty space is known as a
"black hole," a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through. Altjlough
(10) the existence of black holes has not been proven, the theory of their existence has been around for
about two centuries, since the French mathematician Pierr~ Simon de Laplace first proposed the
concept at the end of the eighteenth century. Scientific interest in this theory has been intense in the
last few decades. However, currently the theory is unproven. Black holes can only be potentially
identified based on the interactions of objects around them, as happens when a potential black hole is
(15) part of a binary star; they, of course, cannot be seen because of the inability of any light to escape the
star's powerful gravity.

12. A binary star could best be described as 16. A "black hole" in line 9 is
(A) stars that have been forced apart (A) an empty space around which nothing
(B) a star with a strong gravitational force orbits
(C) two stars pulled together by gravity (B) a star with close to zero gravity
(0) a large number of attached stars (C) a star whose gravitational force
blocks the passage of light
13. The word "distinguished" in line 2 is (0) an empty space so far away that no
closest in meaning to light can reach it
(A) renowned
17. Which of the following statements about
(B) tied
black holes is NOT supported by the
(C) celebrated
passage?
(0) differentiated
(A) A black hole can have a star orbiting
14. According to the passage, what happens as around it.
a result of the gravitational force between (B) A binary star can be composed of a
the stars? black hole and a visible star.
(C) All empty space contains black holes.
(A) One star circles the other.
(D) The gravitational pull of a black hole
(B) The mass of the binary star increases.
is strong.
(C) A black hole is destroyed.
(0) The gravitational force decreases.
18. The word "get" in line 9 could best be
replaced by
IS. The word "proportion" in line 5 is closest
in meaning to which of the following? (A) pass
(B) sink
(A) Contrast
(C) jump
(B) Ratio
(0) see
(C) Inversion
(0) Force

COMPLETETESTFIVE 531
 19. Which of the following is implied In the 21. This passage would probably be assigned
passage about the theory of black holes? reading in a course on

(A) No reputable scientists believe it. (A) botany

(B) lt has only recently been (B) astrophysics
hypothesized. (C) geology
(C) At least some scientists find it (D) astrology
credible.
(D) Scientists are hoping to see a black
hole in order to prove the theory.

20. The word "intense" in line 12 is closest in

meaning to

(A) brilliant
(B) intermittent
(C) bright
(D) strong

532 COMPLETETESTFIVE
 Questions 22-30

Clara Barton is well known for her endeavors as a nurse on the battlefield during the Civil War
and for her role in founding the American Red Cross. She is perhaps not as well known, however, for
her role in establishing a bureau for tracing missing soldiers following the Civil War.
Line At the close of the Civil War, the United States did not have in place any agency responsible for
(5) accounting for what had happened to the innumerable men who had served in the military during the
war, and many families had no idea as to the fate of their loved ones. Families were forced to agonize
endlessly over where their loved ones were, what kind of shape they were in, whether or not they
would return, and what had happened to them.
Clara Barton developed a system for using print media to publish the names of soldiers known
(10) to have been wounded or killed during various battles of the Civil War. She was prepared to publish
names that she herself had gathered on the battlefield as well as information gathered from others.
She made numerous unsuccessful attempts to interest various government officials in her plan.
However, it was not until Henry Wilson, a senator from the state of Massachusetts, took up her cause
and presented her plan to President Lincoln that her plan was implemented.
(15) With Lincoln's assistance, Clara Barton was set up in a small government office with funding for
a few clerks and the authority to examine military records. She and her clerks gathered and compiled
information from military records and battlefield witnesses and published it in newspapers and
magazines. Clara Barton operated this missing persons bureau for four years, from the end of the war
in 1865 until 1869. During this period, she and her staff put out more than 100,000 printed lists,
(20) answered more than 60,000 letters, and accounted for more than 20,000 missing soldiers.

22. The purpose of this passage is 24. The word "close" in line 4 could best be
replaced by .
(A) to praise Clara Barton's work as a
battlefield nurse (A) near
(B) to outline Clara Barton's role in (B) battle
establishing the American Red (C) end
Cross (D) shut
(C) to malign the role of the U.S.
government at the end of the Civil 25. What is stated in the passage about the
War issue of missing persons following the Civil
(D) to present one of Clara Barton's War?
lesser-known accomplishments
(A) The U.S. government was not
23. Which of the following is NOT mentioned officially prepared to deal with the
as one of Clara Barton's accomplishments? issue.
(B) President Lincoln did not recognize
(A) That she treated wounded Civil War that there was an issue.
soldiers (C) One U.S. government agency was
(B) That she was integral to the responsible for the issue.
establishment of the American Red (D) U.S. citizens were unaware of the
Cross issue.
(C) That she served as an elected
government official
(D) That she continued to work for the
good of soldiers and their families
after the Civil War

~.

COMPLETE TEST FIVE 533

 26. It can be inferred from the passage that the 29. Where in the passage does the author
budget for Barton's missing persons indicate the duration of the existence of
agency was Clara Barton's missing persons agency?

(A) quite lavish (A) Lines 4-6

(B) open-ended (B) Lines 9-10
(C) limited in scope (C) Lines 15-16
(0) from private sources (0) Lines 18-19

27. The pronoun "it" in line 17 refers to 30. Which paragraph describes Clara Barton's
efforts to establish a missing persons
(A) funding bureau?
(B) authority
(C) information (A) The first paragraph
(0) bureau (B) The second paragraph
(C) The third paragraph
28. Which of the following did Clara Barton (0) 'the last paragraph
and her staff accomplish, according to the
passage?
(A) They searched military records.
(B) They responded to 100,000 letters.
(C) They printed a list with 100,000
names.
(0) They talked with 20,000 missing
soldiers.

534 COMPlETETESTFIVE
 3~3~3~3~3~3~3~3
Questions 31-40

Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that occurs when two unlike organisms live together in a state
that is mutually beneficial. It can exist between two animals, between two plants, or between a plant
and an animal. Mutualism is unlike the symbiotic state of commensalism in that commensalism is a
Line one-sided state in which a host gives and a guest takes, while in mutualism both partners live on a
(5) give-and-take basis.
In the African wilds, the zebra and the ostrich enjoy a symbiotic relationship that enhances the
ability of each of these large land animals to survive. Both serve as prey for the lion, and neither has
the capability alone to withstand an attack from this fierce hunter. However, when the zebra and the
ostrich collaborate in their defense by alerting each other to possible danger from an approaching
(10) predator, the lion is rarely able to capture more than the oldest or feeblest of the herd.
The complementary physical stFengths and weaknesses of the ostrich and the zebra allow them
to work in coordination to avoid succumbing to the lion. The ostrich, the largest flightless bird in the
world, possesses great speed and keen eyesight, which enable it to spot large predatory animals long
before they are able to position themselves to attack. The zebra. with a running speed equal to that of
(IS) the ostrich. has excellent hearing and a good sense of smell but lacks the sharp eyesight of the ostrich.
When ostriches and zebras intermix for grazing. each animal benefits from the ability of the other to
detect approaching danger. If either animal senses danger. both animals are alerted and take off.
With the running speed that both of these animals possess, they are able to outrun any predator
except the cheetah.

31. How is the information in the passage 34. What is "commensalism" in line 3?
organized?
(A) A specific kind of mutualistic
(A) A concept is explained through an relationship
extended example. (B) A relationship that is beneficial to
(B) A series of chronological events is both partners
presented. (C) A relationship in which both partners
(C) Two examples are compared and are hurt
contrasted. (0) A relationship that is beneficial to
(0) Two opposing theories are explained. only one partner

32. The word "unlike" in line 1 is closest in 35. What is implied in the passage about the
meaning to zebra and the ostrich?
(A) unfriendly (A) They have a commensalist
(B) dissimilar relationship.
(C) potential (B) The lion is prey for both of them.
(0) hated (C) They share a mutualistic relationship.
(0) Their relationship is not symbiotic.
33. The word "beneficial" in line 2 is closest in
meaning to
(A) distinctive
(B) meaningful
(C) helpful
(0) understood

COMPlETE TEST AVE 535

 36. What is stated in the passage about the 39. Which of the following is NOT stated in the
lion? passage?

(A) It is easily able to capture zebras and (A) The ostrich is unable to fly.
ostriches. (B) The ostrich is able to see better than
(B) It is usually able to catch only weaker the zebra.
zebras and ostriches. (C) The zebra hears and smells well.
(C) It never hunts zebras and ostriches. (0) The zebra is able to run faster than
(0) It does not hurt old or feeble zebras the ostrich.
and ostriches.
40. Where in the passage does the author
37. The word "collaborate" in line 9 is closest mention the one animal that is faster than
in meaning to both the ostrich and the zebra?

(A) work together (A) Lines 8-10

(B) make observations (B) Lines 12-14
(C) make a stand (C) Lines 14-15
(0) run and hide (0) Lines 18-19

38. The pronoun "it" in line 13 refers to

(A) ostrich
(B) world
(C) speed
(0) eyesight

536 COMPLETETEST FIVE

 Questions 41-50

Esperanto is what is called a planned, or artificial, language. It was created more than a century
ago by Polish eye doctor Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof. Zamenhofbelieved that a common language would
help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.
Line In Zamenhofs first attempt at a universal language, he tried to create a language that was as
(5) uncomplicated as possible. This first language included words such as ab, ac, ba, eb, be, and ceo This
did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic words, though short, were not easy
to understand or to retain.
Next, Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified language. He made the words
in his language sound like words that people already knew, but he simplified the grammar
(10) tremendously. One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes: all nouns in
this language end in 0, as in the noun amiko, which means "friend," and all adjectives end in -a, as in
the adjective bela, which means "pretty." Another example of the simplified language can be seen in
the prefix malo, which makes a word opposite in meaning; the word malamiko therefore means
"enemy," and the word malbela therefore means "ugly" in Zamenhofs language.
(15) In 1887, Zamenhof wrote a description of this language and published it. He used a pen name,
Dr. Esperanto, when signing the book. He selected the name Esperanto because this word means "a
person who hopes" in his language. Esperanto clubs began popping up throughout Europe, and by
1905, Esperanto had spread from Europe to America and Asia.
In 1905, the First World Congress of Esperanto took place in France, with approximately 700
(20) attendees from 20 different countries. Congresses were held annually for nine years, and 4,000
attendees were registered for the Tenth World Esperanto Congress scheduled for 1914, when World
War I erupted and forced its cancellation.
Esperanto has had its ups and downs in the period since World War I. Today, years after it was
introduced, it is estimated that perhaps a quarter of a million people are fluent in it. This may seem
(25) like a large number, but it is really quite small when compared with the billion English speakers and.
billion Mandarin Chinese speakers in today's world. Current advocates would like to see its use grow
considerably and are taking steps to try to make this happen.

41. The topic of this passage is 43. It can be inferred from the passage that the
Esperanto word malespera means
(A) a language developed in the last few
years (A) hopelessness
(B) one man's efforts to create a universal (B) hope
language (C) hopeless
(C) how language can be improved (D) hopeful
(D) using language to communicate
internationally 44. The expression "popping up' in line 17
could best be replaced by
42. According to the passage, Zamenhof
(A) leaping
wanted to create a universal language
(B) shouting
(A) to resolve cultural differences (C) hiding
(B) to provide a more complex language (D) opening
(C) to build a name for himself
(D) to create one world culture

COMPLETETEST FIVE 537

 45. It can be inferred from the passage that the 48. Which paragraph describes the
Third World Congress of Esperanto took predecessor to Esperanto?
place .
(A) The first paragraph
(A) in 1905 (B) The second paragraph
(B) in 1907 (C) The third paragraph
(C) in 1909 (D) The fourth paragraph
(D) in 1913
49. This passage would most likely be assigned
46. According to the passage, what happened reading in a course on
to the Tenth World Esperanto Congress?
(A) European history
(A) It had 4,000 attendees. (B) English grammar
(B) It was scheduled for 1915. (C) world government
(C) It had attendees from 20 countries. (D) applied linguistics
(D) It never took place.
50. The paragraph following the passage most
47. The expression "ups and downs. in line 23 likely discusses
is closest in meaning to
(A) how current supporters of Esperanto
(A) tops and bottoms are encouraging its growth
(B) floors and ceilings (B) another of Zamenhofs
(C) takeoffs and landings accomplishments
(D) highs and lows (C) the disadvantages of usbg an
artificial language
(D) attempts to reconvene the World
Congress of Esperanto in the 1920s

This Is the end of Section 3.

8888888
If you finish In less than 55 minutes,
check your work on Section 3 only.
Do NOT read or work on any other section of the test.

When you finish the test, you may do the following:

• Turn to the Diagnostic Charts on pages 583-590, and
circle the numbers of the questions that you missed.
• Turn to Scoring Information on pages 58 1-58~, and
determine your TOEFL score.
• Turn to the Progress Chart on page 591, and add your
score to the chart.

538 COMPLETETESTFIVE