md,s jxil:d idys;Hh yd uydjxih

zjxiZ hkq l=,h mrïmrdj hk woyi f.k fohs'1 ta wkqj b;sydid.; f;dr;=re
wdY%h lrf.k mrïmrdj .ek wOHhkh lsÍu jxil:djkaf.ka wfmaCId flf¾' b;sydih
ms<sn| f;dr;=re igyka lrk jxil:dlrejdf.a iajNdjh jkafka jvd;a iqúfYAIS jq rij;a
m%jD;a;Ska bÈßm;a lsÍuh' tfia b;sydi f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍfï§ ;;a jQ mßoafoka igyka
lsÍu fuka u ;udg wNsu; jQ m%jD;a;sh jvd;a WÑ; NdId jHjydrfhka rij;a f,i oelaùu
jxil:d lrejkag wdfõKsl jQq fohla ksid th idys;Hdx.hla jYfhka m%lg úh' ta wkqj
úYaj idys;Hfha tla wÈhrhla jxil:d idys;Hhg ysñjk nj fmkajd Èh yelsh'

kdkdúO idys;Hdx.hkaf.ka mßfmdaIs; ixialD; idys;H b;sydih ;=< o jxil:d

idys;Hhla f.dvke.S fkdue;' ixialD; idys;H ;=< jxi hk kdufhka olakg ,efnk tl
u lD;sh jkafka r>qjxYhhs' r>qjxYh rpkd lrk ,oafoa l%s' j' 5 jk ishjfia úiqfõ hehs
i|yka jk uydlú ld,sodihka úisks' ^fudyq Ôj;a jQ ld, jljdkqj ms<sn| úúO
u;su;dka;r we;'&2 fuys lshfjkafka bka§h rc mrïmrdjla jk r>q mrïmrdfõ l:d
mqj;hs' mrïmrd l:djla ms<sn| f;dr;=re i|yka jqj;a wka;¾.; ffY,sh wkqj fuh
jxil:d .Kfhys ,d ie,lsh fkdyelsh' fuys wvx.= ù we;af;a uyd ldjH ,CIKh' ta wkqj
fuh ixialD; idys;H b;sydih ;=< uydldjH .Kfhys ,d ie,lsh yels .%ka:hls' fï
khska n,k l< zzjxil:dZZ md,s idys;Hhg u wfõKsl jQ iqúfYAI iajdëk wx.hla yeáhg
y÷kajd Èh yelsh' md,s idys;H b;sydih ;=< u wdrïN ù úldYhg m;a fuu jxil:d
idys;Hh ft;sydisl iudcfha mq¿,a m%foaYhla jid we;s nj fmfka' ft;sydisl;ajh yd
úYajikSh;ajh w;ska jxil:djkays tk we;eï f;dr;=re újdodmkak jqj o" úfYAIfhka u
md,s jxil:dj,ska ol=Kq wdishdfõ b;sydih" ft;sydisl f;dr;=re" iudc ixia:d.; mqj;a
ms<sn| lreKq .fõIKh lrkafkl=g jeo.;a jk idys;Hdx.hla f,i fmkajd Èh yelsh'

md,s jxil:djkag iu.dój fjk;a idys;Hdx.hla uq,a ld,fha ìys fkdjqK;a tys
ft;sydisl ixj¾Okh ms<sn| lreKq .fõIKh lsÍfï§ ffjÈl idys;Hfha wdNdih md,s
jxil:djkag ,eî we;' ffjÈl idys;Hfha n%dyauK .%ka:j, fm!rdKsl n%dyauK wdpd¾h
mrïmrd ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a fõ' tfukau nDyodrKHl WmksIoaj, we;eï wOHdhj,
wOHd;aul {dkfhka msßmqka RIs mrïmrd ms<sn| f;dr;=re yuqfõ' Pdkafod.H WmksIoaj,
b;sydi yd mqrdK kñka ye¢kafjk .%ka: oelsh yelsh' fulS ish¨ u .%ka:hkays olakg
,efnk f;dr;=re jxil:d kdufhka fkd;snqK;a mrïmrd l:d bÈßm;a lrk lD;s f,i
oelaúh yelsh' fï whqßka u ft;sydisl f;dr;=re imhk md,s jd¾;d lsysmhla o ;%smsgl
idys;H ;=< olakg ,efí' §>ksldfha uydmßksíndk iQ;%h" uydmodk iQ;%h" pq,a,j.a.
md<sfha m[api;sllaLkaOlh" i;a;i;sllaLkaOlh" uydj.a. md<sfhys uydlaLkaOlh" jeks
fldgia bka iuyrls' fuu foaYkdjkays fndaêi;ajhkaf.a nqÿùu" nqÿkaf.a uq,a ld, iSudfõ
isÿ jQ iqúfYAIS f;dr;=re" Y%djl msßila ks¾udKh ùu" O¾uh ck;dj w;rg heùu" ta i|yd
wkq.ukh l< ms<sfj;a wdÈ ft;sydisl f;dr;=re fuka u nqoaO mßks¾jdKh" fn!oaO O¾u
ix.dhkd wdÈ f;dr;=re o we;=<;a ù ;sfí'

miqld,Skj fujeks ft;sydisl f;dr;=re iemhSfuys ,d rÑ; jxil;d rpkd lsÍfuys

ksr; jQ mqfrda.dóka f,i ye¢kafjkafka NsCIQka jykafia,dh' ;u ;uka jik wdrduj,
jeo.;a jk mqoa.,hka" iïm%odhg wod< jQ úfYAI isÿùï" wkd.;fhys jeo.;a úhyels úfYAI
ia:dk" tu ia:dkhkays isák m%N+ka jeks lreKq ms<sn| f;dr;=re jxil;djkays igyka ù
we;s fmkajd Èh yelsh' fun÷ jxil:djka ys olakg ,efnk f;dr;=re foi ne,Sfï§ fmkS
hkafka jxil:dj rpkd jk ld,hg jvd merKs b;sydi l:djla tajdg miqìï ù we;s njh'
WodyrKhla f,i uydjxi" §mjxi wdÈ lD;s fmkajd Èh yelsh' fulS .%ka: rpkd jQfha l%s'
j' 4" 5 Y;j¾Ij,ska miqj jqj;a fuys wka;¾.; f;dr;=re nqoaOld,h olajd u Èj hhs' ta
wkqj fulS f;dr;=re imhd .ekSu i|yd l=uk fyda uQ,dY% .%ka: ;sfnkakg we;' fndfyda
ÿrg fujeks f;dr;=re imhdf.k we;af;a by;ska i|yka l< wkaoug ;%smsgld.; f;dr;=re
wdY%fhks'

jxil:djkays wdrïNh ms<sn| j lreKq .fõIKh lrk úg jxi kñka ye¢kafjk

merKs u .%ka:h yuqjkafka nqÿrcqka úiska foaYs; hehs ie,flk Lqoaol ksldhg wh;a
nqoaOjxi md<shhs' nqoaOjxifhys ks¾udK ld,h ms,sn| úúO u;su;dka;r we;' tfy;a
nqoaOjxi wgqjdj th nqoaO NdIs;hla nj u m%ldY lrhs'

zzfï nqoaOjxih ljfrl= úiska foaYkd lrk ,oafoao@ ish¨ O¾uhkays meroúh
fkdyels [dKhla we;s" oin,OdÍ jq" p;=ffjYdroH [dKfhka hqla; jQ" O¾urdÔ jQ"
O¾uhg iajdó jQ" ish¨ foa oek.;a" ukdfldg wjfndaO lr.;a ;:d.;hka jykafia úiska u
foaYs;hZZ3 tys olakg ,efnk úia;rh wkqj fuh foaYkd lr we;af;a lms,j;a:q k.rfhys
ksf.%daOdrdufha jevjik iufha wiQ fooyila jQ [d;siuQyhd yd fldaá .Kka foõ
ñksiqkaf.a ys;iqj msKsih'4

fï wkqj ießhq;a ysñhkaf.a wdrdOkdfjka f.!;u nqÿka úiska w;S; nqÿjre iïnkaO
lr .ksñka lrk ,o foaYkdjla óg wh;ah' zzr;kpxluk LKavZZ mßÉfþofhka wdrïN
jk fuys .d:d 81 lska nqÿrcqka ;=< mj;sk wiSñ; nqoaO n,hka ms<sn| úia;rhla we;=<;a fõ'
bkamiq §mxlr nqÿka jykafiaf.a mgka iQúis nqÿjre ms<sn| j¾Kkd flÍ we;' ;jo f.!;u
nqÿka jykafiaf.a .=K j¾Kkd lsÍu uQ,sl wjYH;djh jQ ksid iqfïO ;dmi l:dj
uq,alr.;a Wkajykafiaf.a w;S; Njhka ms<sn| úia;r o olakg ,efí' bkamiq újrK ,nd.;a
iQúis nqÿjre ms<sn| úia;r l;dj wkqms<sfj,ska olajd we;' ta ta nqÿjre my< jQ l,amh" ku"
f.da;%h" cd;sh" k.rh" mshd" uj" nqÿ jQ fndaêh wdÈ jYfhka lreKq úis folla hgf;a l:d
mqj;a f.dkqlr we;s wdldrh oelsh yelsh' ;jo nqoaO foaYs; O¾uh ms<sn| flá újrKhla
zzmlsKaKll:dZZ mßÉfþofhka úia;r jk w;r mßÉfþo 28 lska iukaú; wjika zzOd;=
NdckShl:dZZ mßÉfþofhka úia;r jkafka nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka miqj isÿ jQ Od;= fn§ud§
l:d mqj;hs' fuu fldgi óg wka;¾.; ù we;s neúka fuh nqoaO foaYkdjla fkdfõh hkak
fndfyda fofkl=f.a woyihs' flfia kuq;a nqÿrcqkaf.a YdÍßl yd mdßfNda.sl Od;+ka fn§ .sh
whqre oek.ekSu i|yd fï fldgi jeo.;a ;ekla Wiq,k nj lsj yelsh' nqoaO
mßks¾jdKfhka miqj isÿ jQ we;eï isÿùï Y%djl NdIs; f,i fmkajd Èh yelsh'
uydmßksíndk iQ;%fha o fujeks u mqj;la olakg ,efí'5

nqoaOjxih miqld,Sk hehs i|yka lsÍug olajk ;j;a u;hla jkafka nqÿrcqka
lsUq,aj;a kqjrg jäk wjia:dfõ wkqreoaO" Wmd,s" uydldYHm" mqKaKuka;dksmq;a; hk
f;rjreka o fï .ukg tla jQ nj i|yka ùu ksidh' lms,jia;=jg jevu l< m%:u
wjia:dfõ § u fuh foaYkd lf<a hehs i|yka lrkafka kï uydldYHm" mqKAK wdÈ
f;rjreka Bg iïnkaO úh fkdyelsh' fï jkúg fï f;rjreka meúÈ ù isáfha ke;'
wkqreoaO l=ure we;=¿ wdkkao foajo;a; l=udrjre meúÈ jQfha nqÿka m%d;syd¾h mEfuka l,lg
miqjh' ;jo f.!;u nqoaOjxi l:djg wk;=rej olakg ,efnk nqoaOmlsKAKl l:d fldgi
ix.S;sldrl f;rjreka úiska tl;= lrk ,oehs wÜGl:dfjys i|yka fõ' 6 Lqoaol ksldh
m¾hdmkak lD;s ms<sn| j §>NdKl mrïmrdj bȾm;a lrk .%ka: j¾.SlrKfhys nqoaOjxi
md<sh we;=<;a lr fkdue;'7 T,sj¾ wfíkdhl uy;df.a u;h jkafka o fuh miqld,Sk
njh' Tyq olajk wkaoug fuu lD;sh rpkd ù we;af;a mYapd;a fmagl m%d.a wÜGl:d hq.fha§
h'8

nqoaOjxi md<sh jxil:d l¾;Djrekaf.a .=refmd; njg m;a ù we;' miqld,Skj rpkd
jQ fndfyda lD;sj, olakg ,efnk iqfïO ;dmi l:dj" fndaêi;ajhka újrK ,enQ whqre
wdÈ f;dr;=re .fõIKh lsÍfuys ,d uQ,dY% .%ka:hla jYfhka nqoaOjxi md<sh mßYS,h lr
we;' uydjxih" §mjxih" fndêjxih" :Qmjxih" odGdjxih jeks jxil:d f;dr;=re we;=<;a
.%ka: ish,a,la u wdrïN ù we;af;a iqfïO ;dmi l;dfjka fyda nqoaO pß;h úia;r
lsÍfïks' fulS iqfïO ;dmi l:dj yd nqoaO pß;h ms<sn| f;dr;=re nqoaOjxi md<sfha tk
f;dr;=rej,ska imhdf.k we;s nj is;sh yelsh'

m%jdohkag wkqj fm!rdKsl;ajfhka hq;a ó <`. .%ka:h f,i oelafjkafka wkd.;

jxihhs' fuys úia;r jkafka u;= nqÿjk ffu;%sh nqÿrcqka ms<sn| f;dr;=reh' nqoaOjxih
foaYkd lsÍfuka miq Ydßmq;% ysñhkaf.a wdrdOkdfjka nqÿrcqka úiska foaYkd lrk ,oehs
lshfõ'9 fuys tk uq,a .d:dj,ska ta nj ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ'10 fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a;
ysñhkaf.a woyi jkafka fuh Lqoaol ksldhg wka;¾.; hq;= .%ka:hla jYfhks'11 flfia
fj;;a fuu .%ka:h nqoaO foaYkdjla fyda ix.dhkdj,g fmrd;=j lsishï ry;ka jykafia
kula úiska foaYkd lrk ,oaola fyda úKs kï ;%smsglhg we;=<;a ùug bvlv ;snqKs'
tfyhska wkd.; jxih nqoaO foaYkdjla hehs lSu m%jdohla muKla ùug bv ke;af;a
fkdfõ' Lqoaol ksldh m¾hdmkak lD;sj, m%dudKsl;ajh f.k yer oela jQ nqoaOf>daI ysñhka
mjd fï .%ka:h we;=<;a lr ke;af;a l=ula ksidoehs lsj fkdyel' Lqoaol ksldfha fndfyda
.%ka: miqld,Sk hehs fndfyda úoaj;=ka fmkajd fok ksid fuh o miqld,Skj ilia jkakg
we;ehs is;sh yelsh' flfia kuq;a fuu .%ka:h md,sfhka fuka u isxyf,ka rpkd jQ mßjdr
.%ka: fndfydauhlg uQ,dY% jQ .%ka:hla jYfhka fmkajd Èh yelsh'
 ñkamiq rpkd jQ jxil:d lD;s olakg ,efnkafka ,dxflah wdpd¾hjreka úiska rpkd
lrk ,o tajdh' nqoaOjxih yd wkd.; jxih uq,ald,Sk .%ka: folla f,i ie,ls,a,g
.;fyd;a ,laÈj § rpkd jQ uq,au jxil:d lD;sh f,i fmkajd Èh yelafla §mjxihhs'
tfy;a óg fmr wÜGl:d uydjxi" :Qmjxi" yd odGdOd;=jxi kñka lD;s ;=kla ìys ù ;snQ
nj i|yka fõ'12 wÜGl:d uydjxih hkq oekg úoHudk uydjxihg uQ,dY%h jQ merKs md,s
.%ka:hls' uydjxih ìysjQfha wÜGl:d uydjxifha ixialrKhla yeáhg nj
jxi;a:mamldiskS kï uydjxi àldfjys yd uydjxih wdrïNfha tk lreKq mÍCId lsÍfuka
meyeÈ,s fõ' merKs fy<gqjd uydjxih ;sìh§;a weÿre f;u fï moH mfodarejxih rpkd
lf<a l=ula ksidoehs uydjxi àldlre m%Yak lr we;'13 fuu wÜGl:dj ,laÈj § rpkd jQ
uq,a u .%ka:h nj lshfõ' tfy;a fuh rpkd ù we;af;a isxy, NdIdfjks' th zziSy,d¾:l:d
uydjxihZZ hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ'

:Qmjxi kñka ye¢ka jQ lD;sh oekg úoHudk md,s :Qmjxih fkdfõ' oekg úoHudk
md,s :Qmjxifhka fuka u isxy, :Qmjxifhkq;a m%ldY jkafka md,s :Qmjxihg uQ,dY% jQ
merKs :Qmjxihla ;snqKq njh' fuh ksiel jYfhka u mYapd;a fmagl m%d.a wÜGl:d hq.hg
wh;a lD;shls' ,dxlSh b;sydih ;=< uyd:Qmh ks¾udKh ùu jeo.;a iso aêhla ksid th
f.dvke.=Kq hq.fha § ta ms<sn| .%ka:hla rpkd ùu wreuhla fkdfõ' odGdOd;=jxih kñka
ye¢ka jQ lD;sh oekg úoHudk odGdjxih fkdfõ' o<odj ,laÈjg jevu jq miq ls;aisßfujka
rcq úiska o<od mQcd mj;ajd we;af;a odGdOd;=jxifha tk úia;rj,g wkqj nj uydjxifha
i|yka fõ'14 fulS lreKq ie,ls,a,g f.k j¾;udkfha ,sÅ; idOlhla fia olakg ,efnk
§mjxih ,laÈj È rpkd jQ wdÈ;u jxil:d lD;sh jk nj u;hhs'15 ,xld b;sydi l:dj
lshfjk fuu .%ka:hfha uyfika rcqf.a md,k ld,h olajd f;dr;=re wka;¾.; ù ;sfí'
l¾;Djrfhl= ms<sn| i|ykla fkdue;s fuh úYsIag .Kfhys ,d ie,lsh yels
f,aLlfhl=f.a lD;shla fkdjk nj i|yka l< yels nj u,,fialr uy;df.a woyihs'16
fuys NdId ffY,sh" .d:d mdohkays olakg ,efnk Pkaoia w,xldr fh§u" wka;¾.;
f;dr;=re wdÈh f.k ne,Sfuka ta nj jegfya' fndfyda ÿrg nqoaOjxi md<sh" pßhdmsgl"
cd;l" mßjdr wdÈ .%ka:hkays olakg ,efnk ffY,sh §mjxi ffY,shg iudklula olajhs'
mqkrela;uh fodaIj,ska .yKj we;s fuu lD;sh idys;Hhsl jYfhka jeä jákdlula
oelaúh fkdyels .%ka:hla f,i fmkajd fohs'17 fuu lD;sfha olakg ,efnk rpkd ffY,Ska
mokï lrf.k tall¾;Dl lD;shla fkdjk nj flfkl=g ye`.S hd yelsh'

b;sydi l:d mqj; úia;r lsÍu fuys wruqK jqj;a jeä jYfhka olakg ,efnkafka
fufyKs iiafka wdrïNh" úldYh wdÈ f;dr;=reh' fuh mokï lrf.k we;uqka olajkafka
fuh tl< úiQ W.;a NsCIqKshla úiska rpkd lrk ,o njh' ,la b;sydifhys fYa%IaG rc
flfkl= jk ÿgq.euqKq rc;=uka ms<sn| j úia;r lr we;af;a .d:d oy ;=klska muKs' thska
fmkS hkafka §mjxi l;=jrhd b;sydi l:dj lSug jeä leue;a;la fkdoelajQ njh'
nqoaOf>daI ysñhka §mjxih fndfyda fihska uQ,dY% lrf.k we;s nj Wkajykafiaf.a
wÜGl:djka ys lsysm ;ekl ^úfYAIfhka l:dj;a:qmamlrKh we;=¿ .%ka:j,g l<
m[apmamlrKÜGl:dfõ& §mjxifha tk we;eï .d:d i|yka lr ;sîfuka fmfka'

§mjxih rpkd lsÍfuka miqld,Skj ,laÈj jxil:d idys;Hhg wka;¾.; lD;s

fndfydauhla rpkd ù ;sfí' uydjxih yereKqfldg tfia rpkd jQ lD;sj,g mdol jQfha hï
jia;=jla" mqoa.,fhla ke;fyd;a ia:dkhla ms<sn| f;dr;=re f.kyer oelaùuh' tfia rpkd jQ
lD;s fufia j¾. lr yelsh'

uydfndaêjxih

YS% uyd fndaêfha b;sydi l:dj yd ,laÈjg fndaêh /f.k tau" fndê frdamKh
lsÍu" m%Odk wruqK jYfhka ;ndf.k rÑ;h' tfia u f.!;u nqoaO pß;h yd f;fjks O¾u
ix.dhkdj olajd isÿ jQ Ydiksl f;dr;=re" ,laÈjg nqÿoyu /f.k tau" uydúydrh"
fÉ;sh.sß úydrh ks¾udKh lsÍu wdÈ f;dr;re o wka;¾.; lr ;sfí' fuh .oH moH
folska ñY% jQ rpkdjls' fndfyda .d:d Wmqgdf.k we;af;a uydjxifhks' l¾;D ixo¾Yk
.d:d olakg fkd,enqK;a fuh odGdkd. kï f;r kulf.a wdrdOkfhka Wm;siai keu;s
f;rkula úiska rpkd lrk ,oaola nj i|yka fõ'18 j¾Kkd ffY,sh wkqj fuh
mYapd;ald,Sk lD;s yd iudk fõ' uqka jykafia iv ñysÿ rcqf.a ld,fha úiQ f;rkuls' ta
wkqj l%s' j' 10 fjks ishjig wh;a lD;shla f,i ms<s.; yelsh' uydjxih" iuka;mdidÈldj"
cd;l ksodkh hk .%ka:j,ska yd fmr nqÿjreka ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a nqoaOjxi md<sfhka
.;a f;dr;=re óg we;=<;a ù ;sfí' .=re¿f.daóka úiska rpkd lrk ,o O¾u m%§msldj uyd
fndaêjxifha .egmohls' 13-14 ishjiaj,§ muK mßÉfþo 12 lska hq;a isxy, mßj¾;khla o
imhd we;' 18 fjks ishjfia úiQ fY%aIG h;sjrhdKka jQ je,súg irKxlr ix>rdc ysñhka
uOqrd¾: m%ldYskS kñka jHdLHdjla ,shk ,È' fuys i|yka mßÉfþo ixLHdj 9 ls'

1' wNsiïfndaêl:d 2' wdkkao fndêl:d 3' oin,mßksíndk l:d 4' ;;shix.S;s l:d

5' ,xldj;rK l:d 6' k.rmamfji l:d 7' uydúydrmá.a.yK l:d 8' Od;ajd.uk
l:d

9' ÿñkaod.uk l:d hkqfjka th j¾. l< yelsh'

fuu mßÉfþo kjh foi ne,Sfï § fmkS hkafka fndaêh ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a ù
we;af;a mßÉfþo follska muKla jk njh' ta wkqj m%Odk wruqK fndaêh ms<sn| l:dj
bÈßm;a lsÍu jqj;a Ydik b;sydifha isÿ jQ úfYAIs; isÿùï o óg we;=<;a lr we;s nj fmkS
hhs'

md,s :qmjxih
 md,s jxil:d idys;Hh ;=< :qmjxih .oH moH ñY% j rÑ; ft;sydisl jYfhka
jeo.;a jk ;j;a lD;shls' m%Odk wruqK rejkaje,s uyd ffp;Hh ms<sn| l:d m%jD;a;sh
oelaùu jqj;a fmr nqÿjrekaf.a pß;l:d" iQúis újrK" nqoaO;ajh wjfndaO lr.ekSu" nqÿlsi
ksujd msßksjka mE mqj;" Wkajykafiaf.a YdÍßl" mdßfNda.sl yd WoafoaYsl Od;= msysgqjd l<
ia;+m" O¾udfYdal wêrdchd úiska lrk ,o wiQydroyila ia;+m l:dj" ,laÈj uq,ska u bÈl<
:qmdrdu ffp;Hh" fojk mE ;sia rcq fhdÿfkka fhdÿk msysgqjk ,o fhdackia;+m l:dj"
ñßi jeáh bÈlsÍu wdÈ f;dr;=re o úia;r lr we;s whqre oelsh yelsh' fuys l;=jrhd
fmdf<dkakrefõ rcl< uymerl=ï rcqf.a ld,fha úiQ Ydßmq;% ix>rdchkaf.a YsIHjrfhla jQ
jdÑiair uydidóka úiska iïmdÈ; jQjls' Wkajykafia uyskaofiak msßfjka ys úiQ msgl;%h
ms<sn| yi< oekqula we;s f;r kulf.a wdrdOkfhka fuu .%ka:h rpkd lr ;sfí' ta nj
ks.uk .d:dj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'19 fuu .%ka:h rpkd lrkakg uq,ska i|yka l< mYapd;a
fmagl hq.fha rÑ; :Qmjxih fnfyúka bjy,a ù ;sfí' tlS .%ka:h úreoaO kh Yío
iudl+,j mej;s neúkq;a úfYaIfhka lsjhq;= lreKq we;=<;a lr fkd;sîu ksid;a fujeks
.%ka:hla l< nj :Qmjxifha i|yka lr ;sfí'20

nqoaOjxi md<sh" §mjxih yd uydjxih hk m%Odk jxil:d ;=k .%ka:h rpkd lsÍfï§
úfYaIfhka wdY%h l< nj ta fmd;aj,ska Wmqgd.;a .d:d fuka u fndfyda lreKq fuys wvx.=
ù ;sîfuka fmkS hhs' foajdkï msh;siai rcqf.ka miqj rcl< iQr;siai rcq ^l%s' mQ' 247-237&
w,a,d furg md,kh l< øúv wia keúhka fofofkl= jQ fiak yd .=;;
a sl ^l%s' j' 237-215&
oeyeñ rcjreka fofofkla nj fuys oelafõ' zzblaì;s wiaj kdúl mQ;% jQ oñ<fhda fofokd
iQr;siai rcq w,ajd wjqreÿ úis folla oeyeñka rg md,kh l<yZZ21 fjk;a jxil:djl
fkdoelafjk fujeks f;dr;=rla oelaùfuka fmkS hkafka fuys l;=jrhd wfkl=;a
jxil:djkaf.ka wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd.;a;;a Bg .e;s fkdù we;s njh' ÿgq.euqKq ;siai
fofidfydhqrka w;r mej;s m%:u hqoaOfha § ÿgq.euqKq l=ure mrdchg m;a ù m<d .sfhah' fï
fofokd w;r mej;s hqoaOh je,elaùug ry;ka jykafia,d Tjqka fofokd w;r m¾j;hla
uejQ nj fuys i|yka fõ' zzioaOd;siai l=ure ÿgq.euqKq miqmi ¨yq nekaf|ah' NsCIQyq Tjqka
fofokd w;r m¾j;hla ueùh' th oel ioaOd;siai l=ure NsCIq ix>hdf.a l%shdjla hehs oek
kej;=fKah'ZZ22 fï m¾j;h j¾;udkfha nq;a;,g;a l=Uqlalk cjud,S ;S¾:hg;a w;r msysá
lkao nj;a th ry;ka uejQ lkao kñka m%isoaOj we;s nj;a ckm%jdohka ys lshfõ'

odGdjxih

odGdjxih 12 fjks ishjfia wjidkfha fyda 13 fjks ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha úiQ rdc.=re
Oïuls;a;s uy f;reka úiska rpkd lrk ,oaols' odGdjxifhys tk l¾;D ixo¾Yk
.d:dj,ska ta nj meyeÈ,s fõ'23 uqkajykafia ixialD;" ud.ë" ;¾lYdia;%" jHdlrK" ldjH yd
Pkaoia hk wxYhkaf.a m%ùKfhla njg o m;a ù we;' ta nj odGdjxYh rpkd lr we;s
ú,dYfhka fmfka' c.;s" i%.aOrd" ukaol%dka;" bkaøjc%d" Wfmakaøjc%d wdÈ kdkd Pkaoia
Wmfhda.S lrf.k ldjH rpkd lr ;sfí' f.!;u nqÿka jykafiaf.a fkdúisreKq Od;+ka w;r
jï o<odj ms<sn| l:d m%jD;a;sh úia;r lsÍu fuys wruqK ù ;sfí' tys wfkla .%ka:h
jkafka odGdOd;=jxihhs' u,,fialr uy;d fuu odGdOd;=jxih odGdjxihg fjkia thg
iuld,Sk fyda uola miqld,Sk rpkdjla fia ms<s.kshs'24 kuq;a ,dydf.a u;h jkafka fï
fol tl u rpkdjla njh'25 T,sj¾ wfíkdhl uy;df.a u;h jkafka oekg úoHudk
odGdjxihg uQ,dY% jQ odGdOd;=jxihla mYapd;a fmagl m%d.a wÜGl:d hq.fha rpkd ù we;s
njh'26 tkï l%s' mQ' 3 jk ishji yd l%s' j' 5 jk ishji w;r ld,fha §h' odGdjxifha
rpkdj fndfyda ÿrg :Qmjxifha rpkd ú,dYhg iudkh' fmr nqÿjreka ms<sn| úia;rhla
fuys wka;¾.; ù ke;;a wfkl=;a j¾Kkd fndfyda ÿrg iudkh' odGdjxifha i|yka jk
wkaoug fÄu kï ry;a f;rkulaa jï o<odj wdodykia:dkfhka f.k l,s`.= rg
oka;mqrfha n%yauo;a; rcqg ÿkafkah' Tyq o<od jykafia rka lr`vqjl ;ekam;a fldg mQcd
i;aldr l< wdldrh fuys uekúka úia;r lr ;sfí'27 t;eka mgka .=yiSj rcqf.a ld,h
jkf;la o<odjg wdrCIdj iemhqK wdldrh;a l,ska l, we;s jQ Wmøj yd fyauud,djf.a
flia l<fò i`.jdf.k oka; l=ure iu. ,laÈjg /f.k tau;a ms<sn| úia;r fuys we;=<;a
fõ' bkamiq ,laÈj§ Bg oela jQ mqoi;aldr yd úúO rcjreka o<odj wdrCId lrf.k wd whqre
j¾Kkd lr ;sfí'

odGdjxih úúO jD;a;hkaf.ka úrÑ; moH ldjH .%ka:hls' uq,a mßÉfþofha uq,a .d:d
yegla muK rpkd lr we;af;a jxiia: jD;a;fhks' zzjoka;s jxiÜGñox c;dcrdZZ28 hk
wdldrhg zcZ .K z;Z .K kej; zcZ .K zrZ .K hk ,CIKhkaf.ka tu jD;a;h ie§ we;'
mßÉfþo wjidkfha tk .d:d fndfyda ÿrg rpkd lr we;af;a wl=re 16" 21" m%udK we;=<;a
wÉpÜÀ" m%lD;s jeks Pkaoiaj,sks' tys jD;a; f,i oelafjkafka ukaol%dka;' i%.aOrd jeks
tajdh' fojk mßÉfþoh ;=< wkqIagqNa Pkaoiska úrÑ; moH we;=<;a fõ' úß;g .e,fmk
wdldrhg jHdlrKdkql+, j ksmojd .;a md,s jpkj,ska w¾: rih" Yío rih biau;= jk
wdldrhg moH rpkd lr we;' odGdjxih uQ,dY% lrf.k miqld,Skj isxy, idys;Hfha
o<odj ms<sn| úia;r we;=<;a lD;s fndfyda m%udKhla rpkd ù ;sfí' o<od isß;" o<od
mQcdj,sh" o<od jxih" o<od jreK jeks lD;s oUfoKs hq.fha mgka kQ;k hq.h olajd rpkd
ù we;s whqre oelsh yelsh'29

y;a:jk.,a,úydr jxih

oUfoKs hq.fha rpkd jQ y;a:jk.,a, úydr jxifha jia;= îch ù we;af;a l%s' j' 247-
249 ld, jljdkqfõ wkqrdOmqr rdcH f.k .sh ixßi`.fnda rcqf.a ysi oka§u ms<sn| l:d
mqj;hs' .oH moH folska ñY% fuh pïmQ ldjHhla jYfhka o y÷kajkq ,efí' fuh merl=ï
rdcH iufha úiQ wkjuo¾Ys kï f;r kulf.a W;aiyj;a lsÍfuka kï i|yka fkdjk f;r
kula úiska rÑ; lD;shls' we;eï ;ekl i|yka jkafka fuys l;=jrhd wkjuo¾Ys ysñhka
njh'30 tfy;a m%drïNl .d:dj, wka;¾.; f;dr;=re wkqj Wkajykafia fï .%ka:h rpkd
lrùfïys ,d hï flfkla W;aiyj;a l< nj lshfõ'31
 ìka;ekafka ñKsfma .%dufha Wmka i`. fnda l=ure yd w;a;k.¨ úydrh jgd f.;=Kq
md,s ldjHhla jYfhka fuh ye¢ka fõ' ìka;ekafka le;a l=,hl Wm; ,nd Tyqf.a
fidfydhqrka jQ ix>;siai yd f.dGdNh l=ure iu. rcrgg meñK rdcHh f.k hk w;r;=r
f.dGdNhf.a wdl%uKfhka miq fudyq w;a;k.,a, m%foaYhg f.dia Ndjkd lrñka Èú f.jd
we;' Tyqf.a ysi f.k;a fok flfkl=g rka oyila fok njg wK fnrhla jehsKs'
w;a;k.¨ jkfhys È isßi`. fnda yg ÿ.sfhla yuq ù lreKq úpdrd tu ÿ.shdg nqÿnj m;d
ysi oka § we;' th /f.k f.dia rcqg ÿka miq fuh isßi`. fnda rcqf.a ysi fkdfõ hehs lS
úg ysi fufia lSh' zzuyrc uu iqyo isßi`. fnda rcq fjñ' wo ysi okaÿka msfkka
fmdfydi;a is;a we;af;ñ' Tn o rcisß iqjfhka iuDoaêu;a jqj uekj' fï ÿ.shd o rka oyi
,nkafkla fõjdZZ32 hkqfjka lS úg rcq ysi isyiqk u; ;nd f.!rj lrñka rdcHh f.k
.sfhah' fï l:d mqj; úÑ;%j;a wdldrfhka j¾Kkd lr we;s wdldrh y;a:jk.,a, úydr
jxifhka fmfka'

;reK ld,fha isßi`. fnda l=ure wOHdmkh ,nd we;af;a kkao kï f;r kulf.ks'
Wkajykafia l=ureg ÿka wjjdo j¾;udk iudchg b;d jeo.;ah' zzis; mjg keUqre fõ' jeh
ñi whla ke;' wmdh wer.;a uqjla jeksh' yd;ami isák wh múgq ñ;=frdah' tuksid
urìfhka ñfokafka flfiao@ZZ33 zzúm;a;sj,È m%;l
s %shd fkdfldg l<lsÍu ms<shula fkdfõ'
tneúka ksjg nj weiqre fkdlrkak' m%{dj wkqj .sh ù¾hh ish¨ jev msKsi fõ'ZZ 34
fujeks wjjdo ,nd§udÈ f;dr;=re wka;¾.; ù we;s ksid y;a:jk.,a,úydrjxih O¾u
wdmaf;damfoaY fokakd jQ lD;shla jYfhka o b;d jeo.;a fõ'

PflaiOd;=jxih

PflaiOd;=jxifhys l¾;D kso¾Ykhla fyda ld, ks¾Khla fkdue;s nj fmd,aj;af;a

nqoaOo;a; ysñhka i|yka l<;a35 WmdOHdh Nr;isxyf.a u;h jkafka fuh 19 jk ishjfia
nqreu jeis NsCIqjla úiska rpkd lrk ,oaola njh'36 fuys i|yka jkafka wkqreoaO" fidNs;"
mÿuq;a;r" .=Kid.r" [dKmKaä;" f¾j; hk ihku nqÿrcqka fj; meñK ;u m%foaYj,
jik .sys ck;djg nqÿka mqokakg hula fokakehs b,aÆ úg ysi w; .d flai Od;+ka
jykafia,d yhkula Wkajykafia,dg ÿka miq tajd /f.k f.dia ffp;Hhka ksujd mqomQcd
meje;aùug ie,eiaiQ wdldrh ms<sn| úia;r j¾Kkdjls'

,,dg Od;=jxih

nqÿrcqkaf.a ,,dg Od;=j ms<sn| j¾Kkd lsÍu fuys wNs,dIh ù ;sfí' tys ld,h yd
f,aLlhd ms<sn| i|ykla fkdue;s jqj;a .hs.¾ uy;df.a u;h jkafka fuh oykufjks
ishjfia rpkd jQjla jYfhks'37 m%drïNl .d:djlska fmkajd fokafka fuh Od;=jxih kñka
ye¢kafjk njh' fuys úfYaI;ajh jkafka f;rejka kuialdr lsÍu tlu .d:djlska isÿ lr
;sîuh'38 fndfyda .%ka:j, f;rejka jkaokd lsÍu .d:d ;=klska u isÿ lr ;sfnk nj oelsh
yelsh'
 .kaOjxih

.kaOjxih 19 jk ishjfia nqreufha kkaom[a[ kï f;r flfkl=ka úiska rÑ;

lD;shls' fuh miqld,Sk .%ka:hla jqj;a fjk;a jxil:d fuka jeo.;a lfuka wvqjla ke;'
md,s idys;Hfha .%ka: lrKfha kshe¨Kq wdpd¾hjreka ms<sn| úia;r j¾Kkdjla fuys
wka;¾.; fõ' tlS .%ka:lrejka j¾. ;=kla hgf;a j¾.SlrKh lr ;sfí' tkï
fmdaardKpßh" wÜGl:dpßh yd .kaOldpßh jYffhks' fmdardKdpßh hkq ix.S;s lrejkag
fmr jQ NsCIQkah' nqoaOf>daIdÈ wÜGl:dpdÍkag fmr wgqjd lrKfha kshe¨Kq NsCIQyq jQy' Tjqka
wÜGl:dpßh jYfhka y÷kajd we;' miqld,Sk mÉpÍ l=rekaÈ jeks wgqjd ,shQ yd nqoaOf>dIdÈ
f;rjrekaf.ka miqld,Sk .%ka: lrKfha ksh¨Kq wh .kaOldpßh kdufhka y÷kajd we;'
Ndr;h" ,laÈj" nqreu jeis md,s idys;H lrKfha ksh¨Kq f;rjre yd .%ka: rpkd lf,a
ljfrl=f.a wdrdOkfhka o@" ljr ia:dkhlo@ .%ka: lsÍfï wruqK l=ulao@ wdÈ f;dr;=re
óg we;=<;ah' fuys iEu mßÉfþohla wjidkfha u zpq,a,.kaOjxiZ hkqfjka i|yka ù ;sfí'
thska fmfkkafka j¾;udkfha olakg ,efnk .kaOjxih mQ¾jld,Sk úYd, .%ka:hl
ixCIsma; újrKhla njh'39

idikjxi§msld

idikjxi§mh oykjjk ishjfia nqreu rg f[hHOïu ix>rdchkaf.a YsIHfhla jQ

m[a[didñ lúOc kï f;r flfkl=ka úiska nqreu niska ;snQ lD;sh md,shg fmr,d rpkd
lrk ,oaols' fuh o .kaOjxih fuka jeo.;a lD;shls' Ydikfhys jxil:dj ,sùu fuys
wruqK neúka nqoaOld,fha mgka Ydikfha b;sydih óg we;=<;a ù ;sfí' 6 fjks mßÉfþoh
fjka ù we;af;a nqreufha fn!oaO Ydikfha úldYh ms<sn| úia;r lsÍugh' ix.dhkd jd¾;d
fuka u O¾u ¥; fufyjr isÿ l< wdldrh ms<sn| úia;rhla o óg we;=<;ah' fulS lreKq
f.k we;af;a §mjxi" uydjxi yd iuka;mdidÈld hk lD;sj,sks' tfy;a we;eï lreKq
iïnkaOfhka mriamr woyia f.kyer olajd ;sfí' WodyrKhla f,i uydjxi §mjxi
wdÈfha i|yka jkafka uÊCêu f;reka ysuj;a m%foaYhg O¾uh /f.k .sh njh' tfy;a fuys
i|yka jkafka Wkajykafia Ökhg nqÿoyu /f.k .sh njh'40 fï wdldrhg fuys ;j;a
mriamr úfrdaê woyia oelafjk w;r tajd m%dudKsl hehs lsj fkdyelsh' kuq;a nqreu ix>
oDIaáfhka fuh b;d jeo.;a lD;shla fia ie,fla'

by;ska i|yka lrk ,o .%ka:j,g wu;rj jxi kdufhka fkdfhÿK;a mrïmrd

l:d yd b;sydi l:d lshfjk lD;s lsysmhla o jxil:d idys;H ;=< olakg ,efnk nj
fmkajd Èh yelsh' tajd kï jYfhka i|yka lrkafka kï

ioaOïuix.y - ix.dhkd ;=k" ;%smsglh .%ka:drEv lsÍu" wgqjd" àld ,sùu" wdÈ
f;dr;re we;=<;ah

nqoaOf>daiqmam;a;s - nqoaOf>daIdpdÍkaf.a pß;l:dj

 ðkld,ud,s - iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka miq isÿjQ Ydiksl mqj;a j¾I udi wdÈ
jYfhka ld, ud,dj olajd we;'

l,HdKs Ys,d,sms - nqreu rg Oïufp;sh rcq úiska fldaÜfÜ rdcH ld,fha ,laÈjg
msßila tjd ùod.u ysñhkaf.ka le,Ks f;dfܧ Wmiïmodj
,ndf.k tu msßi nqreu rgg .shmiq l<HdK iSud hkqfjka
iSudjla nkaOjd nqreu rfÜ Wmiïmod úkh l¾u kej;
msysgqjd tys fi,a,smshla u.ska ;uka l< ld¾hh ms<sn|
úia;rhla fuys olajd we;'

rijdyskS ,laÈj yd oUÈj isÿ jQ l:d mqj;a úia;r flf¾'

uydjxih

jxil:d idys;H b;sydih ;=< uydjxihg ysñjkafka m%uqLia;dkhls' by;ska i|yka

lrkakg fhÿK fndfyda jxil:dj,g uQ,dY%h ù ;sfnkafka uydjxihhs' §mjxih
uydjxihg fmr rpkd jQjla ksid fuu lD;s fol w;r muKla ;r`.ldÍ;ajhla oelsh
yelsh' §mjxifha fuka u uydjxifha o wka;¾.; ù we;af;a ,laÈj rdc mrïmrdj ms<sn| j
úia;rhls' tfy;a §mjxih uyfika rcqf.a ld,h f;la rdc mrïmrdj lshdf.kú;a wjika
fldg we;' kuq;a uydjxih j¾;udkh olajd u f;dr;=re we;=<;a lD;shla f,i fmkajd
Èh yelsh' uydjxifha m<uq fldgi uyfika rcqf.a rdcHfhka wjika jk w;r bkamiq
uydjxifha fofjks fldgi pQ,jxih kñka y÷kajd we;'41 tfy;a .%ka:fha lsisÿ ;ekl
pQ,jxih hehs i|yka fkdfõ' m<uq fldgfia fuka u fofjks fldgfia o iEu mßÉfþohla
wjidkfha u zzb;s iqckmamido ixfõ.dh lf; uydjxfiZZ 42 hkqfjka i|yka ù ;sîfuka
fmkS hkafka pQ,jxih o uydjxih hkqfjka u y÷kajd we;s njh' ta wkqj fuu j¾.SlrKh
t;rï idOdrK jQjla hehs ye¢kaúh fkdyelsh'

ft;sydisl isoaê" ia:dk yd mqoa.,hka ms<sn| lreKq .fõIKh lrkafkl=g jvd

jeo.;a jk lD;shla f,i uydjxih fmkajd Èh yelsh' uydjxih l,ska l,g rpkd jQfha
tla tla l¾;Djreka w;sks' uq,a fldgi tkï uyfika rcq olajd fldgi uydkdu ysñhka
úiska o" oUfoKs mrdl%undyq olajd rdcH mrïmrd wka;¾.; fldgi odGdjxih rpkd l<
O¾ulS¾;s ysñhka úiska o" YS% úl%u rdcisxy rcq olajd fldgi u,aj;= uydúydrfha
uydkdhlj jevisá ;síngqjdfõ YS% nqoaOrlaÅ; ysñhka úiska o" hg;a úð; hq.fha f;dr;=re
yslalvqfõ YS% iqux., ysñhka yd ngqjka;=vdfõ m`ä;=ud hk fofok úiska o" 1935 isg h.sr,
m[a[dkkao ysñhka úiska o rÑ;h' j¾;udkfha o úoaj;a uvq,a,la úiska uydjxih rpkd
lrñka mj;S' fulS iEu l;=jrfhla u fuys wka;¾.; lrKq ms<sn| ksrjoH;djh ;yjqre
lsÍug yels iEu W;aiyhla u f.k we;s nj i|yka l< hq;=h'

uydjxih rpkd lsÍug uQ,dY%h jQ .%ka:h jkafka wÜGl:d uydjxihhs' tys we;s
ifodia ;eka ksfodia lrñka mqkrela; fodaI bj;a fldg fuh rpkd l< nj i|yka lrhs'43
,laÈj rdcdj,sfha isá m%lg rcjreka ms<sn| j wNsudkfhka hqla;j j¾Kkd lsÍu uydjxi
l;=jrhdf.a ,CIKhla ù ;sfí' WodyrK f,i ÿgq.euqKq' j<.ïnd" uyd mrdl%undyq"
f.daGdNh" uyfika" oUfoKs úchndyq jeks wh ms<sn| j¾Kkd lr we;s wdldrh fmkajd Èh
yelsh' §mjxifha tjeks j¾Kkd wvqfjka olakg ,efnk ksid uydjxih yd §mjxih w;r
;=,kh lsÍfï§ uydjxih m%uqLia:dkhla .kakd nj lsj yelsh' §mjxih yd uydjxi
foflau wNsm%dh ù we;af;a l%s' mQ' 5 jk Y;j¾Ifha isg ls%' j' 4 jk ishji f;la b;sydih
j¾Kkd lsÍu jqj;a" §mjxihg jvd uydjxifha úIh jia;=j w;sYhska iúia;r" jHjiaÓ; yd
ldjHuh w.hlska hqla;h'

§mjxih yd uydjxih ;=< wka;¾.; uQ,sl f;dr;=re jk nqoaOjxih" nqoaO pß;h"

ix.dhkd jd¾;d" úchd.ukh" wdÈ f;dr;=rej, fjkialula fkdue;sj bÈßm;a flf¾' fï
i|yd mßÉfþo yhla muK fhdodf.k we;' bkamiq mßÉfþo myla fjka ù we;af;a úchf.a
mgka rdcjxi mrïmrdj úia;r lsÍuh' tfldf<dia jk mßÉfþofha isg úisfjks mßÉfþoh
olajd foajdkïmsh;siai rcqf.a wNsfIalh yd ,laÈjg nqÿoyu /f.k tau " O¾udfYdal rcqf.a
O¾u¥; jHdmdrh" ñys÷ ysñhka ,laÈj § l< fufyjr" uydúydr ks¾udKh" fndaê wd.ukh"
f;rekaf.a msßksùu wdos f;dr;=re uy;a wNsudkfhka hqla;j bosrsm;a lrhs' fuysoS
oSmjxifha tk j¾Kkdjg jvd úia;rhla uydjxifha i|yka ùfuka fmkS hkafka uydjxih
§mjxihg jvd bÈßfhka isák njh' úisfjks m¾Éfþoh fjka ù we;af;a foajdkïmsh;siai
rcqf.a mgka ÿgq.euqKq rcq olajd furg md,kh l< rcjreka mia fofkl= ms<sn| j¾Kkd
lsÍugh'

úisfofjks mßÉfþofha isg ;sia fofjks mßÉfþoh olajd tk fldgi b;d jeo.;a
fõ' oñ< md,khg ,laÈj k;= ùfuka miq we;s jQ fkdfhla wjq,a úhjq,a ;;ajfhka rg uqod
.ekSu i|yd wñ, fufyjrla l< ÿgq.euqKq rcqf.a j¾Kkdj óg we;=<;ah' §mjxi l;=jrhd
.d:d 13 lska j¾Kkd lrk fuu mqj; i|yd uydjxi l;=jrhd mßÉfþo 11 la u fhdodf.k
;sîfuka biau;= jk ldrKh meyeÈ,sh' tkï ÿgq.euqKq pß;h ,la b;sydifha jeo.;a
pß;hla nj fmkajd §ug W;aiy lsÍuh' ÿgq.euqKq l=uref.a l=vd ld,fha ;snqKq ùr pß;h
j¾;udkfha mjd l=vd orejka ;=< wêIaGdkhla we;s lrk nj lsj hq;=h' §mjxi l;=jrhd
fuu isoaêh ys;du;d bj;a lf<a o ke;fyd;a ÿgq.euqKq pß;h flfrys Tyqf.a leue;a;la
fkd;snqfKao hkak meyeÈ,s ke;' úis fofjks mßÉfþofha isg tk f;dr;=re úia;r
lrkafka fï whqßks' ^22& ÿgq.euqKq l=uref.a Wm; ^23& hqo Nghka ,eîu ^24& fofidfydrka
w;r hqoaOh ^25& ÿÜG.dñKsf.a ch.%yKh ^26& ñßijeá úydr mQcdj ^27& f,daym%dido mQcdj
^28& uyd:qmfha idOk m%dma;sh ^29& uyd:qmfha wdrïNh ^30& Od;= .¾N rpkdj ^31& Od;=
ksOdkh ^32& ;=Is; mqr .uk hkqfjks' fï w;ßka ÿgq.euqKq pß;fha jeo.;a u isoaêh jkafka
ch.%yKfhka miq ñßijeá mQcdj yd f,dajduydm%dido mQcdjhs' rejkaje,s iEh bÈlrjd ksu
lsÍug fudyqg fkdyels jqKs' fï i|yd 26 yd 27 fjks mßÉfþo fjka ù we;' fuhskq;a
ñßijeá mQcdj meje;a jQ whqre b;d jeo.;ah'
 fuu mßÉfþofha b;sydifha isÿ jQ jeo.;a l;d mqj;la wkq;¾.; fõ' tkï
f:rmq;a;dNh kï fhdaOhdf.a meúÈ ùu yd ñßijeá mQcdj ms<sn| l:d mqj;hs' hqo
ch.%yKfhka miq rc;=ud fhdaOhkag ksis Gdkdka;r fok wjia:dfõ f:rmq;a;dNh f;fï
;k;=re ,nd .ekSug wlue;s úh' Tyq hqo jÈkakg m%:fhka o meúÈ ù isá ksid Tyqf.a
leue;a; jQfha meúÈ jkakgh' ;k;=re ,nd fkd.kafka l=la ksid oehs úiuQ úg Tyq
mejiqfõ hqoaOhla we;s neúka th ch.%yKh l< hq;=h hkakhs' túg rcq úuiqfõ rg
tlafiai;a l< l,ays lskï hqoaOhlaoehs úuiQ úg Tyq mjid we;af;a flf,ia keu;s fidreka
ch.%yKh l< hq;= njh' fkdfhla jr th je,elaùug rcq W;aiy l<;a kej; kej;;a
f:rmq;a;Nhf.a b,a,Su ksid meúÈ jkakg wjir ÿkafkah' Tyq meúÈ ù ry;a ;;ajhg m;aj
mkaishhla ry;ka jykafia,d msßjrdf.k isáfhah'44

fï mqj; b;sydi l:djla jYfhka olakg ,efnk .%ka:hl m%:u j;djg yuqjkafka
fuys§ h' oñ< rdc jQ t<dr >d;kh fldg rg tlafiai;a lsÍfuka miq rcqg wjYH jQfha rg
cd;sh yd wd.u ixj¾Okh lsÍfï ld¾hhg uq, mqrkakgh' tys§ Tyqg m%:fhka isysjQfha mshd
bÈßfha jQ fmdfrkaÿjhs' ;uka wkqNjhjg .kakd lsisjla ix>hdg fkd§ mßfNdackhg
.kafka ke;ehs hk im:h wu;l ù Èkla rij;a ñßia .=<shla lEfõh' tu o`vqjñka ksoyia
ùu i|yd Tyq l%shd lf<ah' ta wkqj Tyq úiska ,nk ,o úch.%yKfhka miq ch l=ka;h o
/f.k Èk y;la rg mqrd weúo hk wjia:dfõ ;sid jej wi,ska hkúg tys c, l%Svd
lrkakg wYdjla we;s ù fidfydhqrd iu. c, l%Svd lf<ah' wk;=rej meñK ch fldka;h
.kakg W;aiy l<;a th wudre ld¾hhla úh' fï wdYap¾hh ÿgq rc;=ud i;=áka mskd f.dia
ch fldka;h tys ;nd wdrCIdj imhd miqÈk isg tys ffp;Hhla yd úydrhla lrkakg
mgka .;af;ah' jir ;=kla we;=<; tu ld¾hh ksujd ix>hdg mqok wjia:dfõ lshd isáfha
zziajdñkS" ix>hdg fkd§ ñßia jeáhla lEfjñ' thg o`vqju fï hehs is;d fuys úydrhla
lrùñ' ufkdayr jQ ta ffp;Hh yd úydrh ms<s.kakZZ45 hkqfjks'

fuhska rcq wd.u oyu flfrys ;snQ ,eÈhdj fldmuKoehs fmkajd fohs' ;ukag iq¨
w;miq ùulska iq¨ fohla jqj;a ix>hdg fkd§ lEu fkdjákd fohla hehs is;+ Tyq th
isysùu msKsi fun÷ ld¾hhla isÿlr we;' tmuKla fkdj ffp;Hh mQcdfjka miq Èk isg
Èk y;la hk;=re oyila muK uydix>hdg oka meka § mßIaldr § wd.udkql+, Ôú;hla
.;fldg we;' fï wkqj uydjxifha fulS fldgi jeo.;a jkafka rg tlafiai;a lsÍfuka
miq rc;=ud fhduq jQ ÈYdj l=ulao hkak biau;= jk ksidh' uydjxih tlu l%ufõohla
hgf;a moH ks¾udKh lr we;s w;r fuys§ o tu l%uhu wkq.ukh lrñka jia;= îchg yd
rpkd ffY,shg ydkshla fkdjk wdldrfhka bÈßm;a lr we;s whqre oelsh yelsh'

iudf,dapkh

uq,a hq.fha mgka rpkd jQ jxil:d idys;Hfha lD;s foi ne,Sfuka fmkS hkafka
nqÿisß; yd nqÿoyu w.h l< wdpd¾hjreka úiska úúOdldrfha lD;s rpkd lr we;s njh'
tfiau fï i|yd fhduq jQ rcorejka isÿ l< Wodr;r fufyhka yd ks¾udKhka we.hSula
jYfhka tajd igyka lr ;nkakg jxil;d lrejka W;aiy f.k we;' tfiau Y=oaO jQ
jia;+ka flfrys ;u is; myojd ta i|yd mqo mQcd meje;aùug ck yo fhduq lrùu o ;j;a
wruqKla ù ;sfí' jxil;d idys;Hfha m%uqLia:dkhla ysñ uydjxYfha wruqK ù we;af;a ta ta
ld,j,§ we;s jQ wd.ñl" foaYmd,ksl" wd¾Ól" idudðl yd ixilD;sl ÈhqKqj ms<sn|
idlÉPd lsÍuh' tfia jqj;a iEu mßÉfþohlu wjidkfha tk zzyq§ ckhdf.a myka
ixfõ.h msKsiZZ hkqfjka i|yka ù ;sîfuka fuys wruqK l=ulaoehs meyeÈ,s fõ' iEu
jxil:djlu olakg ,efnk fulS myka ixfõ.h ;=<ska jxil:dlre mdGlhdf.a uki ta
flfrys fhduq lrkakg iu;a ù we;ehs lsj yelsh' tfiau úúO jxil:d ìys ù we;;a ta
ish,a, w;ßka uydjxih m%uqLia:dkfhys ,d ie,lsh yelafla fuh wfkl=;a jxil:dj,g
uQ,dY%h ù we;s ksidh' tfiau we;eï jxil:djkays wka;¾.; lreKq jxil:dfjka
jxil:djg iudklula oelajqj;a mQcd¾y jia;= fyda mqoa.,hka fyda fõjd j¾Kkd lsÍu
idys;Hhsl jákdlulska hqla;j isÿlr we;s nj lsjhq;h
= '
 wdka;sl igyka

1
nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" md,s isxy, wldrdÈh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" keÈud," 1998" ms' 436'
2
r>qjxY ikakh" ixia' foys.iafma m[a[didr ysñ" idys;H uqøKd,h" fldgfyak" 1948" m%ia;djkdj" ix
3
zzwhx nqoaOjxfid flk foisf;d@ iín Oïfïiq wmamáy;[dKjdfrk oinf,k p;=fjidrÊc úidrfok
Oïurdfck Oïuiaidñkd ;:d.f;k iín[a[qkd iïud iïnqoafOk foisf;dZZ
uOqr;a:ú,diskS kdu nqoaOjxiÜGl:d" mqk¾ uqøKh" fya' ú' uq' 1992" ms' 3'
4
zzl;a: foisf;dZ ;s' lms,j;a:q k.fr ksf.%dOdrdu uydúydfr mrureÑr ikaoiaifk
fojukqiaikhkksmd;N+f; r;k pxlfu pxlukaf;k foisf;d' liai;a:dh foisf;dZ;s oajdiS;shd
[d;siyiaidkx wfkl fldàkx p fojukqiaidkx w;af:d foisf;dZZ
uOqr;a:ú,diskS kdu nqoaOjxiÜGl:d" mqk¾ uqøKh" fya' ú' uq ' 1992" ms' 3'
5
§>ksldh 11" uyd mßksíndk iq;a;x" idßßl Od;= úNckd" nq' c' uq' ms' 258-264'
6
uOqr;a:ú,diskS kdu nqoaOjxiÜGl:d" mqk¾ uqøKh" fya' ú' uq' 1992" ms' 246'
7
iqux.,ú,diskS" mqk¾ uqøKh" fya' ú' uq' 1989" ms' 24
8
zzmYapd;a fmagl m%d.a wÜGl:d hq.hg wh;a md,s idys;HhZZ^Ydia;%Sh ,smshls& T,sj¾ wfíkdhl" je,ñáhdfõ YS%
l=i,Oïu m%Yia;s Ydia;S%h ix.%yh" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" urodk" 2003" ms' 97'
9
zzmd,sfha wdfõKsl idys;Hdx.h jxil:dZZ ^Ydia;%Sh ,smshls'& lS¾;s kdrïmkdj" m%dÖk NdfIdamldr iud.u
Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" 1994' ms' 39'
10
idßmq;af;da uyd m[af[d - Wm;siafid úkdhfld
Oïufiakdm;s ëfrd - Wfm;ajd f,dlkdhlx

wkd.;x ðkdríN - wmqÉý lxLu;a;fkd

;=haydkka;ßfld ëfrd - nqoafOd lSÈifld Nfj
nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" md,s idys;H' kj uqøKh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 2002" ms' 139'
11
nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" md,s idys;H' kj uqøKh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 2002" ms' 139'
12
zzmYapd;a fmagl m%d.a wÜGl:d hq.hg wh;a md,s idys;HhZZ^Ydia;%Sh ,smshls& T,sj¾ wfíkdhl" je,ñáhdfõ
YS% l=i,Oïu m%Yia;s Ydia;S%h ix.%yh" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" urodk" 2003" ms' 97'
13
zzfmdardfKa iSy,ÜGl:d uydjxfi úÊcudfkms liaud wdpßfhd bux moH mfodrejxix wldisZZ
jxi;a:mamldiskS" ms' 31'
W!KmQrk iysf;d uydjxfid" ixia' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ" weï' ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1959" .d'
2" ms' 1'
14
W!KmQrk iysf;d uydjxfid" ixia' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ" weï' ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1959"
mß'
37" .d' 53-99" ms' 210-213'
15
m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha" md,s idys;H b;sydih ^mß'& weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" urodk" 2003" ms'
466'
16
Malalasekara, G. P. The Pali Literature of Ceylon, pp.132.
17
m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha" md,s idys;H b;sydih ^mß'& weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" urodk" 2003" ms'
467'
18
nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" md,s idys;H' kj uqøKh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 2002" ms' 345'
19
mrlalukßkaoiai iínN+md, fl;=fkd
Oïud.dfr kshq;af;da fhd msgl;a;h mdrf.d
 idikx iqÜÀ;x hiai wkaf;jdisl NslaLqiq
f;k jdÑiair;af:rmdfok ,sÅf;d whx
:Qmjxfid" ;=kajk uqøKh" ixia' lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U"
1968" ms' 92'
20
hiaud p ud.O ksrela;slf;dZms :Qm
jxfid úreoaO kh ioao iudl=f,d fhd
j;a;ín fuj p nyqïms hf;d k jq;a;x
;iaud wyx mqkms jxiñux jodñ
:Qmjxfid" ;=kajk uqøKh" ixia' lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U"
1968" ms' 01'
21
zz;f;d wiaikdúlmq;a;d oafõ oñ<d iQr;siaix .fy;ajd oafõ ùi;s jiaidks Oïfïk rÊcx ldfriqxZZ
:Qmjxfid" ;=kajk uqøKh" ixia' lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U"
1968" ms' 48'
22
l=udfrd mÉPf;d mÉPf;d wkqnkaê' wka;fr NslaLQ mín;x udfmaiqx' ;x Èiajd l=udfrd NslaLq ix>iai
lïuka;s [;ajd ksj;a;sZZ :Qmjxfid" ;=kajk uqøKh" ixia' lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy
iud.u" fld<U" 1968" ms' 50'
23
odGdjxi iodkkao jHdLHdj" ixia' uhshdfõ wdkkao ysñ" iriú uqøKd,h" .ïmy" 1967" ms' 194'
24
Malalasekara, G. P. The Pali Literature of Ceylon, pp.207.
25
m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha" md,s idys;H b;sydih ^mß'& weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" urodk" 2003" ms'
485'
26
zzmYapd;a fmagl m%d.a wÜGl:d hq.hg wh;a md,s idys;HhZZ^Ydia;%Sh ,smshls& T,sj¾ wfíkdhl" je,ñáhdfõ
YS% l=i,Oïu m%Yia;s Ydia;S%h ix.%yh" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" urodk" 2003" ms' 97'
27
odGdjxi iodkkao jHdLHdj" ixia' uhshdfõ wdkkao ysñ" iriú uqøKd,h" .ïmy" 1967" fojk mßÉfþoh" 61-
65 .d:d" ms' 63-65
28
jq;af;daoh" ixia' ,nq.u ,xldkkao ysñ" 1946" ms' 7'
29
jeä úia;r i|yd mqxÑ nKavdr ikakia., uy;df.a isxy, idys;H jxYh n,kak'
30
Zzmd,s jxil;d" ^Ydia;%Sh ,smshls& Tífíf.dv Oïu;s,l ysñ" m%dÖk NdfIdamldr iud.fï Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh"
1992" ms' 73'
31
ikak iys; y;a:jk.,a,úydrjxih" ixia' W;=rdj, Oïur;k ysñ" iuhj¾Ok uqøKd,h" fld<U" 1982" ms'
01'
32
rdcdyfuj iqyfod isßix>fndê
iSimamodkúêkdÊc iñoaO Ñ;af;d
;ajxpdis rÊcisß ,dN iqfLk foj
tfid j fyd;= mám;a;iyiai ,dfNd
ikak iys; y;a:jk.,a,úydrjxih" ixia' W;=rdj, Oïur;k ysñ" iuhj¾Ok uqøKd,h" fld<U"
1982" ms' 20'
33
udkix mdmikakskakx wmdhd újgdkkd
iuka;d mdmñ;a;dj fudlafLd udrNhd l:d
ikak iys; y;a:jk.,a,úydrjxih" ixia' W;=rdj, Oïur;k ysñ" iuhj¾Ok uqøKd,h" fld<U"
1982" ms' 04'
34
fLfod úm;a;Siq mál%shd k
 ;iaud k §kmaml;sx NfchH
m[a[dkqhd;x úßhx joka;s
iín;a: isoaê.a.K.a.y;a:x
ikak iys; y;a:jk.,a,úydrjxih" ixia' W;=rdj, Oïur;k ysñ" iuhj¾Ok uqøKd,h" fld<U"
1982" ms' 05'
35
nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" md,s idys;H' kj uqøKh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 2002" ms' 353'
36
m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha" md,s idys;H b;sydih ^mß'& weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" urodk" 2003" ms'
486'
37
The Pali Literature of Ceylon, pp 255.
38
iïnqoaOu;=,x iqoaOx Oïux ix>x wkq;a;rx
kuiais;ajd mjlaLdñ Od;=jximldikx
nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" md,s idys;H' kj uqøKh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 2002" ms' 354'
39
m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha" md,s idys;H b;sydih ^mß'& weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" urodk" 2003" ms'
487'
40
m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" ysßmsáfha" md,s idys;H b;sydih ^mß'& weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" urodk" 2003" ms'
492'
41
nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" md,s idys;H' kj uqøKh" r;ak fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" 2002" ms' 336'
42
W!KmQrk iysf;d uydjxfid" ixia' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ" weï' ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1959"
iEu mßÉfþohla wjidkfha u we;'
43
fmdardfKys lf;d fmdfid w;sú;a:dßf;d CjÑ

wf:j CjÑ ixÅ;af;ak wfkl mqkrela;fld

W!KmQrk iysf;d uydjxfid" ixia' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ" weï' ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U"
1959" ms' 01'
44
W!KmQrk iysf;d uydjxfid" ixia' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ" weï' ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U" 1959"
26 mß' .d' 1-5" ms' 140'
45
;iañx iud.fu ix>x boudy uySm;S
zzix>x Nkaf;a úiaiß;ajd N=[aðx ußpjÜálx

;iafiaZ;x oKavlïux fu Nj;+;s wldrhsx

ifp;shx ußpjÜá úydrx iqufkdyrx
W!KmQrk iysf;d uydjxfid" ixia' fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysñ" weï' ã .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U"
1959" 26 mß' .d' 16" 17" ms' 140'

wkqrdOmqr nqoaOY%djl NsCIq úYajúoHd,fha

NdId wOHhk wxYfha wdOqksl lÓldpd¾h
rdclSh mKaä; je,súg fidr; ysñ

B.A. (Hons.) (Kel.)

M.A. Pali & Buddhist Studies (Kel)