PHILIPPINR POLTICS AND GOVERNANCE

NAME:_________________________________________ DATE:________________
SUBJECT:_______________________________________ P#;_______
SUBJECT TEACHER:_______________________________

LESSON 1: Introduction: The concepts of politics and governance

MAN BY NATURE, IS A POLITICAL ANIMAL” – ARISTOTLE

1. The meaning of politics

Politics (from Greek: Polis definition "affairs of the cities") is the process of making decisions that apply to members
of a group, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance — organized control over a human
community, particularly a state.

Furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community
(this is usually a hierarchically organized population) as well as the interrelationship(s) between communities.

The Greeks formulated the word politics during the 4th and 15th century.

• According to Aristotle and Plato, humans are not self-sufficing so they find the need to come together as a
community. From this union come the need for politics and governance to maintain order within a society.

• In ancient Greece, anyone who was ignorant of the laws and the political processes of the polis was considered an
idiot.

2. How politics can be studied

Political science is the study a range of political ideas, events, actions, and institutions. It includes both
understanding and explaining the world of politics that is all around us.

- We all participate in politics, though most of the time we do so unknowingly.

- Politics is much more than simply voting in an election or working in government. Reading or listening to news,
making donations to aid groups, or talking with friends and family about social issues and values are a few of the
many examples of political activity in our everyday lives.

3. The meaning of governance

Governance is all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, market or network, whether
over a family, tribe, formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the laws, norms, power or
language of an organized society.

- It relates to "the processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors involved in a collective problem
that lead to the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction of social norms and institutions.

- In lay terms, it could be described as the political processes that exist in between formal institutions.

4. Articulate definitions of politics

They are represented by the articulation between social movements, electoral institutions and political parties.
Political articulation can be defined as the degree to which citizens and citizen groups can influence policy through
democratic institutions.

5. Differentiate the various views on politics

Political parties base their political action on a certain ideology believed in by their members. ... We could divide
political ideologies under the following headers with many variations under each header: Anarchism, Communism,
Conservatism, Environmentalism, Gender-ism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Religious, Socialism etc.

6. Differentiate governance from government

Governance is the act of governing or ruling. It is the set of rules and laws framed by the government that are to be
implemented through the representatives of the state. ...

- The difference between “government” and “governance” may be clarified using an example of a business which is run
by a group of people.
LESSON 2: Political Ideologies

The basic tenets of the major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism, socialism, conservatism, etc.)

These political ideologies are, for the most part, mutually exclusive. So, a liberal government does not usually practice
socialism, nor does an absolute ruler follow liberalism. The five major political ideologies have played a key role in
history by shaping governments and political movements.

1.Anarchism

The belief that the best government is absolutely no government is known as anarchism. This ideology argues that
everything about governments is repressive and therefore must be abolished entirely. A related ideology known as
nihilism emphasizes that everything—both government and society—must be periodically destroyed in order to
start anew. Nihilists often categorically reject traditional concepts of morality in favor of violence and terror.
Anarchism and nihilism were once associated with socialism because many anarchists and nihilists supported the
socialists’ call for revolution and the complete overhaul of government and society in the early to mid-twentieth
century.

2.Liberalism

In the early modern age of the Western world (beginning roughly in the early 1500s and running for about 200 years),
a number of changes occurred that led to new ideologies: The European discovery of the Americas, the rise of
Protestantism, the beginnings of the free-market economy, and the early stages of the scientific revolution
fundamentally altered Europe. People began developing different ways of thinking to take account of these changes.

3.Conservatism

Conservatism (also known as classical conservatism) began as a reaction against the liberal ideas taking hold of Europe
during the French Revolution in the late eighteenth century. This type of conservatism differs from American
conservatism. Edmund Burke, a British member of Parliament, observed the early stages of the French Revolution with
great distress and predicted the violence and terror that would ensue. His book, Reflections on the Revolution in France
(1790), is one of the founding texts of classical conservatism.

Socialism

Socialism arose as a response to the Industrial Revolution, which was the emergence of technologies such as the steam
engine and mass production. The Industrial Revolution started in England in the last years of the eighteenth century
and had spread to much of Europe and America by the end of the nineteenth century. It caused major upheavals: In a
very short time, many people were forced to abandon agricultural ways of life for the modern mechanized world of
factories.

Nationalism

Nationalism, a strong belief that one’s nation is great (and, usually, better than others), also arose during the modern
era. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, nationalism emerged as a powerful force that caused a number of
revolutions. People began to identify with and take pride in their particular nation-state. The French Revolution and the
subsequent Napoleonic Wars helped spread nationalism throughout Europe because many nations rallied together to
defeat Napoleon.

Fascism

Fascism is a highly nationalist, militaristic, totalitarian political ideology in which one person has absolute power.
World War I was the key event that spawned fascism. The war was the first major war fought between industrialized
nations, which were armed with technology such as machine guns and chemical weapons. The result was utter
devastation. Millions died, entire countries collapsed, and those who survived were often profoundly disillusioned. For
many people, the war showed that modern ideas had failed and that a new way was needed.

Differentiate the political ideologies

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the
best form of government (e.g. democracy or autocracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism).
Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas.

In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social
movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political and
cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and
to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad
inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The popularity of an
ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political
ideologies have two dimensions:

Goals: how society should be organized.

Methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best
form of government (e.g. democracy or autocracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism).
Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may
refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system. Political ideology is a
term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science",[1] However,
ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the
right), though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g.
populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. opposition to European integration or the
legalization of marijuana). There are several studies that show that political ideology is heritable within families.

Examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of political communities

Ideology, and its study, have been subject to an interpretational tug-of-war among political theorists that, until
recently, has devalued their status as an object of scholarship. Disputes ..... They might have understood how
conceptual configurations could be rejigged through their reordering and re-weighting.

Critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage ourselves as a political community

Here in the Philippines because we don't have just one political ideology the effect of it brings different set of principles
to each life of Filipinos.

The impact of political ideology in political life puts up set of different opinions and belief from group to individual
political party and through these the ideals of how a society should work varies on how the power will allocate.

Political ideologies also affect one’s social life as everyone fight for their right of understanding as each opinion contain
certain ideas to provide recommendation for the betterment of one country.

Analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political life of Filipino

In reality, political ideologies have little to almost no effect over Filipino’s social and political life. This reason is due to
the fact that existing political parties in the Philippines have either muddled or twisted different political ideologies
that they were supposed to be built on. Nevertheless, what currently drives Filipinos’ socio-political life is populism.
LESSON 3: Power

 POWER is the ability to influence or outright control the behavior of people.

 Power can be seen as evil or unjust.
 Power is the ability of a person to influence another person or group to perform an act.

Nature

 Power can be defined in many ways. Most simply, it is the ability to get what you want, or as scholar Kenneth
Boulding said, power is "the ability to change the future." Some scholars make a distinction between three kinds of
power-- "power over," "power to" and "power with.

 "Power over" is the ability to dominate another person or group--as in "I have  power over  him. This means, "I
have the ability to make him do what I want him to do." Power-over usually comes from force and threat. If the
subordinate fails to do what he or she is asked to do, the dominant person will use force to make the subordinate
person comply.

 "Power to" is the ability to do something on one’s own--it refers to one’s abilities. Sources of this kind of power
are intellect, resources, knowledge, stamina, etc. These resources give some people the  power to  accomplish things
that others cannot.

 "Power with" is similar to "power to" in that it reflects ability, but "power with" is the ability to  work
with  others to get something done by cooperation. This is the power of consensus--the power of people working
together to solve a common problem

Dimensions

The first dimension of power fits in with the pluralist view and states that there is an open, transparent system, while
recognizing that political resources are not distributed evenly, they are also not completely centralized with a small
group of the elite. The real decision-making power, the power to vote on legislation, introduce new bills rests with
political actors. However they are influenced by a number of other factors such as their constituents, lobbyists and
pressure groups and I think that this view of power fails to highlight how the political agenda can be controlled or
manipulated. Power is often exercised in a much more subtle way that the one dimensional view suggests. 

Types

 Coercive Power-  This kind of power involves the usage of threat to make people do what one desires. In the
organizational set up, it translates into threatening someone with transfer, firing, demotions etc. it basically forces
people to submit to one’s demand for the fear of losing something.
 Reward Power-  As the name suggests, this type of power uses rewards, perks, new projects or training
opportunities, better roles and monetary benefits to influence people. However, an interesting aspect of this type of
power is that, it is not powerful enough in itself, as decisions related to rewards do not rest solely with the person
promising them, because in organizations, a lot of other people come into play like senior managers and board.
 Legitimate Power-  This power emanates from an official position held by someone, be it in an organization,
beurocracy or government etc. The duration of this power is short lived as a person can use it only till the time he/she
holds that position, as well as, the scope of the power is small as it is strictly defined by the position held.
 Expert Power-  This is a personal kind of power which owes its genesis to the skills and expertise possessed by
an individual, which is of higher quality and not easily available. In such a situation, the person can exercise the power
of knowledge to influence people. Since, it is very person specific and skills can be enhanced with time; it has more
credibility and respect.
 Referent Power-  This is a power wielded by celebrities and film stars as they have huge following amongst
masses who like them, identify with them and follow them. Hence, they exert lasting influence on a large number of
people for a large number of decisions; like from what car to buy to which candidate to choose for a higher office in the
country.
Consequences

The consequences of using coercive power?

No one likes to be threatened. Department members  may  do what the head wants if they are threatened with
political, social, financial – or even physical(!) – retribution if they do not, but coercion is also likely to cause anger and
alienation. As a consequence, even if department members appear to agree to a head's demand, they may follow the
letter but not the spirit of a new policy, refuse to enact it when no one is watching them, sabotage it, and be less
willing to accept the head's influence in the future.

LESSON 4: States, Nations, and Globalization

Globalization and nation-states are not in contradiction, since globalization is the present stage of capitalist
development, and the nation-state is the territorial political unit that organizes the space and population in the
capitalist system.

The State as different from the Nation as a political concept

A state may be defined as a politically organized body of people inhabiting a defined geographical entity with an
organized legitimate government whilst a nation is a group of people with a common race, culture, religion and
historical experiences but who may not necessarily live together in a single territory.

Globalization as a context of relations among nation-states

Globalization also creates a sense of interdependence among nations, which could create an imbalance of power
among nations of differing economic strengths. The role of the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory
one as the chief factor in global interdependence.

Define nation and state

-a form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or language live in
a particular area under one government

Differentiate nation from state

In political science, a "nation" refers to a group of people who feel bound into a single body by shared culture, values,
folkways, religion and/or language. A "state" just refers to a patch of land with a sovereign government. States often
coincide with nations (and are called "nation-states," but not always.

Explain meanings of globalization

Globalization (or globalization; see spelling differences) is the increasing interaction of people, states, or countries
through the growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic
process of integration that has social and cultural aspects. It involves goods and services, and the economic resources
of capital, technology, and data. The steam locomotive, steamship, jet engine, and container ships are some of the
advances in the means of transport while the rise of the telegraph and its modern offspring, the Internet and mobile
phones show development in telecommunications infrastructure. All of these improvements we enjoy in the modern
era have been major factors in globalization and have generated further interdependence of economic and cultural
activities.

Evaluate how globalization influences nation-states

Since the beginning of the 1990s, globalization has become a high frequency word in our daily life. Actually,
globalization is not a strange word since the sixteen-century and Europe as the original source of globalization. It has
some simple international trade at that time. People realize the importance of multinational communication and
trade; therefore make globalization become the main trend in today's world. In 21st century, globalization has become
more and more common in the whole world, no matter people, organizations, or government, both can see the
changes which globalization brings them. Globalization has deeply influence people's life and working style,
globalization make world integrity closely and makes people's life become more and more convenient, it brings many
benefits to people. Not only have deeply impact on people's life, but also influence the nation-state more or less. It
influences the nation-state's sovereignty integrity, impact on their economic development and their national culture.
Although it changes the nation-state original condition, it still brings them some positive influence. It helps nation-state
develop better and better. Therefore, globalization both give them chances and challenges, restructuring politics,
economic penetration and communication between multinational culture and national culture. In this essay, the
purpose is to explain the relationship between the globalization and nation-state. Firstly, it will explain the academic
definition of globalization and nation-state, and state the process of globalization and the characters of nation-state.
Then, it will put forward the academic debate about the relationship between globalization and nation-state and
explain it briefly. Thirdly, it will discuss the globalization influences the nation-state through political, economic and
cultural aspects. Media globalization also brings benefits to nation-state because media is the key linking bridge which
connects the nation-state with other countries. Lastly, it will make a conclusion and provide the opinion for this essay.

Philippine democratic politics

LESSON 5: Historical Background of Philippine Democratic Politics

The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans[1][2][3] using rafts or boats
at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man suggested.[4] Negrito groups first inhabited the isles.
Groups of Austronesians later migrated to the islands.

Scholars generally believe that these social groups eventually developed into various settlements or polities with
varying degrees of economic specialization, social stratification, and political organization.[5] Some of these
settlements (mostly those located on major river deltas) achieved such a scale of social complexity that some scholars
believe they should be considered early states.[6] This includes the predecessors of modern-day population centers
such as Maynila, Tondo, Pangasinan, Cebu, Panay, Bohol, Butuan, Cotabato, Lanao, and Sulu[2] as well as some
polities, such as Ma-i, whose possibly location are still the subject of debate among scholars.[7]

These polities were either influenced by the Indian Hindu religion, language, culture, literature and philosophy from
India through many campaigns from India including the South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I,[8] Islam from
Arabia or were Sinified tributary states allied to China. These small maritime states flourished from the 1st millennium.
[9][10] These kingdoms traded with what are now called China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia.[11]
The remainder of the settlements were independent barangays allied with one of the larger states.

The first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. He sighted Samar Island on March 16, 1521
and landed the next day on Homonhon Island, now part of Guiuan, Eastern Samar.[12] Spanish colonization began
with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition on February 13, 1565 from Mexico. He established the first
permanent settlement in Cebu.[13] Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political
structure known as the Philippines. Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity, the code of law and the
oldest modern university in Asia. The Philippines was ruled under the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain until
Mexican independence. After which, the colony was directly governed by Spain.

Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War. The Philippines then became a territory
of the United States.

American rule was not uncontested. The Philippine Revolution had begun in August 1896 against Spain, and after the
defeat of Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay began again in earnest, culminating in the Philippine Declaration of
Independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. The Philippine–American War ensued, with
extensive damage and death, and ultimately resulting in the defeat of the Philippine Republic.[14][15][16][17]
The United States established the Insular Government to rule the Philippines.[18] In 1907, the elected Philippine
Assembly was convened as the lower house of a bicameral legislature and in 1916 the U.S. Federal Government
formally promised independence in the Jones Act.[18] The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935, as a 10-
year interim step prior to full independence.[19] Before independence, World War II began and Japan occupied the
Philippines.[20] After the end of the war, the Treaty of Manila established an independent Philippine Republic.[21]

In 1972, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos imposed martial law. Following the assassination of Ninoy Aquino,
Marcos held snap elections in 1986 and subsequently fled the country during the People Power Revolution which
installed Cory Aquino as president and reestablished democracy.

The evolution of Philippine politics, government, and governance

The Pre-Spanish Government.

The early Filipinos had a government which they called “BALANGAY”. Rajah or Datu is called for those heads or leader.

There are three social classes at that time namely: The Maharlika (Nobles), The Timawas (Freemen) and the Apilin
(Slaves).

Datu or Rajah came from the Maharlika (upper class)

Government in the Philippines under the Spanish rule.

Philippines was governed indirectly by the King of Spain through the Viceroy of Mexico.

Former colony of Spain gained her freedom in 1821 and ruled directly by Spain until 1898.

In theory, he was highest government official in the country, in practice though frailocracy “rule of the friars”

The Government During the American Regime.

Americans started the military rule in the Philippines on August 14, 1898.

President of US delegated his authority to the military governor who exercised all powers of the government (as long
as the war lasted) -executive, legislative and judiciary.

The Government Under the Japanese Occupation

Japanese military administration was Establish in Manila on January 3, 1942.

Philippine Executive Commission is the civil government established with Jorge B. Vargas as Chairman.

Ultimate source of authority was the Japanese administrators. It was dissolved on August 17, 1945.

Appraise the influence of prior stages of Philippine political developments on contemporary Philippine politics

Visavan Fmrire was established with a seat in Sumatra about the 7th century, and extended to the places now known
as Java, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and the Philippine Islands. At the end of the
13th century a new empire called Madjapahit was founded in Java, which absorbed the Shri-Visayan kingdom. At
about the end of the 14th century, this new empire comprised all the territories controlled by the Shri-Visayan empire
as well as Siam, French Indo-China, Borneo and New Guinea. The culture which predominated in these two empires
was Hindu. The greatest pre-Spanish influence on the Philippines was, therefore, the Hindu influence. Hindu culture
had given the early Filipinos a system of writing, a mass of religious ideas and practices, though not a well defined
religion, and a general culture far superior to that of the aborigines, the Negritos. It had taught them some mechanical
and industrial art such as metal working} but it had not greatly changed the structure of society, nor had it brought in
ideas of a well-defined national political organization. "At the time of the Spanish discovery"'() according to H. Otley
Beyer 1not only were the more civilized Filipinos using the Indian syllabaries for writing, but their native mythology,
folk-lore and written literature all had a distinct Indian cast. The same was true of their codes of laws and their names
for all sorts of political positions and procedure. The more cultured Philippine languages contain many Sanskrit words,
and the native art a noticeable sprinkling of Indian design< A strong Brahmanistic religious element was also certainly
introduced, though it seems to have affected chiefly a limited class, while the mass of the people still clung to their
more ancient pagan worship." Time and again scholars have affirmed that the Filipino people did not gain as great
material benefits from the Spanish occupation as they did spiritual ones.
LESSON 6: The Executive

The executive is the organ exercising authority in and holding responsibility for the governance of a state. The
executive executes and enforces law.

In political systems based on the principle of separation of powers, authority is distributed among several branches
(executive, legislative, judicial) — an attempt to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a small group of
people. In such a system, the executive does not pass laws (the role of the legislature) or interpret them (the role of the
judiciary). Instead, the executive enforces the law as written by the legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. The
executive can be the source of certain types of law, such as a decree or executive order. Executive bureaucracies are
commonly the source of regulations.

The role of the Philippine President in relation to his/her powers

ARTICLE VII EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

SECTION 1

The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines.

SECTION 2

No person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to
read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at least ten
years immediately preceding such election.

SECTION 3

There shall be a Vice President who shall have the same qualifications and term of office and be elected with and in the
same manner as the President. He may be removed from office in the same manner as the President.

SECTION 4

The President and the V-Pres. shall be elected… for a term of six years. The President shall not be eligible for any re-
election. No person who has succeeded as President and has served as such for more than four years shall be qualified
for election to the same office at anytime. No V-Pres. Shall serve for more than two consecutive terms. The Supreme
court… shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election of the Pres. and the V-Pres.

SECTION 8

In case of death, permanent disability, removal from the office or resignation of the President, the V-Pres. shall become
the President to serve the unexpired term.

In case of death, permanent disability, removal from the office or resignation of both the Pres. and the V-Pres., the
President of the senate, in the case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall then act as Pres.
until the Pres. or the V-Pres. shall have been elected and qualified.

SECTION 9

Whenever there is vacancy in the office of the V-Pres. during the term for which he was elected, the President shall
nominate a Vice President from among the members of the senate and the house of representatives who shall assume
office upon confirmation by a majority vote of all the Members of both Houses of the Congress, voting separately.

SECTION 10

The congress shall. After the vacancy in the offices of the President and the Vice President occurs, convene. And enact a
law calling for special election to elect a President and V-Pres.

SECTION 11

Whenever the President transmits to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his
written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a
written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice-President as Acting
President.
S ECTION 12

In case of serious illness of the President, the public shall be informed of the state of his health. The members of the
Cabinet in charge of national security and foreign relations and the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines, shall not be denied access to the President during such illness.

Section 13. The President, Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, and their deputies or assistants shall not, unless
otherwise provided in this Constitution, hold any other office or employment during their tenure. They shall not, during
said tenure, directly or indirectly, practice any other profession, participate in any business, or be financially interested
in any contract with, or in any franchise, or special privilege granted by the Government or any subdivision, agency, or
instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations or their subsidiaries. They shall strictly
avoid conflict of interest in the conduct of their office.

Explain the roles and powers of the Philippine president

1. Power of control over the executive branch

The President of the Philippines has the mandate of control over all the executive departments, bureaus, and offices.
This includes restructuring, reconfiguring, and appointments of their respective officials. The Administrative Code also
provides for the President to be responsible for the abovementioned offices’ strict implementation of laws.

2. Power ordinance power

The President of the Philippines has the power to give executive issuances, which are means to streamline the policy
and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the President may issue. They are the following as
defined in the Administrative Code of 1987:

3. Power over aliens

The President of the Philippines has certain powers over non-Filipinos in the Philippines. The powers he may exercise
over foreigners in the country are as follows:

The chief executive may have an alien in the Philippines deported from the country after due process.

The President may change the status of a foreigner, as prescribed by law, from a non-immigrant status to a
permanent resident status without necessity of visa.

The President may choose to overrule the Board of Commissioners of the Bureau of Immigration before their
decision becomes final and executory (after 30 days of the issuance of the decision). The Board of Commissioners of the
Bureau of Immigration has jurisdiction over all deportation cases.

The president is also mandated by the Administrative Code of 1987 to exercise powers as recognized by the generally
accepted principles of international law.

4. Powers of eminent domain, escheat, land reservation and recovery of ill-gotten wealth

The President of the Philippines has the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain. The power of eminent
domains means the state has the power to seize or authorize the seizure of private property for public use with just
compensation. There are two constitutional provisions, however, that limit the exercise of such power: Article III,
Section 9 (1) of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without
due process of law. Furthermore, Article III, Section 9 (2), provides that private property shall not be taken for public
use without just compensation.

Once the aforementioned conditions are met, the President may exercise the power of eminent domain which are as
follows:

Power of eminent domain — The President shall determine when it is necessary or advantageous to exercise the power
of eminent domain in behalf of the national government, and direct the solicitor general, whenever he deems the
action advisable, to institute expropriation proceedings in the proper court.

Power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings — The President shall direct the solicitor general to institute escheat
or reversion proceedings over all lands transferred or assigned to persons disqualified under the constitution to acquire
land.

Power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government —
(1) The president shall have the power to reserve for settlement or public use, and for specific public purposes, any of
the lands of the public domain, the use of which is not otherwise directed by law. The reserved land shall thereafter
remain subject to the specific public purpose indicated until otherwise provided by law or proclamation.

(2) He shall also have the power to reserve from sale or other disposition and for specific public uses or purposes, any
land belonging to the private domain of the government, or any of the friar lands, the use of which is not otherwise
directed by law, and thereafter such land shall be used for the purposes specified by such proclamation until otherwise
provided by law.

Power over ill-gotten wealth — The President shall direct the solicitor general to institute proceedings to recover
properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees or transferees.

Within the period fixed in, or any extension thereof authorized by, the constitution, the President shall have the
authority to recover ill-gotten properties amassed by the leaders and supporters of the previous regime, and protect
the interest of the people through orders of sequestration or freezing of assets or accounts.

5. Power of appointment

The President may appoint officials of the Philippine government as provided by the constitution and laws of the
Philippines. Some of these appointments, however, may need the approval of the Committee on Appointments (a
committee composed of members from the House of Representatives and the Senate of the Philippines).

6. Power of general supervision over local governments

The President of the Philippines, as chief executive, has the mandate to supervise local governments in the Philippines,
despite their autonomous status as provided by Republic Act No. 7160 otherwise known as the Local Government Code
of 1991.

Traditionally, this is done by the Department of the Interior and Local Government, headed by a cabinet secretary—an
alter ego of the President.

Critique the Philippine presidents’ exercise of power

The exercise of power especially on implementing laws lies to the President where it was delegated to the various
departments it unders. In such cases, it determines the policy of an administration in the said matter where each and
every laws implemented as well as the policies the government wants to pursue therein gives an insight where it
determines the performance of the presidency in general.

During the Arroyo administration, it was known that the government at that time wanted to pursue a robust
macroeconomic measures wherein the succeeding Aquino administration adapted which it gives the Philippines a
bullish economic standpoint that is far more resilient than the other economies in Asia with the exception of the 2008
Global Economic Crisis that gives a blow a little bit to the poverty incidence in the country.

Now to the Aquino administration. Several of the programs from Arroyos are inherited by this administration despite
some political vendetta that led to Arroyo's imprisonment (which was freed later on). This was ranging from
macroeconomic policy, better peso value in currency exchanges and several military procurements like the MRV/SSV
program (Tarlac-class LPDs). The president contributed much to the military especially to the so-called Revised AFP
Modernization Program where FA-50PH were procured, additional C-130s were procured, Del Pilar-class frigates were
procured and so on.

We are now under the administration of Pres. Duterte which is keen on solving the drug problem as well as the graft
and corruption problem and federalism which was aim to distribute wealth across nations. The effects of his exercise in
power at present sends shockwaves across the country where his very loyal supporters will proudly say that "change
has come". Unto this, it was known that both 8888 and 911 are now used as hotlines to report corruption,
incompetence and emergency measures the way the President ran Davao City when he was still the mayor.

In our point of view, all exhibited their powers to the two extremes where each and every administration
aforementioned has its ups and downs which determine their legacy in the improvement of the nation in general. Of all
the Presidents, President Arroyo gives the political will on the economy which was adapted by President Aquino
together with several modernization programs such as those in the AFP as well as battling corruption. President
Duterte meanwhile imposing his power on drug elimination which gives a significant impact to the society where the
so-called change was felt by the public as per own interpretation has its own up and down sides. Overall, it signifies the
powers of each president are to be implied to the policies they create especially the ones they are promising in their
respective election campaigns.

LESSON 7: The Legislative

The role and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of Representatives

According to the 1987 Constitution, legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines, which shall
consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.

Discuss the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of Representatives

The citizens of each state elect two Senators to serve 6 year’s terms. The Senate as a whole has many duties and
responsibilities. Some of these include writing and passing laws, approving many presidential appointments, and
ratifying treaties with other countries.

Assess the performance of the Philippine Congress

President Rodrigo Duterte, who enjoys overwhelming support in both houses of Congress, signed only 4 bills into law
before the first regular session of the 17th Congress adjourned.

This number isn't far from his predecessors' average in their first year in office – except that of former president Fidel
Ramos, who has a hefty record of 19 laws passed before he delivered his second State of the Nation Address (SONA) in
1993.

Corazon Aquino did not have any signed bills during her first year in office in 1986 because she assumed power via a
people power revolution that dismantled the Marcos constitution. The 8th Congress held its first session in 1987, over a
year since Mrs Aquino was swept to power. It passed 34 bills that Aquino signed into law during Congress' first year.

Maria Fe Mendoza, dean of the National College of Public Administration and Governance (NCPAG) of the University of
the Philippines, attributed Ramos' record number of laws passed in his first year to the creation of the Legislative-
Executive Development Advisory Council (LEDAC).

LEDAC is a consultative and advisory body that serves as a link between the President and Congress for policy-making.

"FVR instituted the LEDAC, smarting from the 'mistakes' of Corazon Aquino and the past," said Mendoza. "He is known
to ask for full staff work and he may have demanded that to ensure all angles are covered."

"And maybe he worked his charm to the hilt," she added.

Less than a year before it adjourns and a new leadership is ushered in after the elections in May, Speaker Feliciano
Belmonte on Wednesday said that the House of Representatives in the 16th Congress has done a good job of passing
measures of national significance even if it passed fewer bills than in the previous Congress.

"Hindi naman sa paramihan ‘yan no. Kung iisipin mo, kamukha nung batas na Philippine Competition Law na pending
for over 23 years in both chambers [of Congress], kami dito sa House ang nagpumilit na maipasa yun because that is a
very important bill,” Belmonte told reporters on Wednesday night.

Belmonte was referring to Republic Act 10667 or the Philippine Fair Competition Act, which the House approved on
third and final reading in May of this year. President Benigno Aquino III signed the bill into law on July 21, 2015.

The law promotes free and fair competition in the fields of trade and industry, and other commercial and economic
activities. Itrohibiting acts of market monopolization such as price fixing and anti-competitive mergers and
acquisitions.

Belmonte also cited the 16th Congress’ passage in October of a bill that sought the creation of the Department of
Information and Communications Technology (DICT), which shall be the primary government entity to promote and
help develop the ICT sector.

He said that after years of pendency during past Congresses, the Senate in the 16th Congress finally chose to adopt the
House’s version of the bill and approved it on final reading.

The DICT bill is now waiting for Aquino's signature. Belmonte said he and Senate President Franklin Drilon already
convinced the President of the great benefits the measure would bring to the government.

“Remember we were in the verge of passing that in the 15th Congress. But at some point the President was objecting
to it.… At this time, we were able to convince the President, informally si Senate President Drilon, that the added cost
will not be that great but the benefits to the country will be tremendous in the BPO business,” Belmonte said.
While several landmark measures were so far approved by the House under the 16th Congress, which runs from July
22, 2013 to July 25, 2016, records revealed that fewer bills were so far enacted into law compared to under the 15th
Congress, which ran from July 20 2010 to July 20 2013.

Based on the data gathered by the House of Representatives’ Research Center, the House has filed a total of 6,334 bills
but only nine percent or 575 of them were approved on Third and final reading.

The data further showed that out of the number of bills passed by both chambers, only 66 or one percent were enacted
into law by the President. Only 50 are considered national measures while the rest were just local in scope.

Appraise the impact of Congress’s performance on Philippine development

By concept, each and every laws made by the Congress that are approved by the legislative sets an impact to the
society in general wherein it sets to dictate the way things run as well as operate in which it will adhere the welfare of
the people prescribed by the constitution. It ranges from business laws to tax revisions as well as new sets of guidelines
on various aspects of life to the General Appropriations Act.

Taking this PDF file of the Philippine Senate, the Philippine Congress lay economic policies in which it affects the
country as a whole. Considerably, this 2010 report shows the strengths and weaknesses of the economy in which it
paved the way for appropriate actions that makes the Philippine Economy output improved since 2010 onwards (See:
Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016) to the present where numerous sources predicted that by 2050, the
Philippines will belong to the top 20 greatest economies of the world alongside Vietnam and South Korea. Meanwhile,
House Bills such as these given by the congress is just an example of the things that affects economic growth where in
this case, it affects the real estate market where the said law is stipulate to set limits and standardized values given
thereof.

Speaking of which, the legislative like the executive also played the key role for the economic progress where the two
work hand in hand to achieve the goals of a better nation having an improved economy which the masses will benefit
where there are more cash in their hands.

LESSON 8: The Judiciary

The role and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary

The administrative functions of the Court pertain to the supervision and control over the Philippine judiciary and its
employees, as well as over members of the Philippine bar. ... The judicial power is vested in “one Supreme Court and in
such lower courts as may be established by law.”

Identify the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary

POWERS AND DUTIES OF COURTS AND JUDICIAL OFFICERS

Rule 135

SECTION 1. Courts always open; justice to be promptly and impartially administered. - Courts of justice shall always
be open, except on legal holidays, for the filing of any pleadings, motion or other papers, for the trial of cases, hearing
of motions, and for the issuance of orders or rendition of judgments. Justice shall be impartially administered without
unnecessary delay.chanrobles virtualawlibrary

SEC. 2. Publicity of proceedings and records. – The sitting of every court of justice shall be public, but any court may,
in its discretion, exclude the public when the evidence to be adduced is of such nature as to require their exclusion in
the interest of morality or decency. The records of every court of justice shall be public records and shall be available
for the inspection of any interested person, at all proper business hours, under the supervision of the clerk having
custody of such records, unless the court shall, in any special case, have forbidden their publicity, in the interest of
morality or decency. chan robles virtual law library

SEC. 3. Process of superior courts enforced throughout the Philippines. - Process issued from a superior court in
which a case is pending to bring in a defendant, or for the arrest of any accused person, or to execute any order or
judgment of the court, may be enforced in any part of the Philippines.

SEC. 4. Process of inferior courts. - The process of inferior courts shall be enforceable within the province where the
municipality or city lies. It shall not be served outside the boundaries of the province in which they are comprised
except with the approval of the judge of the Regional Trial Court of said province, and only in the following
cases:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

(a) When an order fo the delivery of personal property lying outside the province is to be complied with;

(b) When an attachment of real or personal property lying outside the province is to be made; chan robles virtual law
library

(c) When the action is against two or more defendants residing in different provinces; and

(d) When the place where the case has been brought is that specified in a contract in writing between the parties, or is
the place of the execution of such contract as appears therefrom. chan robles virtual law library

Writs of execution issued by inferior courts may be enforced in any part of the Philippines without any previous
approval of the judge of first instance.chanrobles virtualawlibrary

Criminal process may be issued by a justice of the peace or other inferior court, to be served outside his province,
when the district judge, or in his absence the provincial fiscal, shall certify that in his opinion the interests of justices
require such service. chan robles virtual law library

SEC. 5. Inherent powers of courts. - Every court shall have power:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary

(a) To preserve and enforce order in its immediate presence;

(b) To enforce order in proceedings before a person or persons empowered to conduct a judicial investigation
under its authority;

(c) To compel obedience to its judgments, orders and processes, and to the lawful order of judge out of court, in a
case pending therein;

(d) To control, in furtherance of justice, the conduct of its ministerial officers, and of all other persons in any
manner connected with a case before it, in every manner appertaining thereto;

(e) To compel the attendance of persons to testify in a case pending therein;

(f) To administer or cause to be administered oaths in a case pending therein, and in all other cases where it may
be necessary in the exercise of its powers; chan robles virtual law library

(g) To amend and control its process and orders so as to make them comformable to law and justice;

(h) To authorize copy of a lost or destroyed pleading or other paper to be filed and used instead of the original,
and to restore, and supply deficiencies in its records and proceedings.

SEC. 6. Means to carry jurisdiction into effect. - When by law, jurisdiction is conferred on a court or judicial officer,
all auxiliary writs, processes and other means necessary to carry it into effect may be employed by such court or
officer; and if the procedure to be followed in the exercise of such jurisdiction is not specifically pointed out by law or
by these rules, any suitable process or mode of proceeding may be adopted which appears conformable to the spirit of
said law or rules.chanrobles virtualawlibrary

SEC. 7. Trial and hearings; orders in chambers. - All trial upon the merits shall be conducted in open court and so far
as convenient in a regular court room. All other acts or proceedings may be done or conducted by a judge in
chambers, without the attendance of the clerk or other court officials. chan robles virtual law library

SEC. 8. Interlocutory orders out of province. - A judge of Regional Trial Court shall have power to hear and determine,
when within the district though without his province, any intelocutory motion or issue after due and reasonable notice
to the parties. On the filing of a petition for the writ of habeas corpus or for release upon bail or reduction of bail in
any Regional Trial Court, the hearing may be had at any place in the judicial district which the judge shall deem
convenient.

SEC. 9. Signing judgments out of province. - Whenever a judge appointed or assigned in any province or branch of a
Regional Trial Court in a province shall leave the province by transfer or assignment to another court of equal
jurisdiction, or by expiration of his temporary assignment, without having decided a case totally heard by him and
which was argued or an opportunity given for argument to the parties or their counsel, it shall be lawful for him to
prepare and sign his decision in said case anywhere within the Philippines. He shall send the same by registered mail
to the clerk of the court where the case was heard or argued to be filed therein as of the date when the same was
received by the clerk, in the same manner as if he had been present in court to direct the filing of the judgment. If a
case has been only in part, the Supreme Court, upon petition of any of the parties to the case and the recommendation
of respective district judge, may also authorize the judge who has partly heard the case, if no other judge had heard
the case in part, to continue hearing and to decide said case notwithstanding his transfer or appointment to another
court of equal jurisdiction. chanrobles virtual law library

Discuss how the Judiciary exercises political neutrality and fairness

By nature, the judiciary is a fair and just system where its decisions are based on the grounds as stipulated by the law
that instills neutrality and fairness rather than to the judgement of the legislative or the executive where by law, the
President installs his set of Chief and Associate Justices in the Supreme Court.

In this PDF file entitled "Perspectives on Judicial Independence in the Philippine Politico-Ethical Nomos" gives an insight
on both the fairness and unfairness of the justice system in the country. Accordingly, the judiciary's basic guide for
doing its decision is the constitution where in this discussion promotes neutrality and fairness. In such cases, the
credibility of the judiciary was once hampered by the ouster of the Chief Justice Renato Corona last 2012 due to the so-
called anomalies in the justice system under his tenure. That in which puts the very judicial exercise at risk where
things simply just politicized up back then. On the bright side though, the Priority Disbursement Assistance fund or
simply Pork Barrel was instigated by Corona's successor Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno wherein several Senators
at that time were imprisoned for having such funds used in other purposes not allowed by the Government in which it
sowed corruption (Source: 1 & 2). Meanwhile, there is some sort of a "Code of Judicial Conduct" where a law
practitioner shall observe at all times in which it is to observe professionalism and to retain credibility on the judiciary
under the perspective of neutrality and fairness.

In summary, neutrality and fairness is not always observed where several practitioners are somewhat unaware or
aware that a bias is already made that hamper the result of a given case or a rule that sometimes runs contrary to the
sentiments of the people. In such case though, the code of judicial conduct assures the limitations of those in the
judiciary that observing it assures full credibility of the system.

Evaluate the performance of the Philippine Judiciary as a dispenser of justice and a protector of constitutional
safeguards to freedom

In this question, it will be based once again to this the same PDF file as is in number three. In this case, several ups and
downs are already discussed in the previous question wherein it will be further emphasized here in order to suit up the
things we discussed here.

In this case, if we are to based the judiciary from 1 to 10 on the basis on its job as a dispenser of justice and a protector
of constitutional safeguard to freedom, their performance will fell somewhere between 6 or 7. It is because that in
terms of justice earned, some of them are still seeking for justice where it comes with a saying "Justice Delayed is
Justice Denied." Take the 2009 Maguindanao Massacre as a perfect example for this matter where until now, the case
is still on-going with the uncertainty as when it will be end. The good side meanwhile is that Associate Justice Carpio is
keen on the campaign on the Philippine Sovereignty to its territory on the West Philippine Sea where he emphasizes
the constitution that it safeguards the freedom of the Filipinos to exploit the West Philippine Sea and its resources
especially for the fishermen who have their lives relying on it.

Overall, there is much to be done to the system itself that the ideals for just, neutral and fair justice is for everyone that
those who commit crimes are worthy to pay their prices that they shall pay for damages, spend time in prison or if
approved, subject to death penalty.

LESSON 9: Decentralization and Local Governance

9.1 Local Governance in the context of the 1991 Local Government Code (LGC) of the Philippines and National-Local
Government dynamics

SECTION 1. Title. – This Act shall be known and cited as the “Local Government Code of 1991”.

SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. – (a) It is hereby declared the policy of the State that the territorial and political
subdivisions of the State shall enjoy genuine and meaningful local autonomy to enable them to attain their fullest
development as self-reliant communities and make them more effective partners in the attainment of national goals.
Toward this end, the State shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted
through a system of decentralization whereby local government units shall be given more powers, authority,
responsibilities, and resources. The process of decentralization shall proceed from the National Government to the
local government units.

(b) It is also the policy of the State to ensure the accountability of local government units through the institution of
effective mechanisms of recall, initiative and referendum.

(c) It is likewise the policy of the State to require all national agencies and offices to conduct periodic consultations with
appropriate local government units, nongovernmental and people’s organizations, and other concerned sectors of the
community before any project or program is implemented in their respective jurisdictions.

SECTION 3. Operative Principles of Decentralization. – The formulation and implementation of policies and measures
on local autonomy shall be guided by the following operative principles:

(a) There shall be an effective allocation among the different local government units of their respective powers,
functions, responsibilities, and resources;

(b) There shall be established in every local government unit an accountable, efficient, and dynamic organizational
structure and operating mechanism that will meet the priority needs and service requirements of its communities;

(c) Subject to civil service law, rules and regulations, local officials and employees paid wholly or mainly from local
funds shall be appointed or removed, according to merit and fitness, by the appropriate appointing authority;

(d) The vesting of duty, responsibility, and accountability in local government units shall be accompanied with
provision for reasonably adequate resources to discharge their powers and effectively carry out their functions; hence,
they shall have the power to create and broaden their own sources of revenue and the right to a just share in national
taxes and an equitable share in the proceeds of the utilization and development of the national wealth within their
respective areas;

(e) Provinces with respect to component cities and municipalities, and cities and municipalities with respect to
component barangays, shall ensure that the acts of their component units are within the scope of their prescribed
powers and functions;

(f) Local government units may group themselves, consolidate or coordinate their efforts, services, and resources for
purposes commonly beneficial to them;

(g) The capabilities of local government units, especially the municipalities and barangays, shall be enhanced by
providing them with opportunities to participate actively in the implementation of national programs and projects;

(h) There shall be a continuing mechanism to enhance local autonomy not only by legislative enabling acts but also by
administrative and organizational reforms;

(i) Local government units shall share with the national government the responsibility in the management and
maintenance of ecological balance within their territorial jurisdiction, subject to the provisions of this Code and
national policies;

(j) Effective mechanisms for ensuring the accountability of local government units to their respective constituents shall
be strengthened in order to upgrade continually the quality of local leadership;

(k) The realization of local autonomy shall be facilitated through improved coordination of national government
policies and programs and extension of adequate technical and material assistance to less developed and deserving
local government units;

(l) The participation of the private sector in local governance, particularly in the delivery of basic services, shall be
encouraged to ensure the viability of local autonomy as an alternative strategy for sustainable development; and

(m) The national government shall ensure that decentralization contributes to the continuing improvement of the
performance of local government units and the quality of community life.

SECTION 4. Scope of Application. – This Code shall apply to all provinces, cities, municipalities, barangays, and other
political subdivisions as may be created by law, and, to the extent herein provided, to officials, offices, or agencies of
the national government.

SECTION 5. Rules of Interpretation. – In the interpretation of the provisions of this Code, the following rules shall apply:
(a) Any provision on a power of a local government unit shall be liberally interpreted in its favor, and in case of doubt,
any question thereon shall be resolved in favor of devolution of powers and of the lower local government unit. Any
fair and reasonable doubt as to the existence of the power shall be interpreted in favor of the local government unit
concerned;

(b) In case of doubt, any tax ordinance or revenue measure shall be construed strictly against the local government
unit enacting it, and liberally in favor of the taxpayer. Any tax exemption, incentive or relief granted by any local
government unit pursuant to the provisions of this Code shall be construed strictly against the person claiming it.

(c) The general welfare provisions in this Code shall be liberally interpreted to give more powers to local government
units in accelerating economic development and upgrading the quality of life for the people in the community

(d) Rights and obligations existing on the date of effectivity of this Code and arising out of contracts or any other
source of prestation involving a local government unit shall be governed by the original terms and conditions of said
contracts or the law in force at the time such rights were vested; and

(e) In the resolution of controversies arising under this Code where no legal provision or jurisprudence applies, resort
may be had to the customs and traditions in the place where the controversies take place.

To transfer LGUs into self-reliant communities and active partners in nation-building by giving them more powers,
authority, responsibilities and resources.

Hopes to achieve economic development the regional and local levels by giving more freedom in carrying out their
programs that are suitable for their areas.

1. Identify the different levels of the Philippine Local Government

Province- intermediate unit is providing supervision to the municipalities and component cities and under it and
performing services for the national government.

Cities and municipalities - basic unit of the local government delivering services for the people who lived together in a
community.

Barangay- sub-municipal unit, which provides for face to face interaction among the people.

The Provinces of the Philippines (Filipino: Mga Lalawigan ng Pilipinas) are the primary political and administrative
divisions of the Philippines. There are 81 provinces at present, further subdivided into component cities and
municipalities. The National Capital Region, as well as independent cities, are independent of any provincial
government. Each province is governed by an elected legislature called the Sangguniang Panlalawigan and by an
elected governor.

A city is one of the units of local government in the Philippines. All Philippine cities are chartered cities, whose existence
as corporate and administrative entities is governed by their own specific municipal charters in addition to the Local
Government Code of 1991, which specifies their administrative structure and powers. As of December 12, 2015, there
are 145 cities.

A municipality (Filipino: bayan/munisipalidad; Hiligaynon: banwa; Cebuano: lungsod/munisipyo; Pangasinan: baley;

Kapampangan: balen/balayan; Central Bicolano: banwaan; Waray: bungto; Ilokano: ili) is a local government unit
(LGU) in the Philippines. Municipalities are also usually called towns. They are distinct from cities, which are a different
category of local government unit. Provinces of the Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn,
are divided into barangays, formerly barrios. As of March 31, 2017, there are 1,489 municipalities across the country.
[1]. It is also known for its archaic term town.

A barangay (/bɑːrɑːŋˈɡaɪ/ Brgy. or Bgy.; Filipino: baranggay, [baɾaŋˈɡaj]; also pronounced the same in Spanish),
formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term
for a village, district or ward. In metropolitan areas, the term often refers to an inner city neighbourhood, a suburb or a
suburban neighborhood.[1] The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of
Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines.

2. Explain the roles and functions of Local Government Unit

3. Examine how decentralization affects governance

4. Conduct an interview with barangay officials on community programs

5. Evaluate the performance of a local government unit

State-society interactions

LESSON 10: Elections and Political Parties

10.1 The nature of elections and political parties in the context of the Philippines

1. Describe the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines

2. Identify the types of electoral systems

3. Assess the implications of the type of electoral systems on politics and governance

4. Analyze the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines

LESSON 11: Civil Society and Social Movements

11.1 Political participation outside formal institutions

1. Discuss the concepts of civil society and social movements

2. Explain the contributions of civil society organizations and social

3. Evaluate the role of civil society organizations and social movements

Citizenship-in-practice

LESSON 12: Citizenship

12.1 The traditional and modern views of citizenship, i.e., the state-centric vs participatory notions of citizenship

1. Explain citizenship

2. Assess the various avenues for citizen participation

3. Illustrate the value of citizenship

LESSON 13: Integration

13.1 How the concepts/ideas learned in class can be utilized in actual experiences

1. Identify issues related to political engagement and youth empowerment

2. Determine programs that address issues related to political engagement and youth empowerment
3. Assess an existing program that addresses an issue related to political

engagement and youth empowerment

4. Conduct a research for a draft proposal on a project on political engagement and youth empowerment