LESSON 1 Introduction The Concepts of Podocx

LESSON_1_Introduction_The_conc
epts_of_po.docx
LESSON 1: Introduction: The concepts of politics and governance
The meaning of politics
Politics (from Greek: Polis definition "affairs of the cities") is the

process of making decisions that apply to members of a group, it
refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance —
organized control over a human community, particularly a state.
Furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of
power and resources within a given community (this is usually a
hierarchically organized population) as well as the interrelationship(s)
between communities.
How politics can be studied
Political science is the study a range of political ideas, events, actions,

and institutions. It includes both understanding and explaining the
world of politics that is all around us. We all participate in politics,
though most of the time we do so unknowingly. Politics is much more
than simply voting in an election or working in government. Reading or
listening to news, making donations to aid groups, or talking with
friends and family about social issues and values are a few of the many
examples of political activity in our everyday lives.
The meaning of governance
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55508823/LESSON_1.do…IursJwuf~spmvn3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA 19/08/2020, 5]05 PM

Page 1 of 50
Governance is all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken
by a government, market or network, whether over a family, tribe,
formal or informal organization or territory and whether through the
laws, norms, power or language of an organized society.[1] It relates to
"the processes of interaction and decision-making among the actors
involved in a collective problem that lead to the creation,
reinforcement, or reproduction of social norms and institutions."[2] In
lay terms, it could be described as the political processes that exist in
between formal institutions.
Articulate definitions of politics
They are represented by the articulation between social movements,

electoral institutions and political parties. Political articulation can be
defined as the degree to which citizens and citizen groups can
influence policy through democratic institutions.
Differentiate the various views on politics
Political parties base their political action on a certain ideology

believed in by their members. ... We could divide political ideologies
under the following headers with many variations under each header:
Anarchism, Communism, Conservatism, Environmentalism, Gender-
ism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Religious, Socialism etc.
Explore the connection between the phenomenon (politics) and

the method of inquiry (Political Science)
Politics as a Cultural Phenomenon. Culture is the symbolic process

through which human beings cognitively order reality and transmit
their ways of life. Culture is the symbolic process through which

Page 2 of 50
human beings cognitively order reality and transmit their ways of life.
Examines the study of politics as a social science and explores the

assumptions underlying various methodologies used in the field.
Reviews methods of measurement, comparison, and the construction
of empirical and theoretical models of political phenomena.
Recognize the value of politics
This means they vary across individuals and cultures and are in many
ways aligned with belief and belief systems. Types of values include
ethical/moral values, doctrinal/ideological (religious, political) values,
social values, and aesthetic values.
Differentiate governance from government
Governance is the act of governing or ruling. It is the set of rules and

laws framed by the government that are to be implemented through
the representatives of the state. ... The difference between
“government” and “governance” may be clarified using an example of
a business which is run by a group of people.
LESSON 2: Political Ideologies
The basic tenets of the major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism,

socialism, conservatism, etc.)
These political ideologies are, for the most part, mutually exclusive.
So, a liberal government does not usually practice socialism, nor does
an absolute ruler follow liberalism. The five major political ideologies

Page 3 of 50
have played a key role in history by shaping governments and political
movements.
Anarchism
The belief that the best government is absolutely no government is

known as anarchism. This ideology argues that everything about
governments is repressive and therefore must be abolished entirely. A
related ideology known as nihilism emphasizes that everything—both
government and society—must be periodically destroyed in order to
start anew. Nihilists often categorically reject traditional concepts of
morality in favor of violence and terror. Anarchism and nihilism were
once associated with socialism because many anarchists and nihilists
supported the socialistsʼ call for revolution and the complete overhaul
of government and society in the early to mid-twentieth century.
Liberalism
In the early modern age of the Western world (beginning roughly in

the early 1500s and running for about 200 years), a number of
changes occurred that led to new ideologies: The European discovery
of the Americas, the rise of Protestantism, the beginnings of the free-
market economy, and the early stages of the scientific revolution
fundamentally altered Europe. People began developing different ways
of thinking to take account of these changes.
Conservatism
Conservatism (also known as classical conservatism) began as a

reaction against the liberal ideas taking hold of Europe during the
French Revolution in the late eighteenth century. This type of

Page 4 of 50
conservatism differs from American conservatism. Edmund Burke, a
British member of Parliament, observed the early stages of the French
Revolution with great distress and predicted the violence and terror
that would ensue. His book, Reflections on the Revolution in France
(1790), is one of the founding texts of classical conservatism.
Socialism
Socialism arose as a response to the Industrial Revolution, which was

the emergence of technologies such as the steam engine and mass
production. The Industrial Revolution started in England in the last
years of the eighteenth century and had spread to much of Europe
and America by the end of the nineteenth century. It caused major
upheavals: In a very short time, many people were forced to abandon
agricultural ways of life for the modern mechanized world of factories.
Nationalism
Nationalism, a strong belief that oneʼs nation is great (and, usually,

better than others), also arose during the modern era. In the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, nationalism emerged as a
powerful force that caused a number of revolutions. People began to
identify with and take pride in their particular nation-state. The French
Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic Wars helped spread
nationalism throughout Europe because many nations rallied together
to defeat Napoleon.
Fascism
Fascism is a highly nationalist, militaristic, totalitarian political ideology

in which one person has absolute power. World War I was the key

Page 5 of 50
event that spawned fascism. The war was the first major war fought
between industrialized nations, which were armed with technology
such as machine guns and chemical weapons. The result was utter
devastation. Millions died, entire countries collapsed, and those who
survived were often profoundly disillusioned. For many people, the war
showed that modern ideas had failed and that a new way was needed.
Differentiate the political ideologies
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains

certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government
(e.g. democracy or autocracy) and the best economic system (e.g.
capitalism or socialism). Sometimes the same word is used to identify
both an ideology and one of its main ideas.
In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals,

principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement,
institution, class or large group that explains how society should work,
and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social
order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate
power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a
certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration
from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any
one of them. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the
influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own
interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions:

Page 6 of 50
Goals: how society should be organized.
Methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains

certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government
(e.g. democracy or autocracy) and the best economic system (e.g.
capitalism or socialism). Sometimes the same word is used to identify
both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism"
may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which
supports that economic system. Political ideology is a term fraught
with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the
whole of social science",[1] However, ideologies tend to identify
themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left,
the centre or the right), though this is very often controversial. Finally,
ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g.
populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g.
opposition to European integration or the legalization of marijuana).
There are several studies that show that political ideology is heritable
within families.
Examine the relationship between political ideologies and

configurations of political communities
Ideology, and its study, have been subject to an interpretational tug-

of-war among political theorists that, until recently, has devalued their
status as an object of scholarship. Disputes ..... They might have
understood how conceptual configurations could be rejigged through
their reordering and re-weighting.
Critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage

Page 7 of 50
ourselves as a political community
Here in the Philippines because we don't have just one political

ideology the effect of it brings different set of principles to each life of
Filipinos.
The impact of political ideology in political life puts up set of different

opinions and belief from group to individual political party and through
these the ideals of how a society should work varies on how the power
will allocate.
Political ideologies also affect oneʼs social life as everyone fight for
their right of understanding as each opinion contain certain ideas to
provide recommendation for the betterment of one country.
Analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political

life of Filipino
In reality, political ideologies have little to almost no effect over

Filipinoʼs social and political life. This reason is due to the fact that
existing political parties in the Philippines have either muddled or
twisted different political ideologies that they were supposed to be
built on. Nevertheless, what currently drives Filipinosʼ socio-political
life is populism.
LESSON 3: Power

Page 8 of 50
• POWER is the ability to influence or outright control the behavior of
people.
• Power can be seen as evil or unjust.
• Power is the ability of a person to influence another person or group

to perform an act.
Nature
Power can be defined in many ways. Most simply, it is the ability to

get what you want, or as scholar Kenneth Boulding said, power is "the
ability to change the future." Some scholars make a distinction
between three kinds of power-- "power over," "power to" and "power
with.
"Power over" is the ability to dominate another person or group--as

in "I have power over him. This means, "I have the ability to make him
do what I want him to do." Power-over usually comes from force and
threat. If the subordinate fails to do what he or she is asked to do, the
dominant person will use force to make the subordinate person
comply.
"Power to" is the ability to do something on oneʼs own--it refers to

oneʼs abilities. Sources of this kind of power are intellect, resources,
knowledge, stamina, etc. These resources give some people
the power to accomplish things that others cannot.
"Power with" is similar to "power to" in that it reflects ability, but

"power with" is the ability to work with others to get something done
by cooperation. This is the power of consensus--the power of people

Page 9 of 50
working together to solve a common problem
Dimensions
The first dimension of power fits in with the pluralist view and states
that there is an open, transparent system, while recognizing that
political resources are not distributed evenly, they are also not
completely centralized with a small group of the elite. The real
decision-making power, the power to vote on legislation, introduce
new bills rests with political actors. However they are influenced by a
number of other factors such as their constituents, lobbyists and
pressure groups and I think that this view of power fails to highlight
how the political agenda can be controlled or manipulated. Power is
often exercised in a much more subtle way that the one dimensional
view suggests.
Types
Coercive Power- This kind of power involves the usage of threat to

make people do what one desires. In the organizational set up, it
translates into threatening someone with transfer, firing, demotions
etc. it basically forces people to submit to oneʼs demand for the fear of
losing something.
Reward Power- As the name suggests, this type of power uses

Page 10 of 50
rewards, perks, new projects or training opportunities, better roles and
monetary benefits to influence people. However, an interesting aspect
of this type of power is that, it is not powerful enough in itself, as
decisions related to rewards do not rest solely with the person
promising them, because in organizations, a lot of other people come
into play like senior managers and board.
Legitimate Power- This power emanates from an official position

held by someone, be it in an organization, beurocracy or government
etc. The duration of this power is short lived as a person can use it
only till the time he/she holds that position, as well as, the scope of the
power is small as it is strictly defined by the position held.
Expert Power- This is a personal kind of power which owes its

genesis to the skills and expertise possessed by an individual, which is
of higher quality and not easily available. In such a situation, the
person can exercise the power of knowledge to influence people.
Since, it is very person specific and skills can be enhanced with time; it
has more credibility and respect.
Referent Power- This is a power wielded by celebrities and film

stars as they have huge following amongst masses who like them,
identify with them and follow them. Hence, they exert lasting influence
on a large number of people for a large number of decisions; like from
what car to buy to which candidate to choose for a higher office in the
country.

Page 11 of 50
Consequences
The consequences of using coercive power?
No one likes to be threatened. Department members may do what

the head wants if they are threatened with political, social, financial –
or even physical(!) – retribution if they do not, but coercion is also
likely to cause anger and alienation. As a consequence, even if
department members appear to agree to a head's demand, they may
follow the letter but not the spirit of a new policy, refuse to enact it
when no one is watching them, sabotage it, and be less willing to
accept the head's influence in the future.
LESSON 4: States, Nations, and Globalization
Globalization and nation-states are not in contradiction, since

globalization is the present stage of capitalist development, and the
nation-state is the territorial political unit that organizes the space and
population in the capitalist system.
The State as different from the Nation as a political concept
A state may be defined as a politically organized body of people

inhabiting a defined geographical entity with an organized legitimate
government whilst a nation is a group of people with a common race,
culture, religion and historical experiences but who may not

Page 12 of 50
necessarily live together in a single territory.
Globalization as a context of relations among nation-states
Globalization also creates a sense of interdependence among nations,

which could create an imbalance of power among nations of differing
economic strengths. The role of the nation-state in a global world is
largely a regulatory one as the chief factor in global interdependence.
Define nation and state
-a form of political organization in which a group of people who share

the same history, traditions, or language live in a particular area under
one government
Differentiate nation from state
In political science, a "nation" refers to a group of people who feel

bound into a single body by shared culture, values, folkways, religion
and/or language. A "state" just refers to a patch of land with a
sovereign government. States often coincide with nations (and are
called "nation-states," but not always.
Explain meanings of globalization
Globalization (or globalization; see spelling differences) is the

increasing interaction of people, states, or countries through the
growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture.
Globalization is primarily an economic process of integration that has
social and cultural aspects. It involves goods and services, and the

Page 13 of 50
economic resources of capital, technology, and data. The steam
locomotive, steamship, jet engine, and container ships are some of the
advances in the means of transport while the rise of the telegraph and
its modern offspring, the Internet and mobile phones show
development in telecommunications infrastructure. All of these
improvements we enjoy in the modern era have been major factors in
globalization and have generated further interdependence of
economic and cultural activities.
Evaluate how globalization influences nation-states
Since the beginning of the 1990s, globalization has become a high

frequency word in our daily life. Actually, globalization is not a strange
word since the sixteen-century and Europe as the original source of
globalization. It has some simple international trade at that time.
People realize the importance of multinational communication and
trade; therefore make globalization become the main trend in today's
world. In 21st century, globalization has become more and more
common in the whole world, no matter people, organizations, or
government, both can see the changes which globalization brings
them. Globalization has deeply influence people's life and working
style, globalization make world integrity closely and makes people's
life become more and more convenient, it brings many benefits to
people. Not only have deeply impact on people's life, but also
influence the nation-state more or less. It influences the nation-state's
sovereignty integrity, impact on their economic development and their
national culture. Although it changes the nation-state original
condition, it still brings them some positive influence. It helps nation-
state develop better and better. Therefore, globalization both give
them chances and challenges, restructuring politics, economic

Page 14 of 50
penetration and communication between multinational culture and
national culture. In this essay, the purpose is to explain the relationship
between the globalization and nation-state. Firstly, it will explain the
academic definition of globalization and nation-state, and state the
process of globalization and the characters of nation-state. Then, it
will put forward the academic debate about the relationship between
globalization and nation-state and explain it briefly. Thirdly, it will
discuss the globalization influences the nation-state through political,
economic and cultural aspects. Media globalization also brings
benefits to nation-state because media is the key linking bridge which
connects the nation-state with other countries. Lastly, it will make a
conclusion and provide the opinion for this essay.
Philippine democratic politics
LESSON 5: Historical Background of Philippine Democratic

Politics
The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival
of the first humans[1][2][3] using rafts or boats at least 67,000 years
ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man suggested.[4] Negrito
groups first inhabited the isles. Groups of Austronesians later migrated
to the islands.

Page 15 of 50
Scholars generally believe that these social groups eventually
developed into various settlements or polities with varying degrees of
economic specialization, social stratification, and political organization.
[5] Some of these settlements (mostly those located on major river
deltas) achieved such a scale of social complexity that some scholars
believe they should be considered early states.[6] This includes the
predecessors of modern-day population centers such as Maynila,
Tondo, Pangasinan, Cebu, Panay, Bohol, Butuan, Cotabato, Lanao, and
Sulu[2] as well as some polities, such as Ma-i, whose possibly location
are still the subject of debate among scholars.[7]
These polities were either influenced by the Indian Hindu religion,

language, culture, literature and philosophy from India through many
campaigns from India including the South-East Asia campaign of
Rajendra Chola I,[8] Islam from Arabia or were Sinified tributary states
allied to China. These small maritime states flourished from the 1st
millennium.[9][10] These kingdoms traded with what are now called
China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia.[11] The
remainder of the settlements were independent barangays allied with
one of the larger states.
The first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand

Magellan. He sighted Samar Island on March 16, 1521 and landed the
next day on Homonhon Island, now part of Guiuan, Eastern Samar.[12]
Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de

Page 16 of 50
Legazpi's expedition on February 13, 1565 from Mexico. He
established the first permanent settlement in Cebu.[13] Much of the
archipelago came under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political
structure known as the Philippines. Spanish colonial rule saw the
introduction of Christianity, the code of law and the oldest modern
university in Asia. The Philippines was ruled under the Mexico-based
Viceroyalty of New Spain until Mexican independence. After which, the
colony was directly governed by Spain.
Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain's defeat in the Spanish–

American War. The Philippines then became a territory of the United
States.
American rule was not uncontested. The Philippine Revolution had

begun in August 1896 against Spain, and after the defeat of Spain in
the Battle of Manila Bay began again in earnest, culminating in the
Philippine Declaration of Independence and the establishment of the
First Philippine Republic. The Philippine–American War ensued, with
extensive damage and death, and ultimately resulting in the defeat of
the Philippine Republic.[14][15][16][17]
The United States established the Insular Government to rule the

Philippines.[18] In 1907, the elected Philippine Assembly was
convened as the lower house of a bicameral legislature and in 1916 the
U.S. Federal Government formally promised independence in the

Page 17 of 50
Jones Act.[18] The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935,
as a 10-year interim step prior to full independence.[19] Before
independence, World War II began and Japan occupied the
Philippines.[20] After the end of the war, the Treaty of Manila
established an independent Philippine Republic.[21]
In 1972, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos imposed martial law.

Following the assassination of Ninoy Aquino, Marcos held snap
elections in 1986 and subsequently fled the country during the People
Power Revolution which installed Cory Aquino as president and
reestablished democracy.
The evolution of Philippine politics, government, and governance
The Pre-Spanish Government.
The early Filipinos had a government which they called “BALANGAY”.

Rajah or Datu is called for those heads or leader.
There are three social classes at that time namely: The Maharlika
(Nobles), The Timawas (Freemen) and the Apilin (Slaves).
Datu or Rajah came from the Maharlika (upper class)
Government in the Philippines under the Spanish rule.
Philippines was governed indirectly by the King of Spain through the

Viceroy of Mexico.
Former colony of Spain gained her freedom in 1821 and ruled directly

Page 18 of 50
by Spain until 1898.
In theory, he was highest government official in the country, in practice

though frailocracy “rule of the friars”
The Government During the American Regime.
Americans started the military rule in the Philippines on August 14,

1898.
President of US delegated his authority to the military governor who

exercised all powers of the government (as long as the war lasted) -
executive, legislative and judiciary.
The Government Under the Japanese Occupation
Japanese military administration was Establish in Manila on January 3,

1942.
Philippine Executive Commission is the civil government established

with Jorge B. Vargas as Chairman.
Ultimate source of authority was the Japanese administrators. It was

dissolved on August 17, 1945.
Appraise the influence of prior stages of Philippine political

developments on contemporary Philippine politics
Visavan Fmrire was established with a seat in Sumatra about the 7th
century, and extended to the places now known as Java, Sumatra, the

Page 19 of 50
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and the Philippine
Islands. At the end of the 13th century a new empire called Madjapahit
was founded in Java, which absorbed the Shri-Visayan kingdom. At
about the end of the 14th century, this new empire comprised all the
territories controlled by the Shri-Visayan empire as well as Siam,
French Indo-China, Borneo and New Guinea. The culture which
predominated in these two empires was Hindu. The greatest pre-
Spanish influence on the Philippines was, therefore, the Hindu
influence. Hindu culture had given the early Filipinos a system of
writing, a mass of religious ideas and practices, though not a well
defined religion, and a general culture far superior to that of the
aborigines, the Negritos. It had taught them some mechanical and
industrial art such as metal working} but it had not greatly changed
the structure of society, nor had it brought in ideas of a well-defined
national political organization. "At the time of the Spanish discovery"'()
according to H. Otley Beyer 1not only were the more civilized Filipinos
using the Indian syllabaries for writing, but their native mythology, folk-
lore and written literature all had a distinct Indian cast. The same was
true of their codes of laws and their names for all sorts of political
positions and procedure. The more cultured Philippine languages
contain many Sanskrit words, and the native art a noticeable sprinkling
of Indian design< A strong Brahmanistic religious element was also
certainly introduced, though it seems to have affected chiefly a limited
class, while the mass of the people still clung to their more ancient
pagan worship." Time and again scholars have affirmed that the
Filipino people did not gain as great material benefits from the Spanish
occupation as they did spiritual ones.

Page 20 of 50
LESSON 6: The Executive
The executive is the organ exercising authority in and holding

responsibility for the governance of a state. The executive executes
and enforces law.
In political systems based on the principle of separation of powers,

authority is distributed among several branches (executive, legislative,
judicial) — an attempt to prevent the concentration of power in the
hands of a small group of people. In such a system, the executive does
not pass laws (the role of the legislature) or interpret them (the role of
the judiciary). Instead, the executive enforces the law as written by the
legislature and interpreted by the judiciary. The executive can be the
source of certain types of law, such as a decree or executive order.
Executive bureaucracies are commonly the source of regulations.
The role of the Philippine President in relation to his/her powers
ARTICLE VII EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
SECTION 1
The executive power shall be vested in the President of the

Philippines.
SECTION 2
No person may be elected President unless he is a natural-born citizen

of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at least
forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the

Page 21 of 50
Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election.
SECTION 3
There shall be a Vice President who shall have the same qualifications
and term of office and be elected with and in the same manner as the
President. He may be removed from office in the same manner as the
President.
SECTION 4
The President and the V-Pres. shall be elected… for a term of six
years. The President shall not be eligible for any re-election. No
person who has succeeded as President and has served as such for
more than four years shall be qualified for election to the same office
at anytime. No V-Pres. Shall serve for more than two consecutive
terms. The Supreme court… shall be the sole judge of all contests
relating to the election of the Pres. and the V-Pres.
SECTION 8
In case of death, permanent disability, removal from the office or

resignation of the President, the V-Pres. shall become the President to
serve the unexpired term.
In case of death, permanent disability, removal from the office or

resignation of both the Pres. and the V-Pres., the President of the
senate, in the case of his inability, the Speaker of the House of
Representatives shall then act as Pres. until the Pres. or the V-Pres.
shall have been elected and qualified.

Page 22 of 50
SECTION 9
Whenever there is vacancy in the office of the V-Pres. during the term
for which he was elected, the President shall nominate a Vice
President from among the members of the senate and the house of
representatives who shall assume office upon confirmation by a
majority vote of all the Members of both Houses of the Congress,
voting separately.
SECTION 10
The congress shall. After the vacancy in the offices of the President
and the Vice President occurs, convene. And enact a law calling for
special election to elect a President and V-Pres.
SECTION 11
Whenever the President transmits to the President of the Senate and

the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration
that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and
until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such
powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice-President as Acting
President.
S ECTION 12
In case of serious illness of the President, the public shall be informed

of the state of his health. The members of the Cabinet in charge of
national security and foreign relations and the Chief of Staff of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines, shall not be denied access to the
President during such illness.

Page 23 of 50
Section 13. The President, Vice-President, the Members of the
Cabinet, and their deputies or assistants shall not, unless otherwise
provided in this Constitution, hold any other office or employment
during their tenure. They shall not, during said tenure, directly or
indirectly, practice any other profession, participate in any business, or
be financially interested in any contract with, or in any franchise, or
special privilege granted by the Government or any subdivision,
agency, or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or
controlled corporations or their subsidiaries. They shall strictly avoid
conflict of interest in the conduct of their office.
Explain the roles and powers of the Philippine president
1. Power of control over the executive branch
The President of the Philippines has the mandate of control over all
the executive departments, bureaus, and offices. This includes
restructuring, reconfiguring, and appointments of their respective
officials. The Administrative Code also provides for the President to be
responsible for the abovementioned officesʼ strict implementation of
laws.
2. Power ordinance power
The President of the Philippines has the power to give executive

issuances, which are means to streamline the policy and programs of
an administration. There are six issuances that the President may
issue. They are the following as defined in the Administrative Code of
1987:

Page 24 of 50
3. Power over aliens
The President of the Philippines has certain powers over non-Filipinos

in the Philippines. The powers he may exercise over foreigners in the
country are as follows:
The chief executive may have an alien in the Philippines deported

from the country after due process.
The President may change the status of a foreigner, as prescribed by

law, from a non-immigrant status to a permanent resident status
without necessity of visa.
The President may choose to overrule the Board of Commissioners

of the Bureau of Immigration before their decision becomes final and
executory (after 30 days of the issuance of the decision). The Board of
Commissioners of the Bureau of Immigration has jurisdiction over all
deportation cases.
The president is also mandated by the Administrative Code of 1987

to exercise powers as recognized by the generally accepted principles
of international law.
4. Powers of eminent domain, escheat, land reservation and recovery

of ill-gotten wealth
The President of the Philippines has the authority to exercise the

power of eminent domain. The power of eminent domains means the
state has the power to seize or authorize the seizure of private
property for public use with just compensation. There are two
constitutional provisions, however, that limit the exercise of such

Page 25 of 50
power: Article III, Section 9 (1) of the Constitution provides that no
person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due
process of law. Furthermore, Article III, Section 9 (2), provides that
private property shall not be taken for public use without just
compensation.
Once the aforementioned conditions are met, the President may

exercise the power of eminent domain which are as follows:
Power of eminent domain — The President shall determine when it is

necessary or advantageous to exercise the power of eminent domain
in behalf of the national government, and direct the solicitor general,
whenever he deems the action advisable, to institute expropriation
proceedings in the proper court.
Power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings — The President

shall direct the solicitor general to institute escheat or reversion
proceedings over all lands transferred or assigned to persons
disqualified under the constitution to acquire land.
Power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the

government —
(1) The president shall have the power to reserve for settlement or
public use, and for specific public purposes, any of the lands of the
public domain, the use of which is not otherwise directed by law. The
reserved land shall thereafter remain subject to the specific public
purpose indicated until otherwise provided by law or proclamation.
(2) He shall also have the power to reserve from sale or other
disposition and for specific public uses or purposes, any land

Page 26 of 50
belonging to the private domain of the government, or any of the friar
lands, the use of which is not otherwise directed by law, and thereafter
such land shall be used for the purposes specified by such
proclamation until otherwise provided by law.
Power over ill-gotten wealth — The President shall direct the solicitor
general to institute proceedings to recover properties unlawfully
acquired by public officials or employees, from them or from their
nominees or transferees.
Within the period fixed in, or any extension thereof authorized by, the
constitution, the President shall have the authority to recover ill-gotten
properties amassed by the leaders and supporters of the previous
regime, and protect the interest of the people through orders of
sequestration or freezing of assets or accounts.
5. Power of appointment
The President may appoint officials of the Philippine government as

provided by the constitution and laws of the Philippines. Some of
these appointments, however, may need the approval of the
Committee on Appointments (a committee composed of members
from the House of Representatives and the Senate of the Philippines).
6. Power of general supervision over local governments
The President of the Philippines, as chief executive, has the mandate

to supervise local governments in the Philippines, despite their
autonomous status as provided by Republic Act No. 7160 otherwise
known as the Local Government Code of 1991.

Page 27 of 50
Traditionally, this is done by the Department of the Interior and Local
Government, headed by a cabinet secretary—an alter ego of the
President.
Critique the Philippine presidentsʼ exercise of power
The exercise of power especially on implementing laws lies to the

President where it was delegated to the various departments it
unders. In such cases, it determines the policy of an administration in
the said matter where each and every laws implemented as well as the
policies the government wants to pursue therein gives an insight
where it determines the performance of the presidency in general.
During the Arroyo administration, it was known that the government at

that time wanted to pursue a robust macroeconomic measures
wherein the succeeding Aquino administration adapted which it gives
the Philippines a bullish economic standpoint that is far more resilient
than the other economies in Asia with the exception of the 2008
Global Economic Crisis that gives a blow a little bit to the poverty
incidence in the country.
Now to the Aquino administration. Several of the programs from

Arroyos are inherited by this administration despite some political
vendetta that led to Arroyo's imprisonment (which was freed later on).
This was ranging from macroeconomic policy, better peso value in
currency exchanges and several military procurements like the
MRV/SSV program (Tarlac-class LPDs). The president contributed
much to the military especially to the so-called Revised AFP
Modernization Program where FA-50PH were procured, additional C-
130s were procured, Del Pilar-class frigates were procured and so on.

Page 28 of 50
We are now under the administration of Pres. Duterte which is keen on
solving the drug problem as well as the graft and corruption problem
and federalism which was aim to distribute wealth across nations. The
effects of his exercise in power at present sends shockwaves across
the country where his very loyal supporters will proudly say that
"change has come". Unto this, it was known that both 8888 and 911
are now used as hotlines to report corruption, incompetence and
emergency measures the way the President ran Davao City when he
was still the mayor.
In our point of view, all exhibited their powers to the two extremes
where each and every administration aforementioned has its ups and
downs which determine their legacy in the improvement of the nation
in general. Of all the Presidents, President Arroyo gives the political
will on the economy which was adapted by President Aquino together
with several modernization programs such as those in the AFP as well
as battling corruption. President Duterte meanwhile imposing his
power on drug elimination which gives a significant impact to the
society where the so-called change was felt by the public as per own
interpretation has its own up and down sides. Overall, it signifies the
powers of each president are to be implied to the policies they create
especially the ones they are promising in their respective election
campaigns.
LESSON 7: The Legislative
The role and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the

House of Representatives

Page 29 of 50
According to the 1987 Constitution, legislative power shall be vested
in the Congress of the Philippines, which shall consist of a Senate and
a House of Representatives.
Discuss the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and

the House of Representatives
The citizens of each state elect two Senators to serve 6 yearʼs terms.
The Senate as a whole has many duties and responsibilities. Some of
these include writing and passing laws, approving many presidential
appointments, and ratifying treaties with other countries.
Assess the performance of the Philippine Congress
President Rodrigo Duterte, who enjoys overwhelming support in both

houses of Congress, signed only 4 bills into law before the first regular
session of the 17th Congress adjourned.
This number isn't far from his predecessors' average in their first year
in office – except that of former president Fidel Ramos, who has a
hefty record of 19 laws passed before he delivered his second State of
the Nation Address (SONA) in 1993.
Corazon Aquino did not have any signed bills during her first year in
office in 1986 because she assumed power via a people power
revolution that dismantled the Marcos constitution. The 8th Congress
held its first session in 1987, over a year since Mrs Aquino was swept
to power. It passed 34 bills that Aquino signed into law during
Congress' first year.

Page 30 of 50
Maria Fe Mendoza, dean of the National College of Public
Administration and Governance (NCPAG) of the University of the
Philippines, attributed Ramos' record number of laws passed in his
first year to the creation of the Legislative-Executive Development
Advisory Council (LEDAC).
LEDAC is a consultative and advisory body that serves as a link

between the President and Congress for policy-making.
"FVR instituted the LEDAC, smarting from the 'mistakes' of Corazon

Aquino and the past," said Mendoza. "He is known to ask for full staff
work and he may have demanded that to ensure all angles are
covered."
"And maybe he worked his charm to the hilt," she added.
Less than a year before it adjourns and a new leadership is ushered in

after the elections in May, Speaker Feliciano Belmonte on Wednesday
said that the House of Representatives in the 16th Congress has done
a good job of passing measures of national significance even if it
passed fewer bills than in the previous Congress.
"Hindi naman sa paramihan ‘yan no. Kung iisipin mo, kamukha nung
batas na Philippine Competition Law na pending for over 23 years in
both chambers [of Congress], kami dito sa House ang nagpumilit na
maipasa yun because that is a very important bill,” Belmonte told
reporters on Wednesday night.
Belmonte was referring to Republic Act 10667 or the Philippine Fair

Competition Act, which the House approved on third and final reading
in May of this year. President Benigno Aquino III signed the bill into law

Page 31 of 50
on July 21, 2015.
The law promotes free and fair competition in the fields of trade and
industry, and other commercial and economic activities. Itrohibiting
acts of market monopolization such as price fixing and anti-
competitive mergers and acquisitions.
Belmonte also cited the 16th Congressʼ passage in October of a bill

that sought the creation of the Department of Information and
Communications Technology (DICT), which shall be the primary
government entity to promote and help develop the ICT sector.
He said that after years of pendency during past Congresses, the

Senate in the 16th Congress finally chose to adopt the Houseʼs version
of the bill and approved it on final reading.
The DICT bill is now waiting for Aquino's signature. Belmonte said he
and Senate President Franklin Drilon already convinced the President
of the great benefits the measure would bring to the government.
“Remember we were in the verge of passing that in the 15th Congress.

But at some point the President was objecting to it.… At this time, we
were able to convince the President, informally si Senate President
Drilon, that the added cost will not be that great but the benefits to the
country will be tremendous in the BPO business,” Belmonte said.
While several landmark measures were so far approved by the House

under the 16th Congress, which runs from July 22, 2013 to July 25,
2016, records revealed that fewer bills were so far enacted into law
compared to under the 15th Congress, which ran from July 20 2010 to
July 20 2013.

Page 32 of 50
Based on the data gathered by the House of Representativesʼ
Research Center, the House has filed a total of 6,334 bills but only
nine percent or 575 of them were approved on Third and final reading.
The data further showed that out of the number of bills passed by
both chambers, only 66 or one percent were enacted into law by the
President. Only 50 are considered national measures while the rest
were just local in scope.
Appraise the impact of Congressʼs performance on Philippine

development
By concept, each and every laws made by the Congress that are
approved by the legislative sets an impact to the society in general
wherein it sets to dictate the way things run as well as operate in
which it will adhere the welfare of the people prescribed by the
constitution. It ranges from business laws to tax revisions as well as
new sets of guidelines on various aspects of life to the General
Appropriations Act.
Taking this PDF file of the Philippine Senate, the Philippine Congress
lay economic policies in which it affects the country as a whole.
Considerably, this 2010 report shows the strengths and weaknesses of
the economy in which it paved the way for appropriate actions that
makes the Philippine Economy output improved since 2010 onwards
(See: Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016) to the present where
numerous sources predicted that by 2050, the Philippines will belong
to the top 20 greatest economies of the world alongside Vietnam and
South Korea. Meanwhile, House Bills such as these given by the
congress is just an example of the things that affects economic growth

Page 33 of 50
where in this case, it affects the real estate market where the said law
is stipulate to set limits and standardized values given thereof.
Speaking of which, the legislative like the executive also played the
key role for the economic progress where the two work hand in hand
to achieve the goals of a better nation having an improved economy
which the masses will benefit where there are more cash in their
hands.
LESSON 8: The Judiciary
The role and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary
The administrative functions of the Court pertain to the supervision

and control over the Philippine judiciary and its employees, as well as
over members of the Philippine bar. ... The judicial power is vested in
“one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established
by law.”
Identify the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary
POWERS AND DUTIES OF COURTS AND JUDICIAL OFFICERS
Rule 135
SECTION 1. Courts always open; justice to be promptly and

impartially administered. - Courts of justice shall always be open,
except on legal holidays, for the filing of any pleadings, motion or

Page 34 of 50
other papers, for the trial of cases, hearing of motions, and for the
issuance of orders or rendition of judgments. Justice shall be
impartially administered without unnecessary delay.chanrobles
virtualawlibrary
SEC. 2. Publicity of proceedings and records. – The sitting of every

court of justice shall be public, but any court may, in its discretion,
exclude the public when the evidence to be adduced is of such nature
as to require their exclusion in the interest of morality or decency. The
records of every court of justice shall be public records and shall be
available for the inspection of any interested person, at all proper
business hours, under the supervision of the clerk having custody of
such records, unless the court shall, in any special case, have
forbidden their publicity, in the interest of morality or decency. chan
robles virtual law library
SEC. 3. Process of superior courts enforced throughout the

Philippines. - Process issued from a superior court in which a case is
pending to bring in a defendant, or for the arrest of any accused
person, or to execute any order or judgment of the court, may be
enforced in any part of the Philippines.
SEC. 4. Process of inferior courts. - The process of inferior courts

shall be enforceable within the province where the municipality or city
lies. It shall not be served outside the boundaries of the province in
which they are comprised except with the approval of the judge of the
Regional Trial Court of said province, and only in the following
cases:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
(a) When an order fo the delivery of personal property lying outside

Page 35 of 50
the province is to be complied with;
(b) When an attachment of real or personal property lying outside the

province is to be made; chan robles virtual law library
(c) When the action is against two or more defendants residing in

different provinces; and
(d) When the place where the case has been brought is that specified
in a contract in writing between the parties, or is the place of the
execution of such contract as appears therefrom. chan robles virtual
law library
Writs of execution issued by inferior courts may be enforced in any

part of the Philippines without any previous approval of the judge of
first instance.chanrobles virtualawlibrary
Criminal process may be issued by a justice of the peace or other

inferior court, to be served outside his province, when the district
judge, or in his absence the provincial fiscal, shall certify that in his
opinion the interests of justices require such service. chan robles
virtual law library
SEC. 5. Inherent powers of courts. - Every court shall have

power:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary
(a) To preserve and enforce order in its immediate presence;
(b) To enforce order in proceedings before a person or persons

empowered to conduct a judicial investigation under its authority;

Page 36 of 50
(c) To compel obedience to its judgments, orders and processes,
and to the lawful order of judge out of court, in a case pending therein;
(d) To control, in furtherance of justice, the conduct of its

ministerial officers, and of all other persons in any manner connected
with a case before it, in every manner appertaining thereto;
(e) To compel the attendance of persons to testify in a case

pending therein;
(f) To administer or cause to be administered oaths in a case

pending therein, and in all other cases where it may be necessary in
the exercise of its powers; chan robles virtual law library
(g) To amend and control its process and orders so as to make

them comformable to law and justice;
(h) To authorize copy of a lost or destroyed pleading or other

paper to be filed and used instead of the original, and to restore, and
supply deficiencies in its records and proceedings.
SEC. 6. Means to carry jurisdiction into effect. - When by law,

jurisdiction is conferred on a court or judicial officer, all auxiliary writs,
processes and other means necessary to carry it into effect may be
employed by such court or officer; and if the procedure to be followed
in the exercise of such jurisdiction is not specifically pointed out by law
or by these rules, any suitable process or mode of proceeding may be
adopted which appears conformable to the spirit of said law or
rules.chanrobles virtualawlibrary
SEC. 7. Trial and hearings; orders in chambers. - All trial upon the

Page 37 of 50
merits shall be conducted in open court and so far as convenient in a
regular court room. All other acts or proceedings may be done or
conducted by a judge in chambers, without the attendance of the
clerk or other court officials. chan robles virtual law library
SEC. 8. Interlocutory orders out of province. - A judge of Regional

Trial Court shall have power to hear and determine, when within the
district though without his province, any intelocutory motion or issue
after due and reasonable notice to the parties. On the filing of a
petition for the writ of habeas corpus or for release upon bail or
reduction of bail in any Regional Trial Court, the hearing may be had at
any place in the judicial district which the judge shall deem
convenient.
SEC. 9. Signing judgments out of province. - Whenever a judge

appointed or assigned in any province or branch of a Regional Trial
Court in a province shall leave the province by transfer or assignment
to another court of equal jurisdiction, or by expiration of his temporary
assignment, without having decided a case totally heard by him and
which was argued or an opportunity given for argument to the parties
or their counsel, it shall be lawful for him to prepare and sign his
decision in said case anywhere within the Philippines. He shall send
the same by registered mail to the clerk of the court where the case
was heard or argued to be filed therein as of the date when the same
was received by the clerk, in the same manner as if he had been
present in court to direct the filing of the judgment. If a case has been
only in part, the Supreme Court, upon petition of any of the parties to
the case and the recommendation of respective district judge, may
also authorize the judge who has partly heard the case, if no other
judge had heard the case in part, to continue hearing and to decide

Page 38 of 50
said case notwithstanding his transfer or appointment to another court
of equal jurisdiction. chanrobles virtual law library
Discuss how the Judiciary exercises political neutrality and

fairness
By nature, the judiciary is a fair and just system where its decisions are
based on the grounds as stipulated by the law that instills neutrality
and fairness rather than to the judgement of the legislative or the
executive where by law, the President installs his set of Chief and
Associate Justices in the Supreme Court.
In this PDF file entitled "Perspectives on Judicial Independence in the

Philippine Politico-Ethical Nomos" gives an insight on both the fairness
and unfairness of the justice system in the country. Accordingly, the
judiciary's basic guide for doing its decision is the constitution where
in this discussion promotes neutrality and fairness. In such cases, the
credibility of the judiciary was once hampered by the ouster of the
Chief Justice Renato Corona last 2012 due to the so-called anomalies
in the justice system under his tenure. That in which puts the very
judicial exercise at risk where things simply just politicized up back
then. On the bright side though, the Priority Disbursement Assistance
fund or simply Pork Barrel was instigated by Corona's successor Chief
Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno wherein several Senators at that time
were imprisoned for having such funds used in other purposes not
allowed by the Government in which it sowed corruption (Source: 1 &
2). Meanwhile, there is some sort of a "Code of Judicial Conduct"
where a law practitioner shall observe at all times in which it is to
observe professionalism and to retain credibility on the judiciary under
the perspective of neutrality and fairness.

Page 39 of 50
In summary, neutrality and fairness is not always observed where
several practitioners are somewhat unaware or aware that a bias is
already made that hamper the result of a given case or a rule that
sometimes runs contrary to the sentiments of the people. In such case
though, the code of judicial conduct assures the limitations of those in
the judiciary that observing it assures full credibility of the system.
Evaluate the performance of the Philippine Judiciary as a

dispenser of justice and a protector of constitutional safeguards
to freedom
In this question, it will be based once again to this the same PDF file as
is in number three. In this case, several ups and downs are already
discussed in the previous question wherein it will be further
emphasized here in order to suit up the things we discussed here.
In this case, if we are to based the judiciary from 1 to 10 on the basis

on its job as a dispenser of justice and a protector of constitutional
safeguard to freedom, their performance will fell somewhere between
6 or 7. It is because that in terms of justice earned, some of them are
still seeking for justice where it comes with a saying "Justice Delayed is
Justice Denied." Take the 2009 Maguindanao Massacre as a perfect
example for this matter where until now, the case is still on-going with
the uncertainty as when it will be end. The good side meanwhile is that
Associate Justice Carpio is keen on the campaign on the Philippine
Sovereignty to its territory on the West Philippine Sea where he
emphasizes the constitution that it safeguards the freedom of the

Page 40 of 50
Filipinos to exploit the West Philippine Sea and its resources especially
for the fishermen who have their lives relying on it.
Overall, there is much to be done to the system itself that the ideals
for just, neutral and fair justice is for everyone that those who commit
crimes are worthy to pay their prices that they shall pay for damages,
spend time in prison or if approved, subject to death penalty.
LESSON 9: Decentralization and Local Governance
9.1 Local Governance in the context of the 1991 Local Government

Code (LGC) of the Philippines and National-Local Government
dynamics
SECTION 1. Title. – This Act shall be known and cited as the “Local
Government Code of 1991”.
SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. – (a) It is hereby declared the policy

of the State that the territorial and political subdivisions of the State
shall enjoy genuine and meaningful local autonomy to enable them to
attain their fullest development as self-reliant communities and make
them more effective partners in the attainment of national goals.
Toward this end, the State shall provide for a more responsive and
accountable local government structure instituted through a system of
decentralization whereby local government units shall be given more
powers, authority, responsibilities, and resources. The process of
decentralization shall proceed from the National Government to the

Page 41 of 50
local government units.
(b) It is also the policy of the State to ensure the accountability of local
government units through the institution of effective mechanisms of
recall, initiative and referendum.
(c) It is likewise the policy of the State to require all national agencies
and offices to conduct periodic consultations with appropriate local
government units, nongovernmental and peopleʼs organizations, and
other concerned sectors of the community before any project or
program is implemented in their respective jurisdictions.
SECTION 3. Operative Principles of Decentralization. – The

formulation and implementation of policies and measures on local
autonomy shall be guided by the following operative principles:
(a) There shall be an effective allocation among the different local

government units of their respective powers, functions,
responsibilities, and resources;
(b) There shall be established in every local government unit an

accountable, efficient, and dynamic organizational structure and
operating mechanism that will meet the priority needs and service
requirements of its communities;
(c) Subject to civil service law, rules and regulations, local officials and
employees paid wholly or mainly from local funds shall be appointed or
removed, according to merit and fitness, by the appropriate appointing
authority;
(d) The vesting of duty, responsibility, and accountability in local

Page 42 of 50
government units shall be accompanied with provision for reasonably
adequate resources to discharge their powers and effectively carry
out their functions; hence, they shall have the power to create and
broaden their own sources of revenue and the right to a just share in
national taxes and an equitable share in the proceeds of the utilization
and development of the national wealth within their respective areas;
(e) Provinces with respect to component cities and municipalities, and

cities and municipalities with respect to component barangays, shall
ensure that the acts of their component units are within the scope of
their prescribed powers and functions;
(f) Local government units may group themselves, consolidate or

coordinate their efforts, services, and resources for purposes
commonly beneficial to them;
(g) The capabilities of local government units, especially the

municipalities and barangays, shall be enhanced by providing them
with opportunities to participate actively in the implementation of
national programs and projects;
(h) There shall be a continuing mechanism to enhance local autonomy

not only by legislative enabling acts but also by administrative and
organizational reforms;
(i) Local government units shall share with the national government
the responsibility in the management and maintenance of ecological
balance within their territorial jurisdiction, subject to the provisions of
this Code and national policies;
(j) Effective mechanisms for ensuring the accountability of local

Page 43 of 50
government units to their respective constituents shall be
strengthened in order to upgrade continually the quality of local
leadership;
(k) The realization of local autonomy shall be facilitated through

improved coordination of national government policies and programs
and extension of adequate technical and material assistance to less
developed and deserving local government units;
(l) The participation of the private sector in local governance,

particularly in the delivery of basic services, shall be encouraged to
ensure the viability of local autonomy as an alternative strategy for
sustainable development; and
(m) The national government shall ensure that decentralization

contributes to the continuing improvement of the performance of local
government units and the quality of community life.
SECTION 4. Scope of Application. – This Code shall apply to all

provinces, cities, municipalities, barangays, and other political
subdivisions as may be created by law, and, to the extent herein
provided, to officials, offices, or agencies of the national government.
SECTION 5. Rules of Interpretation. – In the interpretation of the

provisions of this Code, the following rules shall apply:
(a) Any provision on a power of a local government unit shall be

liberally interpreted in its favor, and in case of doubt, any question
thereon shall be resolved in favor of devolution of powers and of the
lower local government unit. Any fair and reasonable doubt as to the
existence of the power shall be interpreted in favor of the local

Page 44 of 50
government unit concerned;
(b) In case of doubt, any tax ordinance or revenue measure shall be

construed strictly against the local government unit enacting it, and
liberally in favor of the taxpayer. Any tax exemption, incentive or relief
granted by any local government unit pursuant to the provisions of this
Code shall be construed strictly against the person claiming it.
(c) The general welfare provisions in this Code shall be liberally

interpreted to give more powers to local government units in
accelerating economic development and upgrading the quality of life
for the people in the community
(d) Rights and obligations existing on the date of effectivity of this

Code and arising out of contracts or any other source of prestation
involving a local government unit shall be governed by the original
terms and conditions of said contracts or the law in force at the time
such rights were vested; and
(e) In the resolution of controversies arising under this Code where no

legal provision or jurisprudence applies, resort may be had to the
customs and traditions in the place where the controversies take
place.
To transfer LGUs into self-reliant communities and active partners in

nation-building by giving them more powers, authority, responsibilities
and resources.
Hopes to achieve economic development the regional and local levels

by giving more freedom in carrying out their programs that are
suitable for their areas.

Page 45 of 50
1. Identify the different levels of the Philippine Local Government
Province- intermediate unit is providing supervision to the

municipalities and component cities and under it and performing
services for the national government.
Cities and municipalities - basic unit of the local government delivering

services for the people who lived together in a community.
Barangay- sub-municipal unit, which provides for face to face

interaction among the people.
The Provinces of the Philippines (Filipino: Mga Lalawigan ng Pilipinas)

are the primary political and administrative divisions of the Philippines.
There are 81 provinces at present, further subdivided into component
cities and municipalities. The National Capital Region, as well as
independent cities, are independent of any provincial government.
Each province is governed by an elected legislature called the
Sangguniang Panlalawigan and by an elected governor.
A city is one of the units of local government in the Philippines. All

Philippine cities are chartered cities, whose existence as corporate
and administrative entities is governed by their own specific municipal
charters in addition to the Local Government Code of 1991, which
specifies their administrative structure and powers. As of December
12, 2015, there are 145 cities.
A municipality (Filipino: bayan/munisipalidad; Hiligaynon: banwa;

Cebuano: lungsod/munisipyo; Pangasinan: baley; Kapampangan:
balen/balayan; Central Bicolano: banwaan; Waray: bungto; Ilokano: ili)
is a local government unit (LGU) in the Philippines. Municipalities are

Page 46 of 50
also usually called towns. They are distinct from cities, which are a
different category of local government unit. Provinces of the
Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn, are
divided into barangays, formerly barrios. As of March 31, 2017, there
are 1,489 municipalities across the country.[1]. It is also known for its
archaic term town.
A barangay (/bɑːrɑːŋ a / Brgy. or Bgy.; Filipino: baranggay, [ba aŋ aj];

also pronounced the same in Spanish), formerly referred to as barrio,
is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the
native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. In metropolitan areas,
the term often refers to an inner city neighbourhood, a suburb or a
suburban neighborhood.[1] The word barangay originated from
balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples
when they migrated to the Philippines.
2. Explain the roles and functions of Local Government Unit
3. Examine how decentralization affects governance
4. Conduct an interview with barangay officials on community

programs
5. Evaluate the performance of a local government unit
State-society interactions
LESSON 10: Elections and Political Parties

Page 47 of 50
10.1 The nature of elections and political parties in the context of
the Philippines
1. Describe the nature of elections and political parties in the

Philippines
2. Identify the types of electoral systems
3. Assess the implications of the type of electoral systems on

politics and governance
4. Analyze the nature of elections and political parties in the

Philippines
LESSON 11: Civil Society and Social Movements
11.1 Political participation outside formal institutions
1. Discuss the concepts of civil society and social movements
2. Explain the contributions of civil society organizations and

social
3. Evaluate the role of civil society organizations and social

movements

Page 48 of 50
Citizenship-in-practice
LESSON 12: Citizenship
12.1 The traditional and modern views of citizenship, i.e., the

state-centric vs participatory notions of citizenship
1. Explain citizenship
2. Assess the various avenues for citizen participation
3. Illustrate the value of citizenship
LESSON 13: Integration
13.1 How the concepts/ideas learned in class can be utilized in

actual experiences
1. Identify issues related to political engagement and youth

empowerment

Page 49 of 50
2. Determine programs that address issues related to political
engagement and youth empowerment
3. Assess an existing program that addresses an issue related to

political
4. Conduct a research for a draft proposal on a project on political


Page 50 of 50

LESSON 1 Introduction The Concepts of Podocx

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LESSON 1 Introduction The Concepts of Podocx

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

LESSON 1 Introduction The Concepts of Podocx

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LESSON_1_Introduction_The_conc

The meaning of politics

Politics (from Greek: Polis definition "affairs of the cities") is the

How politics can be studied

Political science is the study a range of political ideas, events, actions,

The meaning of governance

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55508823/LESSON_1.do…IursJwuf~spmvn3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA 19/08/2020, 5]05 PM

Articulate definitions of politics

They are represented by the articulation between social movements,

Differentiate the various views on politics

Political parties base their political action on a certain ideology

Explore the connection between the phenomenon (politics) and

Politics as a Cultural Phenomenon. Culture is the symbolic process

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55508823/LESSON_1.do…IursJwuf~spmvn3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA 19/08/2020, 5]05 PM

Examines the study of politics as a social science and explores the

Recognize the value of politics

Differentiate governance from government

Governance is the act of governing or ruling. It is the set of rules and

LESSON 2: Political Ideologies

The basic tenets of the major political ideologies (i.e., liberalism,

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55508823/LESSON_1.do…IursJwuf~spmvn3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA 19/08/2020, 5]05 PM

The belief that the best government is absolutely no government is

In the early modern age of the Western world (beginning roughly in

Conservatism (also known as classical conservatism) began as a

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55508823/LESSON_1.do…IursJwuf~spmvn3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA 19/08/2020, 5]05 PM

Socialism arose as a response to the Industrial Revolution, which was

Nationalism, a strong belief that oneʼs nation is great (and, usually,

Fascism is a highly nationalist, militaristic, totalitarian political ideology

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55508823/LESSON_1.do…IursJwuf~spmvn3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA 19/08/2020, 5]05 PM

Differentiate the political ideologies

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains

In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals,

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55508823/LESSON_1.do…IursJwuf~spmvn3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA 19/08/2020, 5]05 PM

Methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains

Examine the relationship between political ideologies and

Ideology, and its study, have been subject to an interpretational tug-

Critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55508823/LESSON_1.do…IursJwuf~spmvn3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA 19/08/2020, 5]05 PM

Here in the Philippines because we don't have just one political

The impact of political ideology in political life puts up set of different

Analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political

In reality, political ideologies have little to almost no effect over

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55508823/LESSON_1.do…IursJwuf~spmvn3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA 19/08/2020, 5]05 PM

• Power can be seen as evil or unjust.

• Power is the ability of a person to influence another person or group

Power can be defined in many ways. Most simply, it is the ability to

"Power over" is the ability to dominate another person or group--as

"Power to" is the ability to do something on oneʼs own--it refers to

"Power with" is similar to "power to" in that it reflects ability, but

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55508823/LESSON_1.do…IursJwuf~spmvn3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA 19/08/2020, 5]05 PM

Coercive Power- This kind of power involves the usage of threat to

Reward Power- As the name suggests, this type of power uses

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55508823/LESSON_1.do…IursJwuf~spmvn3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA 19/08/2020, 5]05 PM

Legitimate Power- This power emanates from an official position

Expert Power- This is a personal kind of power which owes its

Referent Power- This is a power wielded by celebrities and film

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55508823/LESSON_1.do…IursJwuf~spmvn3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA 19/08/2020, 5]05 PM

The consequences of using coercive power?