RC Slab Bridge Design

Project:
Case:
Client:
Consultant:
Designed by : Tewele B.
Date: 7-Nov-2022
Title : Design of RC Slab Bridge to AAASHTO LRFD

Deign Method: -Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

1. Bridge Data
1.1 General Information

Superstructure type:- Simple Span RC slab

Clear Span: 10 m
Clear Rdwy: 7.32 m
Sidewalk: 0.8 m
Total bridge width: 8.92 m
Skew Angle: 0 degree
C/c span length: 10.40 m

1.2 Material Properties

1.2.1 Concrete
Concrete Grade: C-30
fc': 24 Mpa
Unit weight: 24 KN/m3
Modulus of elasticity,Ec: 24768 Mpa [AASHTO LRFD Eqn.5.4.2.4-1]

1.2.2 Reinforcing Steel

fy= 420 Mpa (ф≥20 mm)
fy= 300 Mpa (ф<20 mm)
Modulus of elasticity,Es: 200 Gpa
Modular ratio,n: 8
1.2.3 Wearing Surface
Unit weight: 22.5 KN/m3
Thickness: 100 mm

1.3 Specifications Used

-AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,4th Edition
-Ethiopian Roads Authority(ERA),Bridge Design Manual,2013
1.3.1. Live Loading [AASHTO LRFD Art.3.6.1.2]

-Vehicular live loading on the roadways of bridges or incidental structures,designated HL-93,shall consist of
combination of :
i. Design truck or design tandem,and
ii. Design lane load

i. Design Truck
Front axel: 35 kN
Middle axel: 145 kN
Rear axel: 145 KN
(Axel spacing between front and middle axel: 4.3 m
Axel spacing between middle axel: 4.3-9 m
Transverse wheel spacing: 1.8 m
Dynamic load allowance shall be considered

ii.Design Tandem
Axel load: 110 kN
Axel Spacing: 1.2 m
Transverse wheel spacing: 1.8 m

iii. Design Lane Load

Design lane load: 9.3 kN/m2 [Uniformly distributed in the longditunal direction]
Transverse width: 3m

1.3.2. Load Modifier [AASHTO LRFD Art.1.33]

Strength Service Fatigue

ἠD 1 1 1
ἠr 1 1 1
ἠi 1 N/A N/A
ἠ=ἠD*ἠr*ἠi 1 1 1

1.3.3.Select Resistance factor

Flexure, φ = 0.9
Shear, φ = 0.9
β= 0.85
1.3.4.Select Applicable load Combination
i.Strength I Limit State
U= ἠ*(1.25*DC+1.5*DW+1.75*(LL+IM)+…)
ii.Service I Limit State
U= ἠ*(1*DC+1DW+1(LL+IM)+…)
iii.Fatigue Limit state
U= 0.75*(LL+IM)
1.3.5. Multiple Presence factor [AASHTO LRFD Table 3.6.1.1.2-1]
Single lane: 1.2
Two lanes: 1
Three lanes 0.85
More than 3 lanes: 0.65

1.3.6.Dynamic load allowance [AASHTO LRFD Table 3.6.2.1-1]

Deck joints-All limit states: 75%
Fatigue limit state: 15%
Other limit states: 33%

2.Typical Cross-section

For simple span bridge with main reinforcement parallel to traffic , the min.depth in feet is given as:
Dmin: 1.2*(S+3000)/30 Where:S= Span length
Dmin: 536.00 mm
Try D= 0.58 m
3.Statical Analysis Using Longditunal Strip Method
3.1 Equivalent Strip Widths [AASHTO LRFD Art.4.6.2.3]
3.1.1 Interior Strip width
a. One design lane
The equivalent width of longditunal strips per lane for both shear and moment with one lane loaded may be determined as:
E=250+0.42*Sqrt(L1*W1)
where:
E: Equivalent width(mm) 4295.278 mm
L1: modified span length taken equal to the lesser of the actual span 10400 mm
or 18000 (mm)
W1: modified edge-to-edge width of bridge taken to be equal to the lesser of the actual width
or 18000 for multilane loading,or 9000 for single lane loading (mm) 8920 mm

E= 4295.28 mm

b. More than one lane loaded

The equivalent width of longditunal strips per lane for both shear and moment with more thanone lane loaded may be determined as:
E=2100+0.12*Sqrt(L1*W1)≤ W/N L
where:
E: Equivalent width(mm) 3255.794 mm
L1: modified span length taken equal to the lesser of the actual span 10400 mm
or 18000 (mm)
W1: modified edge-to-edge width of bridge taken to be equal to the lesser of the actual width
or 18000 for multilane loading,or 9000 for single lane loading (mm) 8920 mm
W: Physical edge-to-edge width of bridge(mm) 8920 mm
N: Number of design lanes as specified in AASHTO LRFD Art.3.6.1.1.1 2

E= 3255.79 mm

Use, E= 3255.79 mm

Live Loads per width of slab- interior strips (for design of interior strips of slab)
Truck P1: 44.54 kN/m
P2: 10.75 kN/m
Tandem P: 33.79 kN/m

3.1.2 Edge Strip [AASHTO LRFD Art 4.6.2.1.4b]

The effective width of a strip,with or without an edge beam may be taken as the sum of the distance between the deck and
the inside face of the barrier,pluse 300 mm,pluse one quarter of the strip width specified in either AASHTO LRFD Article 4.6.2.1.3
,Article 4.6.2.3,or Article 4.6.2.10 as appropriate, but not exceeding either one-half the full strip width or 1800 mm.

𝐸_𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒=𝑚𝑖𝑛{█(𝐶𝑤+300 𝑚𝑚+𝐸_𝑖/4@𝐸_𝑖/2@1800 𝑚𝑚)┤

Eedge= 1800.00 mm
Live Loads per width of slab-edge strips (for design of interior strips of slab)
Truck P1: 48.33 kN/m
P2: 19.44 kN/m
Tandem P: 36.67 kN/m

3.1.3 Skew Reduction Factor [AASHTO LRFD Art 4.6.2.3-3]

For skewed bridges,the longditunal force effects may be reduced by the factor r:
r=1.05-0.25tanӨ≤1.00
r: 1.0000

4.Load Effects
4.1.Interior Strip
A.Dead load effects
Rc slab(DC): 13.92 KN/m2
Wearing surface(DW): 2.25 KN/m2
L: 10.40 m
VDL(x): W(0.5*L-x)
MDL(x): 0.5*Wx(L-x)

Wearing Surface Concrete

x/L x(m) VDw (kN/m) MDw (kN/m) VDc (kN/m) MDc (kN/m)
0 0.00 11.7 0.00 72.38 0.00
0.05 0.52 10.5 5.78 65.15 35.76
0.1 1.04 9.4 10.95 57.91 67.75
0.15 1.56 8.2 15.51 50.67 95.98
0.2 2.08 7.0 19.47 43.43 120.45
0.25 2.60 5.9 22.82 36.19 141.15
0.3 3.12 4.7 25.55 28.95 158.09
0.35 3.64 3.5 27.68 21.72 171.26
0.4 4.16 2.3 29.20 14.48 180.67
0.45 4.68 1.2 30.12 7.24 186.32
0.5 5.20 0.0 30.42 0.00 188.20
B. Live load effects
i.Design Truck

P1: 44.54 KN/m

P2: 10.75 KN/m
L: 10.40 m
IM: 33.00%
I. Influence line for Shear Force at 'x' distance from support "A"(End support)
P P P/4
   

A=1 B Influence Line for

C
reaction at support
V(x=0) = P (A + B +C/4)
A=1.0
P/4 P P
B=(L-4.3)/L
C=(L-8.6)/L
B= y/L A Influence line for
shear at distance 'x'
C
x/L Loading 2 Coefficients
A=(L-x-4.3)/L
    B=(L-x)/L

 C=(x-4.3)/L
P P P/4 V(x) = P ( (x-4.3) + (L-x) + (L-x-4.3) )
L/4 L L

A= y/L B C Loading 1 Coefficients

A=y/L=(L-x)/L
x/L B=(y-4.3)/L=(L-x-4.3)/L
C=(y-8.6)/L=(L-x-8.6)/L
Influence Line for
     reaction at support

V(x=0) = P (A + B +C/4)
V(x) = P (A + B +C/4)

V(x) = P ( (L-x) + (L-x-4.3) + (L-x-8.6) )

L L 4L
Loading 1 Loading 2
Vtr+IM(kN/m)
x/L x A B C Vtr+IM(kN/m) A B C V tr+IM(kN/m)
0 0.00 1 0.587 0.173 96.54 0.58653846154 1.000 0.000 93.98 96.54
0.05 0.52 0.95 0.537 0.123 89.87 0.53653846154 0.950 0.000 88.05 89.87
0.1 1.04 0.9 0.487 0.073 83.21 0.48653846154 0.900 0.000 82.13 83.21
0.15 1.56 0.85 0.437 0.023 76.55 0.43653846154 0.850 0.000 76.21 76.55
0.2 2.08 0.8 0.387 0.000 70.28 0.38653846154 0.800 0.000 70.28 70.28
0.25 2.60 0.75 0.337 0.000 64.36 0.33653846154 0.750 0.000 64.36 64.36
0.3 3.12 0.7 0.287 0.000 58.44 0.28653846154 0.700 0.000 58.44 58.44
0.35 3.64 0.65 0.237 0.000 52.51 0.23653846154 0.650 0.000 52.51 52.51
0.4 4.16 0.6 0.187 0.000 46.59 0.18653846154 0.600 0.000 46.59 46.59
0.45 4.68 0.55 0.137 0.000 40.67 0.13653846154 0.550 0.380 46.29 46.29
0.5 5.20 0.5 0.087 0.000 34.74 0.08653846154 0.500 0.900 48.07 48.07

II. Influence lines for Bending Moments at 'x' distance from end support

P P P/4 Influence line for

moment at distance 'x'
Coefficients
A
xy/L B Loading 1 A=xy/L=x(L-x)/L
C
B=x(y-4.3)/L= x(L-x-4.3)/L
    C=x(y-8.6)/L=x(L-x-8.6)/L

Mx = P (A + B + C/4)

B
xy/L A Loading 2 C=(x-4.3)y/L=(x-4.3)(L-x)/L
C
B=xy/L= x(L-x)/L
    A=(y-4.3)x/L=(L-x-4.3)x/L

Mx = P (A + B + C/4)

Loading 1 Loading 2
Mtr+IM(kN/m)
x/L x A B C Mtr+IM(kN/m) A B C Mtr+IM(kN/m)
0 0.00 0 0.000 0.000 0.00 0 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.52 0.494 0.279 0.064 46.73 0.279 0.494 0.000 45.79 46.73
0.1 1.04 0.936 0.506 0.076 86.54 0.506 0.936 0.000 85.41 86.54
0.15 1.56 1.326 0.681 0.036 119.41 0.681 1.326 0.000 118.88 119.41
0.2 2.08 1.664 0.804 0.000 146.19 0.804 1.664 0.000 146.19 146.19
0.25 2.60 1.95 0.875 0.000 167.33 0.875 1.950 0.000 167.33 167.33
0.3 3.12 2.184 0.894 0.000 182.32 0.894 2.184 0.000 182.32 182.32
0.35 3.64 2.366 0.861 0.000 191.14 0.861 2.366 0.000 191.14 191.14
0.4 4.16 2.496 0.776 0.000 193.81 0.776 2.496 0.000 193.81 193.81
0.45 4.68 2.574 0.639 0.000 190.32 0.639 2.574 0.209 193.41 193.41
0.5 5.20 2.6 0.450 0.000 180.66 0.45 2.600 0.450 187.32 187.32

ii.Design Tandem
P1: 33.79 KN/m
L: 10.40 KN/m
IM: 33.00%
I. Influence line for Shear Force at 'x' distance from end support

P P Influence Line for

  
reaction at support

A=1.0
B=(L- 1.20)/L
A=1 V(x=0) = P (A + B) = 1.0*P + P(L-1.20)/L
B

P P Influence line for

   shear at distance 'x'
Case 1 Coefficients
A= y/L B A=y/L=(L-x)/L
B=(y-1.20)/L=(L-x-1.20)/L
x/L
Vx = P (A + B)
Vx = P ( (L-x) + (L-x- 1.20) )
     L L


P P Influence line for

   shear at distance 'x'
Case 2 Coefficients
A=(x-1.20)/L
B= y/L
B=x/L
A
x/L
Vx = P (A + B)
Vx = P ( (x-1.20) + (x) )
     L L

P P Influence line for
   shear at distance 'x'
Case 2 Coefficients
A=(x-1.20)/L
B= y/L
B=x/L
A
x/L
Vx = P (A + B)
Vx = P ( (x-1.20) + (x) )
     L L

    shear at distance 'x'
Case 2 Coefficients
A=(x-1.20)/L
B= y/L
B=x/L
A
x/L
Vx = P (A + B)
Vx = P ( (x-1.20) + (x) )
     L L


Case-1 Case-2 Vtan+IM

x/L x A B Vtan(KN/m) A B Vtan(KN/m) (KN/m)
0 0.00 1.000 0.885 63.67 0.000 0 0.00 84.69
0.05 0.52 0.950 0.835 60.29 0.000 0.05 1.69 80.19
0.1 1.04 0.900 0.785 56.92 0.000 0.1 3.38 75.70
0.15 1.56 0.850 0.735 53.54 0.035 0.15 6.24 71.21
0.2 2.08 0.800 0.685 50.16 0.085 0.2 9.62 66.71
0.25 2.60 0.750 0.635 46.78 0.135 0.25 12.99 62.22
0.3 3.12 0.700 0.585 43.40 0.185 0.3 16.37 57.72
0.35 3.64 0.650 0.535 40.02 0.235 0.35 19.75 53.23
0.4 4.16 0.600 0.485 36.64 0.285 0.4 23.13 48.74
0.45 4.68 0.550 0.435 33.27 0.335 0.45 26.51 44.24
0.5 5.20 0.500 0.385 29.89 0.385 0.5 29.89 39.75

II. Influence Line for Bending Moments at 'x' distance from end support

Influence line for moment at distance 'x'

P P Case 1 Coefficients
  
A=xy/L= x(L-x)/L
B=(y- 1.20)x/L=(L-x-1.20)x/L
A xy/L B Mx = P (A + B)
Mx = P ( (L-x)x + (L-x- 1.20)x )
    L L


P P Case 2 Coefficients
  
A=xy/L= x(L-x)/L
B=y(x- 1.20)/L=(L-x)*(x-1.20)/L
A xy/L Mx = P (A + B)
B
Mx = P ( (L-x)x + (L-x)*(x-1.20) )
    L L


Case-1 Case-2 Mtan+IM

x/L x A B Mtan(KN/m) A B Mtan(KN/m) (KN/m)
0 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.000 0 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.52 0.494 0.434 31.35 0.494 0 16.69 41.70
0.1 1.04 0.936 0.816 59.19 0.936 0 31.62 78.73
0.15 1.56 1.326 1.146 83.52 1.326 0.306 55.14 111.08
0.2 2.08 1.664 1.424 104.33 1.664 0.704 80.01 138.76
0.25 2.60 1.950 1.650 121.63 1.950 1.05 101.36 161.77
0.3 3.12 2.184 1.824 135.41 2.184 1.344 119.20 180.10
0.35 3.64 2.366 1.946 145.68 2.366 1.586 133.52 193.76
0.4 4.16 2.496 2.016 152.44 2.496 1.776 144.33 202.75
0.45 4.68 2.574 2.034 155.69 2.574 1.914 151.63 207.06
0.5 5.20 2.600 2.000 155.42 2.600 2 155.42 206.70

iii. Design Lane

W: 9.3 kN/m2
L: 10.40 m
V(x): W*(0.5*L-x) kN/m
M(x): 0.5Wx(L-x) kNm/m
x/L x Vlane(kN/m) Mlane (kN/m)
0 0.00 48.36 0
0.05 0.52 43.524 23.88984
0.1 1.04 38.688 45.26496
0.15 1.56 33.852 64.12536
0.2 2.08 29.016 80.47104
0.25 2.60 24.18 94.302
0.3 3.12 19.344 105.61824
0.35 3.64 14.508 114.41976
0.4 4.16 9.672 120.70656
0.45 4.68 4.836 124.47864
0.5 5.20 0 125.736

4.2.Edge Strip
A.Dead Load Effects

Rc slab: w1: 13.92 KN/m2

Curb: w2: 2.67 KN/m2
Post: w3: 1.308 KN/m2
Railing: w4: 1.600 KN/m2
WDL: 19.494 KN/m2

L: 10.40 m
VDL(x): W(0.5*L-x)
MDL(x): 0.5*Wx(L-x)

Wearing Surface
x/L x(m) VDc (kN/m) MDc (kN/m)
0 0.00 101.4 0.00
0.05 0.52 91.2 50.08
0.1 1.04 81.1 94.88
0.15 1.56 71.0 134.42
0.2 2.08 60.8 168.68
0.25 2.60 50.7 197.67
0.3 3.12 40.5 221.39
0.35 3.64 30.4 239.84
0.4 4.16 20.3 253.02
0.45 4.68 10.1 260.93
0.5 5.20 0.0 263.56

B. Live load effects

i.Design Truck

P1: 48.33 KN/m

P2: 19.44 KN/m
L: 10.40 m
IM: 33.00%
I. Influence line for Shear Force at 'x' distance from support "A"(End support)

P P P/4
   

A=1 B Influence Line for

C
reaction at support
V(x=0) = P (A + B +C/4)
A=1.0
P/4 P P
B=(L-4.3)/L
C=(L-8.6)/L
B= y/L A Influence line for
shear at distance 'x'
C
x/L Loading 2 Coefficients
A=(L-x-4.3)/L
    B=(L-x)/L

 C=(x-4.3)/L
P P P/4 V(x) = P ( (x-4.3) + (L-x) + (L-x-4.3) )
L/4 L L

A= y/L B C Loading 1 Coefficients

A=y/L=(L-x)/L
x/L B=(y-4.3)/L=(L-x-4.3)/L
C=(y-8.6)/L=(L-x-8.6)/L
Influence Line for
     reaction at support

V(x=0) = P (A + B +C/4)
V(x) = P (A + B +C/4)

V(x) = P ( (L-x) + (L-x-4.3) + (L-x-8.6) )

L L 4L
 P P P/4 V(x) = P ( (x-4.3) + (L-x) + (L-x-4.3) )
L/4 L L

A= y/L B C Loading 1 Coefficients

A=y/L=(L-x)/L
x/L B=(y-4.3)/L=(L-x-4.3)/L
C=(y-8.6)/L=(L-x-8.6)/L
Influence Line for
     reaction at support

V(x=0) = P (A + B +C/4)
V(x) = P (A + B +C/4)

V(x) = P ( (L-x) + (L-x-4.3) + (L-x-8.6) )

L L 4L
 A= y/L B C Loading 1 Coefficients
A=y/L=(L-x)/L
x/L B=(y-4.3)/L=(L-x-4.3)/L
C=(y-8.6)/L=(L-x-8.6)/L
Influence Line for
     reaction at support

V(x=0) = P (A + B +C/4)
V(x) = P (A + B +C/4)

V(x) = P ( (L-x) + (L-x-4.3) + (L-x-8.6) )

L L 4L
Loading 1 Loading 2
Vtr+IM(kN/m)
x/L x A B C Vtr+IM(kN/m) A B C V tr+IM(kN/m)
0 0.00 1 0.587 0.173 104.77 0.58653846154 1.000 0.000 101.988 104.77
0.05 0.52 0.95 0.537 0.123 97.54 0.53653846154 0.950 0.000 95.560 97.54
0.1 1.04 0.9 0.487 0.073 90.31 0.48653846154 0.900 0.000 89.131 90.31
0.15 1.56 0.85 0.437 0.023 83.07 0.43653846154 0.850 0.000 82.703 83.07
0.2 2.08 0.8 0.387 0.000 76.27 0.38653846154 0.800 0.000 76.275 76.27
0.25 2.60 0.75 0.337 0.000 69.85 0.33653846154 0.750 0.000 69.846 69.85
0.3 3.12 0.7 0.287 0.000 63.42 0.28653846154 0.700 0.000 63.418 63.42
0.35 3.64 0.65 0.237 0.000 56.99 0.23653846154 0.650 0.000 56.990 56.99
0.4 4.16 0.6 0.187 0.000 50.56 0.18653846154 0.600 0.000 50.561 50.56
0.45 4.68 0.55 0.137 0.000 44.13 0.13653846154 0.550 0.380 50.240 50.24
0.5 5.20 0.5 0.087 0.000 37.70 0.08653846154 0.500 0.900 52.168 52.17

II. Influence lines for Bending Moments at 'x' distance from end support

P P P/4 Influence line for

moment at distance 'x'
Coefficients
A
xy/L B Loading 1 A=xy/L=x(L-x)/L
C
B=x(y-4.3)/L= x(L-x-4.3)/L
    C=x(y-8.6)/L=x(L-x-8.6)/L

Mx = P (A + B + C/4)

B
xy/L A
Loading 2 C=(x-4.3)y/L=(x-4.3)(L-x)/L
C
B=xy/L= x(L-x)/L
    A=(y-4.3)x/L=(L-x-4.3)x/L

Mx = P (A + B + C/4)

Loading 1 Loading 2
Mtr+IM(kN/m)
x/L x A B C Mtr+IM(kN/m) A B C Mtr+IM(kN/m)
0 0.00 0 0.000 0.000 0.00 0 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.52 0.494 0.279 0.064 50.72 0.279 0.494 0.000 49.69 50.72
0.1 1.04 0.936 0.506 0.076 93.92 0.506 0.936 0.000 92.70 93.92
0.15 1.56 1.326 0.681 0.036 129.60 0.681 1.326 0.000 129.02 129.60
0.2 2.08 1.664 0.804 0.000 158.65 0.804 1.664 0.000 158.65 158.65
0.25 2.60 1.95 0.875 0.000 181.60 0.875 1.950 0.000 181.60 181.60
0.3 3.12 2.184 0.894 0.000 197.86 0.894 2.184 0.000 197.86 197.86
0.35 3.64 2.366 0.861 0.000 207.44 0.861 2.366 0.000 207.44 207.44
0.4 4.16 2.496 0.776 0.000 210.34 0.776 2.496 0.000 210.34 210.34
0.45 4.68 2.574 0.639 0.000 206.54 0.639 2.574 0.209 209.90 209.90
0.5 5.20 2.6 0.450 0.000 196.06 0.45 2.600 0.450 203.30 203.30
ii.Design Tandem
P: 36.67 KN/m
L: 10.40 KN/m
IM: 33.00%
I. Influence line for Shear Force at 'x' distance from end support

P   
P Influence Line for
reaction at support

A=1.0
B=(L- 1.20)/L
A=1 V(x=0) = P (A + B) = 1.0*P + P(L-1.20)/L
B

P P Influence line for

   shear at distance 'x'
Case 1 Coefficients
A= y/L B A=y/L=(L-x)/L
B=(y-1.20)/L=(L-x-1.20)/L
x/L
Vx = P (A + B)
Vx = P ( (L-x) + (L-x- 1.20) )
     L L


P P Influence line for

   shear at distance 'x'
Case 2 Coefficients
A=(x-1.20)/L
B= y/L
B=x/L
A
x/L
Vx = P (A + B)
Vx = P ( (x-1.20) + (x) )
     L L


Case-1 Case-2 Vtan+IM

x/L x A B Vtan(KN/m) A B Vtan(KN/m) (KN/m)
0 0.00 1.000 0.885 69.10 0.000 0 0.00 91.91
0.05 0.52 0.950 0.835 65.44 0.000 0.05 1.83 87.03
0.1 1.04 0.900 0.785 61.77 0.000 0.1 3.67 82.15
0.15 1.56 0.850 0.735 58.10 0.035 0.15 6.77 77.28
0.2 2.08 0.800 0.685 54.44 0.085 0.2 10.44 72.40
0.25 2.60 0.750 0.635 50.77 0.135 0.25 14.10 67.52
0.3 3.12 0.700 0.585 47.10 0.185 0.3 17.77 62.65
0.35 3.64 0.650 0.535 43.44 0.235 0.35 21.44 57.77
0.4 4.16 0.600 0.485 39.77 0.285 0.4 25.10 52.89
0.45 4.68 0.550 0.435 36.10 0.335 0.45 28.77 48.02
0.5 5.20 0.500 0.385 32.44 0.385 0.5 32.44 43.14

II. Influence Line for Bending Moments at 'x' distance from end support

Influence line for moment at distance 'x'

P P Case 1 Coefficients
  
A=xy/L= x(L-x)/L
B=(y- 1.20)x/L=(L-x-1.20)x/L
A xy/L B Mx = P (A + B)
Mx = P ( (L-x)x + (L-x- 1.20)x )
    L L


P P Case 2 Coefficients
  
A=xy/L= x(L-x)/L
B=y(x- 1.20)/L=(L-x)*(x-1.20)/L
A xy/L Mx = P (A + B)
B
Mx = P ( (L-x)x + (L-x)*(x-1.20) )
    L L


Case-1 Case-2 Mtan+IM

x/L x A B Mtan(KN/m) A B Mtan(KN/m) (KN/m)
0 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.000 0 0.00 0.00
0.05 0.52 0.494 0.434 34.03 0.494 0 18.11 45.26
0.1 1.04 0.936 0.816 64.24 0.936 0 34.32 85.44
0.15 1.56 1.326 1.146 90.64 1.326 0.306 59.84 120.55
0.2 2.08 1.664 1.424 113.23 1.664 0.704 86.83 150.59
0.25 2.60 1.950 1.650 132.00 1.950 1.05 110.00 175.56
0.3 3.12 2.184 1.824 146.96 2.184 1.344 129.36 195.46
0.35 3.64 2.366 1.946 158.11 2.366 1.586 144.91 210.28
0.4 4.16 2.496 2.016 165.44 2.496 1.776 156.64 220.04
0.45 4.68 2.574 2.034 168.96 2.574 1.914 164.56 224.72
0.5 5.20 2.600 2.000 168.67 2.600 2 168.67 224.33

iii. Design Lane

W: 9.3 kN/m2
L: 10.40 m
V(x): W*(0.5*L-x) kN/m
M(x): 0.5Wx(L-x) kNm/m
x/L x Vlane(kN/m) Mlane (kN/m)
0 0.00 48.36 0.0
0.05 0.52 43.524 23.9
0.1 1.04 38.688 45.3
0.15 1.56 33.852 64.1
0.2 2.08 29.016 80.5
0.25 2.60 24.18 94.3
0.3 3.12 19.344 105.6
0.35 3.64 14.508 114.4
0.4 4.16 9.672 120.7
0.45 4.68 4.836 124.5
0.5 5.20 0 125.7

5.Investigate Strength Limit State

5.1 Interior Strip
i.Load combination-Strength I
U= ἠ*(1.25*DC+1.5*DW+1.75*(LL+IM)+…)
ii.Shear force
x VDC(kN/m) VDw(kN/m) Vtr+IM(kN/m) Vtan+IM(kN/m) Vlane(kN/m) VLL+IM(kN/m)
0.00 72.38 11.7 96.54 84.69 48.36 374.28
0.52 65.15 10.5 89.87 80.19 43.52 342.35
1.04 57.91 9.4 83.21 75.70 38.69 310.41
1.56 50.67 8.2 76.55 71.21 33.85 278.48
2.08 43.43 7.0 70.28 66.71 29.02 247.28
2.60 36.19 5.9 64.36 62.22 24.18 216.71
3.12 28.95 4.7 58.44 57.72 19.34 186.13
3.64 21.72 3.5 52.51 53.23 14.51 156.88
4.16 14.48 2.3 46.59 48.74 9.67 128.93
4.68 7.24 1.2 46.29 44.24 4.84 104.75
5.20 0.00 0.0 48.07 39.75 0.00 88.33
 iii.Bending Moment
x MDC(kN/m) MDw(kN/m) Mtr+IM(kN/m) Mtan+IM(kN/m) Mlane(kN/m) MD(kN/m)
0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.52 35.76 5.8 46.73 41.70 23.89 183.14
1.04 67.75 11.0 86.54 78.73 45.26 343.31
1.56 95.98 15.5 119.41 111.08 64.13 480.50
2.08 120.45 19.5 146.19 138.76 80.47 596.25
2.60 141.15 22.8 167.33 161.77 94.30 691.41
3.12 158.09 25.6 182.32 180.10 105.62 765.02
3.64 171.26 27.7 191.14 193.76 114.42 821.88
4.16 180.67 29.2 193.81 202.75 120.71 863.99
4.68 186.32 30.1 193.41 207.06 124.48 887.27
5.20 188.20 30.4 187.32 206.70 125.74 891.73

iv. Design for Flexure

a.Main Reinforcement
Assume a= 118 mm Mdesign= 891.73 kNm/m
Ast=Mdesign/(ϕ*fy*(d-a/2)) 5184.80 mm2 ϕ= 0.9
fc'= 24 Mpa
a=Ast*fy/(0.85*b*fc') 106.75 mm fy= 420 Mpa
Ø 32 mm
s=b*as/Ast 150 mm D= 580 mm
Cover= 50 mm
d= 514 mm
b= 1000 mm
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') 3.09 Mpa
yt= 290 mm
Ig= 16259333333 mm^4
Provide Ø 32 C/C 150 Bar S1 5361.6514621266

b.Minimum Reinforcement
The cracking moment is given by
Mcr = fr * Icr / (yt) = 173.04 kNm/m
1.2 * Mcr = 207.65 kNm/m

The amount of reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of
1.2 times the cracking strength determined on the basis of the modlus of rubture,fr, of the concrete
1.33 times the moment required by the applicable strength load combination
Taking the minimum of the above two moment values
Design moment, Mu = Max(Mcomputed,Min(1.2Mcr,1.33Mu))
Mu= 891.733 KNm/m
Mn=φ*As*fy*(ds-a/2)
a=As*fy/0.85*fc'*b 108.57 1.8241664854 (<<Solve for "a" using trial and error !!)
As=Mn/φ*fy*(ds-a/2) 5131.62 mm2
a= 106.75
OK!!

c. Check for maximum Reinforecement (AASHTO Art 7.3.3.1-1)

𝐶/𝑑≤0.42

C=As*fy/(0.85*fc'*β1*b) 125.58 mm
β1=0.85-0.05*(fc'-4) 0.85
C/d= 0.24 OK

d. Check control of cracking

The spacing of reinforcement, s (mm.), in the layer closest to the tension face shall satisfy the
following:
S≤ (123000∗ϒ𝑒)/(β𝑠∗𝑓𝑠𝑠) where
−2∗dc
dc: Thickness of concrete cover from extreme tension fiber to center of the flexural reinforcement
located closet thereto (mm). 66 mm
1+𝑑𝑐/
βs= 1.18 h: Slab depth(mm)
(0.7∗(ℎ−𝑑𝑐)) fss: Stress in mild steel tension reinforcement at service load condition,not to exceed 0.6fy. =𝑀𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐 225.11 Mpa
Smax: 214.28 mm j: 1-k/3 0.889 𝑒/
k: √( 〖 (ρ𝑛) 〗 ^2 0.333520 (𝐴𝑠∗𝑗∗𝑑𝑠)
+2ρ𝑛) -ρn
ρ: =𝐴𝑠/(𝑏∗𝑑𝑠) 0.010431

n: 8
ϒe: Exposure factor 0.75
: 1.00 for Class 1 exposure condition
: 0.75 for Class 2 exposure condition
Ok!!

d. Distribution Reinforcement………………[AASHTO LRFD Art 9.7.3.2]

-For main rebar perpendicular to the traffic ,the distribution reinforcement is givern as percentage of the main slab
rebar as given below:
As(distr.)%= 1750/√𝑆 17.160 %
≤50%
As(distr.)%= 920.07 mm2
Ø= 16 mm
s=b*as/Ast 210 mm

Provide Ø 16 C/C 210 Bar S2 (bottom transverse reinforcement)

e.Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement …………………..……………………………… [AASHTO LRFD Art.5.10.8-1]

Shall be provided near the surface of the concrete exposed to daily temperature changes in strucural mas concrete
As≥0.75*b*h/(2*(b+h)*fy)
0.233≤As≤1.27 where:
As=area of reinforcement in each direction and each face(m2/mm)
b=least width of component section (mm)
As (temp and shrink.)= 458.86 mm2/m h=least thickness of the componenet section (mm)
fy=Specified yield strength of reinforcing bars<=520Mpa

{█(3∗ℎ@450)┤
S ≤ mini 450 mm
Ø= 12 mm
spacing = 240 mm

Provide Ø 12 C/C 240 Bar S4 &S3

v.Design for shear

-AASHTO LRFD A5.14.4.1-Slab bridges desgined for moment in conformance with AASHTO LRFD Article 4.6.2.3 may be considered satisfactory for shear.
 5.2 Edge Strip
i.Load combination-Strength I
U= ἠ*(1.25*DC+1.5*DW+1.75*(LL+IM)+…)
ii.Shear force
x VDC(kN/m) VDw(kN/m) Vtr+IM(kN/m) Vtan+IM(kN/m) Vlane(kN/m) VLL+IM(kN/m)
0.00 101.37 0.0 104.77 91.91 48.36 408.09
0.52 91.23 0.0 97.54 87.03 43.52 373.24
1.04 81.10 0.0 90.31 82.15 38.69 338.40
1.56 70.96 0.0 83.07 77.28 33.85 303.55
2.08 60.82 0.0 76.27 72.40 29.02 269.50
2.60 50.69 0.0 69.85 67.52 24.18 236.13
3.12 40.55 0.0 63.42 62.65 19.34 202.76
3.64 30.41 0.0 56.99 57.77 14.51 170.82
4.16 20.27 0.0 50.56 52.89 9.67 140.31
4.68 10.14 0.0 50.24 48.02 4.84 113.87
5.20 0.00 0.0 52.17 43.14 0.00 95.86

iii.Bending Moment
x MDC(kN/m) MDw(kN/m) Mtr+IM(kN/m) Mtan+IM(kN/m) Mlane(kN/m) MD(kN/m)
0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.52 50.08 0.0 50.72 45.26 23.89 199.69
1.04 94.88 0.0 93.92 85.44 45.26 374.35
1.56 134.42 0.0 129.60 120.55 64.13 523.98
2.08 168.68 0.0 158.65 150.59 80.47 650.24
2.60 197.67 0.0 181.60 175.56 94.30 754.06
3.12 221.39 0.0 197.86 195.46 105.62 834.39
3.64 239.84 0.0 207.44 210.28 114.42 896.44
4.16 253.02 0.0 210.34 220.04 120.71 942.39
4.68 260.93 0.0 209.90 224.72 124.48 967.81
5.20 263.56 0.0 203.30 224.33 125.74 972.69

iv. Design for Flexure

a.Main Reinforcement
Assume a= 136 mm Mdesign= 972.69 kNm/m
Ast=Mdesign/(ϕ*fy*(d-a/2)) 5769.66 mm2 ϕ= 0.9
fc'= 24 Mpa
a=Ast*fy/(0.85*b*fc') 118.79 mm fy= 420 Mpa
Ø 32 mm
s=b*as/Ast 130 mm D= 580 mm
Cover= 50 mm
d= 514 mm
b= 1000 mm
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') 3.09 Mpa
yt= 290 mm
Ig= 16259333333 mm^4
Provide Ø 32 C/C 130 Bar S1 6186.52

b.Minimum Reinforcement
The cracking moment is given by
Mcr = fr * Icr / (yt) = 173.04 kNm/m
1.2 * Mcr = 207.65 kNm/m

The amount of reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of
1.2 times the cracking strength determined on the basis of the modlus of rubture,fr, of the concrete
1.33 times the moment required by the applicable strength load combination
Taking the minimum of the above two moment values
Design moment, Mu = Max(Mcomputed,Min(1.2Mcr,1.33Mu))
Mu= 972.695 KNm/m
Mn=φ*As*fy*(ds-a/2)
a=As*fy/0.85*fc'*b 123.92 5.1329584852 (<<Solve for "a" using trial and error !!)
As=Mn/φ*fy*(ds-a/2) 5692.56 mm2
a= 118.79
OK!!

c. Check for maximum Reinforecement (AASHTO Art 7.3.3.1-1)

𝐶/𝑑≤0.42

C=As*fy/(0.85*fc'*β1*b) 139.75 mm
β1=0.85-0.05*(fc'-4) 0.85
C/d= 0.27 OK

d. Check control of cracking

The spacing of reinforcement, s (mm.), in the layer closest to the tension face shall satisfy the
following:
S≤ (123000∗ϒ𝑒)/(β𝑠∗𝑓𝑠𝑠) where
−2∗dc
dc: Thickness of concrete cover from extreme tension fiber to center of the flexural reinforcement
located closet thereto (mm). 66 mm
1+𝑑𝑐/
βs= 1.18 h: Slab depth(mm)
(0.7∗(ℎ−𝑑𝑐)) fss: Stress in mild steel tension reinforcement at service load condition,not to exceed 0.6fy. =𝑀𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐 218.84 Mpa
Smax: 224.19 mm j: 1-k/3 0.882 𝑒/
k: √( 〖 (ρ𝑛) 〗 ^2 0.352987 (𝐴𝑠∗𝑗∗𝑑𝑠)
+2ρ𝑛) -ρn
ρ: =𝐴𝑠/(𝑏∗𝑑𝑠) 0.012036

n: 8
ϒe: Exposure factor 0.75
: 1.00 for Class 1 exposure condition
: 0.75 for Class 2 exposure condition
Ok!!

d. Distribution Reinforcement………………[AASHTO LRFD Art 9.7.3.2]

-For main rebar perpendicular to the traffic ,the distribution reinforcement is givern as percentage of the main slab
rebar as given below:
As(distr.)%= 1750/√𝑆 17.160 %
≤50%
As(distr.)%= 1061.62 mm2
Ø= 16 mm
s=b*as/Ast 180 mm

Provide Ø 16 C/C 180 Bar S2 (bottom transverse reinforcement)

e.Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement …………………..……………………………… [AASHTO LRFD Art.5.10.8-1]

Shall be provided near the surface of the concrete exposed to daily temperature changes in strucural mas concrete
As≥0.75*b*h/(2*(b+h)*fy)
0.233≤As≤1.27 where:
As=area of reinforcement in each direction and each face(m2/mm)
b=least width of component section (mm)
As (temp and shrink.)= 458.86 mm2/m h=least thickness of the componenet section (mm)
fy=Specified yield strength of reinforcing bars<=520Mpa

{█(3∗ℎ@450)┤
S ≤ mini 450 mm
Ø= 12 mm
spacing = 240 mm

Provide Ø 12 C/C 240 Bar S4 &S3

v.Design for shear

-AASHTO LRFD A5.14.4.1-Slab bridges desgined for moment in conformance with AASHTO LRFD Article 4.6.2.3 may be considered satisfactory for shear.
5.3 Bar Cutting [AASHTO LRFD Art. 5.11]

5.3.1 Tension development length [AASHTO LRFD Art.5.11.2.1.1]

The tension development length ld,shall not be less than the product of the basic tension development length ldb,specified herein the modification factors specified in
AASHTO LRFD Art. 5.11.2.1.2 and 5.11.2.1.3.

The tension development length shall not be less than 300 mm,except for lap splices specified in AASHTO LRFD Art. 5.11.5.3.1.

ldb=0.02*A b*fy/sqrt(fc') …for No.36 bar and smaller Ab= 804.247719318987

but not less than 0.06*db*fy db= 32 mm
fc'= 24 Mpa
fy= 420 Mpa
modification factor= 1.40
ldb= 1378.99757739004 mm
The tension development length ld is:
ld=ldb*modification factor 1.931 m

5.3.2 Lap splice in Tension [AASHTO LRFD Art 5.11.5.3.1]

- Class of splice= Class B

the length of lap for tension lap splice shall not be less than either 300 mm or 1.3*ld 2509.776 mm

Lap splice= 2.510 m

5.3.3.Flexural Reinforcement Extension Length

Except at supports of simple spans and at the free ends of cantilevers, reinforcement shall be extended beyond the point at which it is no longer required to resist flexure for a distance not less than:
-The effective depth of the member 0.514 m
- 15 times the nominal diameter of bar,or 0.48 m
- 1/20 of the clear span. 0.5 m
Therefore, extension length is max.of the above values and development length ld = 1.931 m
No more than 50 percent of the reinforcement shall be terminated at any section , and adjacent bars shall not be terminated in the same section.

Moment Envelop Legend:

Interior strip
1200.00 Edge strip

1000.00
Design Moment (kN-m)

f(x) = − 39.4225940800601 x² + 389.772309018906 x + 6.60119690559443

R²
f(x)==0.999807681491792
− 36.1573930807014 x² + 357.403027039649 x + 6.08256917292498
800.00 R² = 0.999805711061535

600.00

400.00

200.00

0.00
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
X(m)

Hook radius= 160 mm

Cover= 50 mm
Clear span length= 10000 mm
Total span length= 10800 mm
Total bar length= 11641.31 mm

6. Investigate Serviceability Limit State

6.1 Durablity [AASHTO LRFD Table 5.12.3-1]
- The concrete covers provided according to [AASHTO LRFD Table 5.12.3-1] are adequate.
6.2 Deformation
A. Dead load camber [AASHTO LRFD Art.5.7.3.6.2]
Defelections and camber calculation shall consider dead load,live load,prestressing,erection loads,concrete creep and shrinkage,and steel relaxation.
WDC= 119.9904 kN/m
9.6 kN/m
5 kN/m
WDW= 16.47 kN/m
Total dead load= 151.06 kN/m

2042.34 kN-m/m

In the absence of a more comprehensive analysis instantaneous defelections amy be computed using the modulus of elasticity for concrete as specified in AASHTO LRFD Art 5.4.2.4 and taking the moment of inertia
as either the gross moment of inertia ,Ig,or an effective moment of inertia ,Ie.given by AASHTO LRFD Art.5.7.3.6.2-1.

fc'= 24 Mpa
D= 0.58 m
fr= 3.086 Mpa
yt= 0.29 m
b= 8.92 m
d= 514 mm
Ig= 0.145 m4
Mcr= 1543.532 kN-m
Ma= 2042.337 kN-m
c= 171.429 mm
n= 8
As= 5361.651 mm2
Icr= 0.007 m4
Ie= 0.066 m4 The effective moment of inertia governs
Instantanious defelection ,ΔDL= 13.987 mm

Long-term defelection= 50.00 mm

In view of the approximations involved in estimating long-term deflection, provide a camber of 50.00 mm

6.2 Fatigue stress limits…….. [AASHTO LRFD Art.5.5.3]

6.2.1 Interior Strip
Only one design truck with a fixed distance of 9 m between the 145 kN axles will be placed on the bridge to calculate moment for fatigue investigation. Because of the span limitation, the fatigue
design truck will be placed on the bridge as shown below for maximum moment (the center line of the girder bisects the distance between the resultant of the front and the middle axle and
the 145-axle load, R). The influence line ordinations are computed as follows:

x= 0.84 m
a= 6.04 m
b= 4.36 m
c= 1.74 m
d= 4.36 m
y1= 2.53
y2= 0.73
Mmax,fat= 392.75 kNm
Eone lane loaded= 4.30 m
Moment per meter width of strip= 91.44 kNm/m
Dynamic load allowance for fatigue= 15%
Mfat,LL+IM= 78.86 kNm/m
fs= 32.20 Mpa (maximum steel stree due to fatuge truck)
fs,DL= 101.19 Mpa
fmin= 101.19 Mpa
fmax= 133.39 Mpa
ff= 32.20 Mpa
ff = 166 - 0.33* fmin 132.61 Mpa
Fatigue stress is within the limit
 Unit weight
Component t(m) beff,in (m) Load (kN/m)
(kN/m3)
Deck Sla 0.2 1.87 24 8.976
Concrete 0.05 0.264 24 0.32
Cross frame and details 1.46
Barrier 6.33
Girder 1.31
Sum= 18.396

21.66975

x/L x(m) VDL (kN/m) MDL (kNm/m)

0 0 167.94 0.000
0.05 0.775 151.15 123.648
0.1 1.55 134.35 234.280
0.15 2.325 117.56 331.896
0.2 3.1 100.77 416.497
0.25 3.875 83.97 488.083
0.3 4.65 67.18 546.653
0.35 5.425 50.38 592.207
0.4 6.2 33.59 624.746
0.45 6.975 16.79 644.269
0.5 7.75 0.00 650.777
3.27375