7/12/2022

PART 4.5
FLANGED BEAM

INTRODUCTION
Flange beam is the beam w here
■ Beam and slab are cast monolithically during construction.
■ It consist two parts which are
– Flange = the portion of slab that act integrally with the
beam to resist load . This part resisting compression by
adding more area of compression zone.
– Web/Rib = the portion of beam below the flange
beff

bw
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FLANGE BEAM
■ The effective width of flange, beff is given in Sec. 5.3.2.1 of EC2.
■ beff should be based on the distance lo between points of zero
moment as shown in figure below.

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FLANGE BEAM
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EXAMPLE 1
Based on figure
below, determine the
1 2 3
effective
. flange width, 3000 4500

beff of beam B/1-3 A

200 x 500

200 x 500

200 x 500

2500
FS1 (150 thk.)
200 x 500 200 x 500
B
2 200 x 500

200 x 500

4000
FS2 (150 thk.) FS3 (150 thk.)

200 x 500 200 x 500

C

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1
lo (distance between points of zero moment) 1

1 2 3

3000 mm 4500 mm

lo = 0.85 x 3000 lo = 0.85 x 4500

= 2550 mm l = 0.15 x (3000 + 4500)
o = 3825 mm
= 1125 mm

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 7/12/2022

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1

beff
beff,1 beff,2
A B C

bw = 200 mm
2 2500 -2(100) = 2300 4000-2(100) =3800

b1 = 2300/2 = 1150 b2 = 3800/2 = 1900

b = 1150 + 1900 = 3050 mm

Span 1-2
beff1 = 0.2(1150) + 0.1(2550) = 485 mm < 0.2lo = 510 mm < b1 = 1150 mm

beff2 = 0.2(1900) + 0.1(2550) = 635 mm > 0.2lo = 510 mm < b2 = 1900 mm

beff = (485 + 510) + 200 = 1195 mm < 3050 mm

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1
Sim ilar
beff procedure
beff,1 beff,2
A B C

bw = 200 mm
2500-2(100)=2300 4000-2(100) =3800

b1 = 2300/2 = 1150 b2 = 3800/2 = 1900

b = 1150 + 1900 = 3050 mm

Span 2-3
beff1 = 0.2(1150) + 0.1(3825) = 612.5 mm < 0.2lo = 765 mm < b1 = 1150 mm

beff2 = 0.2(1900) + 0.1(3825) = 762.5 mm > 0.2lo = 765 mm < b2 = 1900 mm

beff = (612.5 + 762.5) + 200 = 1575.5 mm < 3250 mm

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SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1

Span 1-2 Span 2-3

beff = 1195mm beff = 1575.5 mm

hf = 150 mm hf = 150 mm

bw = 200 mm bw = 200 mm

FLANGE BEAM
■ The design procedure of flange beam depends on where the
neutral axis lies. The neutral axis may lie in the flange or in the
web.
■ In other word, there are three cases that should be considered.
• Neutral axis lies in flange (M < Mf)
• Neutral axis lies in web (M > Mf but < Mbal)
• Neutral axis lies in web (M > Mbal)

beff beff
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M < MF
Neutral axis lies in flange (M < Mf)
■ This condition occur when the depth of stress block (0.8 x) less
then the thickness of flange, hf as shown in figure below.

beff 0.567fck

Fcc
hf x

0.8x
d
Z = d – 0.4x

As
Fst

bw

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M < Mf

■ Moment resistance of section, M

M = F cc x z
M = (0.567 fckbeff 0.8x ) (d − 0.4x)
■ For this case, maximum depth of stress block, 0.8x are equal to hf

M = M f = (0.567 fckbeffhf )(d − hf / 2)

■ Where, Mf = Ultimate moment resistance of flange.

■ Therefore, if M ≤ Mf the neutral axis lies in flange and the design
can be treated as rectangular singly reinforced beam.

M or M
As = As =
0.87 fyk z 0.87 fyk (d − 0.4x)
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EXAMPLE 2

beff = 1450 mm The T-beam with dimension as

hf = 100 mm shown in figure is subjected to
design moment, M = 250
d = 320 mm
kNm. If fck = 30 N/mm2 and fyk
As = 500 N/mm2, determine the
area and number of
bw = 250 mm reinforcement required.

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SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2
Moment resistance of flange, Mf
Mf = (0.567 fckbeffhf )(d − hf / 2)

= (0.567x30x1450x100)(320 −100 / 2) x10−6

= 665.9kNm > M = 250kNm

Since M < Mf, Neutral axis lies in flange Compression reinforcement is

not required
M = (0.454 fckbx)(d − 0.4x)
250x106 = 0.454(30)(1450)(x)(320 − 0.4x)

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 7/12/2022

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2
N ow w e have m ake sure the section is under-reinforced by com pare x/d w ith 0.45

Checking
x = 41.74 = 0.13 < 0.45
d 320
Lever arm,z
z = d − 0.4x = 320 − 0.45(41.74) = 303.3mm
Area of tension reinforcement, As

M = 250x106
As = 0.87 f Z 0.87(500)(303.3)
yk

= 1895mm2
Provide 4H25 (Asprov = 1964 mm2)

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MF < M < MBAL

Neutral axis lies in web (Mf < M < Mbal)
■ If the applied moment M is greater than Mf the neutral axis lies
in the web as shown in figure below.
H ere,w e have tw o area,firstis
area ofw eb,and second is area of 0.567fck
flange beff

2 2 hf Fcc2 Because ofthat

1 x
tw o areas,w e also
0.8x Fcc1
have to Fcc,Fcc1
d and Fcc2,together
w ith its z value,
z2 z1
one and tw o
As Fst

bw

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 7/12/2022

MF < M < MBAL

From the stress block, internal forces;
Fcc1 = (0.567 fck )(bw.0.8x) = 0.454 fckbwx
Fcc2 = (0.567 fck )(beff − bw )hf

Fst = 0.87 f yk As
Lever arms, z

z1 = d − 0.4x z2 = d − 0.5hf

Moment resistance, M
M = Fcc1.z1 + Fcc2 . z2
= (0.454 fckbwx)(d − 0.4x)+ (0.567 fck )(beff − bw )hf (d − 0.5hf )

NEUTRAL AXIS LIES IN WEB

W e know the lim itin design is w hen x=0.45d,w e replace x from m om entresistantform ula,the m w ill
becom e M balas this.
Ultimate moment resistance of section, Mbal (When x = 0.45d)

Mbal = (0.454 fckbw 0.45d )(d − 0.4(0.45d))+ (0.567 fck )(beff − bw )hf (d − 0.5hf )

To sim plify this form ula,Divide both side by fck beff d2, then;
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MF < M < MBAL

If applied moment M < Mbal, then compression reinforcement are not required.
Area of tension reinforcement can be calculate as follows by taking moment at Fcc2.
M = Fst .z2 − Fcc1.(z2 − z1)
= 0.87 f yk As (d − 0.5hf ) − 0.454 fck bw x[(d − 0.5hf ) −(d − 0.4x)]

M + 0.454 fckbw x[0.4x − 0.5hf ]

As =
0.87 f yk (d − 0.5hf )
Using; x = 0.45d
M + 0.1 fckbwd[0.36d − hf ]
As =
0.87 f yk (d − 0.5hf )

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EXAMPLE 3
The T-beam with dimension as shown in figure below is
subjected to design moment, M = 670 kNm. If fck = 30 N/mm2
and fyk = 500 N/mm2 have been used, determine the area and
number of reinforcement required.
beff = 1450 mm

hf = 100 mm

d = 320 mm

bw = 250 mm
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SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3
Moment resistance of flange, Mf
M f = (0.567 f ck b eff h )(d
f − h f/ 2)

Mbal = 0.153(30)(1450)(3202 ) x10−6 = 682kNm

Mbal = 682kNm > M = 670kNm

SOLUTION EXAMPLE 3
Compression reinforcement is not required

Area of tension reinforcement, As

M + 0.1 fckbwd [0.36d − hf ]

As =
0.87 f yk (d − 0.5hf )

= 670x10 + 0.1(30)(250)(320)[0.36(320) −100]

6

0.87(500)(320 − 50)
= 5736mm2
Provide 8H32 (Asprov = 6433 mm2)

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M > Mbal
Neutral axis lies in web (M > Mbal)
■ If the applied moment M is greater than Mbal the neutral axis lies in
the web and the compression reinforcement should be provided.
The stress block are shown in figure below.
beff 0.567fck

2 As’ 2 hf F sc
Fcc2
x S = 0.8x Fcc1
1

d
z3 z2 z1

As
Fst
bw

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M > Mbal

From the stress block, internal forces;

Fcc1 = (0.567 fck )(bw.0.8x) = 0.454 fckbwx
Fcc2 = (0.567 fck )(beff − bw )hf
Fsc = 0.87 fyk As '
= 0.87 f yk As
Lever arms, z
z1 = d − 0.4x z2 = d − 0.5hf z3 = d − d '
Moment resistance, M
M = F cc.z 1 + Fcc .z2 + Fsc.z 32
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M > Mbal

M = ( 0.454 fckbwx)(d − 0.4x)+ (0.567 fcu )(beff − bw )hf (d − 0.5hf

+ 0.87 f yk As '(d − d') )

When x = 0.45d, then

M = Mbal + 0.87 f yk As ’(d − d')

Area of compression reinforcement, As’

As' = M − Mbal

0.87 f yk (d − d ')

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Flange Beam

For equilibrium of forces

■
− bw ) + 0.87 f yk As '

0.2 fck bw d + 0.567 fck hf (beff − bw )

As = + As
0.87 fyk '

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