J2707™ JUN2021

SURFACE VEHICLE
INTERNATIONAL® RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Issued 2005-02
Stabilized 201 2-10
Revised 2021-06

Superseding J2707 OCT201 2

(R) Wear Test Procedure on Inertia Dynamometer

for Brake Friction Materials

RATIONALE

This revision of the wear test procedure includes several changes to: (a) harmonize with other SAE Recommeded Practices
(RPs), (b) modernize and expand the test sequences, and (c) address typographical and editorial corrections from previous
versions. Some specific updates include the following:

• Harmonization with SA E J2789 for inertia calculation and with SAE J2986 for wear measurements.

• Expansion of the wear versus temperature (Method A) includes temperatures below 1 00 ° C for friction materials with
ferrous metals and decelerations below 0.3 g. These updates reflect normal customer usage and field measurements
using the worldwide harmonized light vehicle test procedure (WL TP) adapted for a brake duty cycle.

• Extension of the block wear test (Method B) with separate temperatures for front and rear brakes and lower energy
levels.

• Common burnish schedule for all test methods to ensure consistent conditioning in preparation for the actual wear test.
The new burnish method harmonizes with the FMVSS 1 35 burnish, common in other inertia dynamometer tests.

FOREWORD

The harmonization efforts by different industry groups and associations from the European community, the United States,
and Japan cover several aspects to characterize brake friction materials used in automotive applications. Brake lining wear
life, its dynamics, and behavior under different temperatures and speeds are critical to the successful development and
production of commercially available disc brake pads and linings, both for the original equipment and the aftermarket
segments. Equally important is evaluating the wear characteristics of the given friction material and its mating part when
subjected to a series of brake stops or snubs derived from an actual driving pattern. Different combinations of speed,
temperature, and deceleration, closer to what the vehicle experiences during regular driving, yield different levels of wear
and transfer layer phenomena. When tested under a control testing environment on an inertia dynamometer, this driving
pattern replication could provide information on the wear behavior and level of a given lining and rotor or drum combination.

This RP harmonizes test procedures to evaluate wear characteristics of automotive brake lining and pads. This RP
establishes a standardized dynamometer procedure related to the actual condition of vehicles on the market. Therefore,
this committee is making two different test sequences available. The first Method, Method A, equivalent to the Japanese
standard JASO C427-83 to quantify the wear sensitivity to the temperature experienced by the lining and rotor/drum
combination. The second method, Method B (also known as block wear), includes variable speed, deceleration, and
temperature levels.

SAE Executive Standards Committee Rules provide that: "This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is
entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user."

SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and
suggestions.

Copyright© 2021 SAE International

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.

877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)

For more information on this standard, visit
TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel:
Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
Fax: 724-776-0790 https://www.sae.org/standards/content/J2707 202106
Email: CustomerService@sae.org
SAE WEB ADDRESS: http://www.sae.org
SAE INTERNATIONAL J2707™ JUN2021 Page 2of12

This RP may be used in conjunction with other applicable standards or test procedures {ISO, SAE, Federal Codes, or other
specific testing programs) to fully assess a friction material's adequacy for a particular application or vehicle platform.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
21
. Applicable Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
21 1
. . SAE Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5. TEST CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.1 Pressure Ramp Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.2 Sampling Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.3 Temperature Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.3.1 Brake Disc or Brake Drum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.3.2 (Optional) For Brake Pads or Brake Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.3.3 (Optional) Additional Inspections and Data Monitoring for Wear and Thermocouple Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.4 Warm-Up Brake Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.5 Burnish for Brake Lining (Drum Brakes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.6 Cooling Air Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.6.1 Environmental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.6.2 Cooling Air Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.6.3 Brake Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.6.4 Airflow Direction with Regards to Brake Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
57
. Preparation for Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

6. T EST PROCEDURE 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.1 Method A - Wear versus Temperature Evaluation 8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.1.1 General Wear Test (A1) ............................................................................................................................. 8

6.1.2 General Wear Tests at Low Deceleration (A2) 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.1.3 High Speed Wear Tests (A3) 10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2 Method B - Block Wear Evaluation 10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.1 High Energy Block Wear Test (B1) 10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2.2 Moderate Energy Block Wear Test (B2) 10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7. WEAR M EASUREMENT PROCEDURE ................................................................................................. 1 1

8. RECORDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

9. RE PORTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
91
. Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
92
. Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

10. NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10.1 Revision Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 1 Cooling air humidity as a function of cooling air temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Table 1 Symbols and abbreviations 4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 2 Overview and applicability of different wear test methods 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 3 General wear tests (A1) ............................................................................................................................. 9

Table 4 General wear test at low deceleration (A2) 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 5 High-speed wear test (A3) 10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 6 High energy block wear test (B1 ) 10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Table 7 Moderate energy block wear test (B2) 10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SAE INTERNATIONAL J2707™ JUN2021 Page 3 of12

1. SCOPE

1 .1 This SAE Recommended Practice (RP) specifies a dynamometer test procedure to characterize wear rates of
automotive service brake linings (brake shoes) and disc brake pads.

1.2 Unique motor vehicles, motorcycles, and trailers with nominal gross combination weight rating exceeding 40 tons are
not part of this document.

2. REFERENCES

21 Applicable Documents

The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated, the
latest issue of SA E publications shall apply.

2.1.1 SA E Publications

Available from SA E International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 1 5096-0001 , Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA
and Canada) or +1 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.

SAE J2789 Inertia Calculation for Single-Ended lnertia-Dynamometer Testing

SAE J2986 Brake Pads, Lining, Disc, and Drum Wear Measurements

3. DEFINITIONS

Apply the following terms and definitions to facilitate the application of this document.

3.1 INITIAL SPEED

The speed at the time brake application is initiated and read using a calibrated rotational speed sensor.

3.2 FINAL SPEED

Unless otherwise stated, the speed at the time of brake release. Unless otherwise noted on the different test, the final speed
is 0.5 km/h.

3.3 BRAKING DECELERATION

Reduction in the equivalent vehicle speed due to an active braking torque between two points in time. The braking torque
is provided by controlling and modulating the brake pressure. In a practical test, convert the deceleration level into an
equivalent brake torque using the equation given in 4.7.

3.4 INITIAL BRAK E TEMPERATURE

The temperature of the drum(s) or disc(s), according to the procedure when the brake application is initiated. When testing
more than one brake simultaneously, the initial brake temperature is the highest of all brakes measured on the drum(s) or
disc(s).
SAE INTERNATIONAL J2707™ JUN2021 Page 4of12

4. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Use the symbols and abbreviations from Table 1 to perform the calculations needed during the test.

Table 1 - Symbols and abbreviations

Svmbol Description Units

a Required braking deceleration. g
A Area of the rubbing surface on linings or pads. cm2
fa Total mechanical work for a brake event. kgf-m, N·m, J
GVWR Gross vehicle weight rating. kg
Itron! Required inertia on the front axle. kgf-m·s2, kg·m2
Irear Required inertia on the rear axle. kgf-m·s2, kg·m2
I' Effective inertia for a given brake event. kgf·m·s2, kg·m2
N Total number of brake applications at a given step of the test sequence. -

RPM Revolutions per mile. revs/mile

RR Tire dynamic rolling radius. m
Thk Sum of average thickness loss of the inner and outer pad, or leading and mm
trailing lining.
Trront Required braking torque on the front axle. kgf-m, N·m
Trear Required braking torque on the rear axle. kgf-m, N·m
T' Effective braking torque for a given brake event. kgf-m, N·m
x Percentage of brake torque provided by the front axle, according to SAE J2789. %
y Percentage of brake torque provided by the rear axle, according to SAE J2789. %
w Vehicle weight. kg
v Specific wear rate. 10-7 cm3/kgf-m,
10-7 cm3/N·m,
10-7 cm3/J
Wi Initial angular velocity of the brake at the start of the brake event. rad/s
Wf Final anqular velocity of the brake at the end of the brake event. rad/s

4.1 REQUIRED BRAKING DECELERATION, a

The nominal rate of change in vehicle speed during braking after the initial transient condition. This rate does not include
the brake achieving the target deceleration level indicated for a specific event.

4.2 EFFECTIVE BRAKING DECELERATION, a'

The actual rate of change in vehicle speed during braking is computed (after the initial transient condition) as a function of
brake rotational speed and tire dynamic rolling radius for a specific event.

4.3 GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT RATING, GVWR

The maximum vehicle weight specified by the manufacturer.

4.4 REQUIRED INERTIA, Itron!, lrear

Calculate test inertias (front or rear) according to SA E J2789 and the closest value achievable by the dynamometer utilizing
mechanical and electric (simulated) inertia. Determine the inertia level for vehicle deceleration below 0.65 g, with the vehicle
loaded to the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR), indicated by the test requester.

4.5 EFFECTIVE INERTIA, I'

Inertia reflected at the foundation brake computed as a function of the torque readings, angular deceleration of the brake,
and the tire dynamic rolling radius.
SAE INTERNATIONAL J2707™ JUN2021 Page 5of12

4.6 TIRE DYNAMIC ROLLING RADIUS, RR

Tire radius equivalent to the revolutions per mile (RPM) published by the tire manufacturer for the specific tire size. If
unknown, the rolling radius can be calculated from the RPM value using Equation 1. Use the tire dynamic rolling radius to
calculate test inertia and the dynamometer rotational speed in revolutions per minute (r/min) for the given linear vehicle
speed.

1609.344
RR = (Eq. 1 )
2 n: RPM
· ·

4.7 REQUIRED BRAKING TORQUE, Ttront, Trear

The continuous braking torque from the foundation brake, combining the gross vehicle weight, tire dynamic rolling radius,
brake work split, and deceleration according to Equations 2 and 3.

1 X W RR a
Tfront = . - -
· · -

(Eq. 2)
2 - 9.81-

� x w RR a
Trear = .
____
· _-_

(Eq. 3)
2 9.81

4.8 EFF ECTIVE BRAKING TORQUE, T'

The continuous braking torque obtained from inertia, deceleration, and tire dynamic rolling radius during the actual test,
according to Equation 4.

1 1 a'
T'= ­
·

(Eq. 4)
RR

4.9 MECHANICAL WORK, fa

Total mechanical work (change in kinetic energy) for a given test section, according to Equation 5.

I ( wf w¥ ) N
E
_ · - ·

(Eq. 5)
k- -�2�-

4.1 0 THICKNESS LOSS, Thk

Average thickness loss to determine the specific wear rate. First, to obtain the thickness loss value, calculate the average
thickness loss for each brake pad or (drum) brake lining per the test sequence. Then, add the thickness losses from both
friction materials to obtain the total loss to use on Equation 6.

4.11 SPECIFIC WEAR RATE, V

Wear rate, expressed as volumetric loss of friction material per unit of kinetic energy dissipated according to Equation 6.

(Eq. 6)

5. TEST CONDITIONS

5.1 Pressure Ramp Rate

5000 kPa/s ± 1000 kPa/s, then adjust the pressure ramp rate to achieve the target deceleration rate in approximately
0.5 second.

5.2 Sampling Rate

Use a minimum of 50 Hz for pressure and torque and 1 0 Hz for temperature.

SAE INTERNATIONAL J2707™ JUN2021 Page 6of12

5.3 Temperature Measurement

5.3.1 Brake Disc or Brake Drum

Position the thermocouple in the inner face for the brake disc at the effective radius, 1 .0 mm ± 0.1 5 mm deep, or on the
brake drum at the centerline of lining width. Reset the thermocouple(s) depth at every wear measurement inspection.

5.3.2 (Optional) For Brake Pads or Brake Shoes

Position one thermocouple in each pad, with a depth of 2.0 mm ± 0.15 mm near the friction surface center. For disc brake
pads with grooves, install the thermocouple at least 4.0 mm from the groove edge on the leading side of each pad. For inner
pads on single-piston calipers, install the thermocouple as close as feasible to the caliper body on the pad's leading side.
For brake shoes, install a thermocouple at a depth of 1 .0 mm ± 0.15 mm near the center of each shoe's friction surface.
Reset the thermocouple(s) depth at every wear measurement inspection.

5.3.3 (Optional) Additional Inspections and Data Monitoring for Wear and Thermocouple Behavior

To inspect the friction material's excessive wear and avoid the thermocouple(s) to reach the surface during a test cycle,
monitor the in-stop traces for both pads. Assess unusual trends (temperature spikes, sudden changes on the trace, or
significantly different temperature rise during the event), and inspect the thermocouples accordingly. During block wear
tests per Method B, stop the test from performing a thermocouple inspection and resetting the thermocouple(s) depth before
the highway block #2 and the hill descent block.

5.4 Warm-Up Brake Applications

Include warm-up applications as part of the total number of stops at each temperature step. Do not exceed 50 warm-up
stops per temperature step. Set the cooling air to 0 mis, or a minimum value to exhaust odors from the test area.

5.5 Burnish for Brake Lining (Drum Brakes)

Unless otherwise indicated by the test requestor, repeat the brake burnish section to attain a 90% surface contact.

5.6 Cooling Air Conditions

5.6.1 Environmental Conditions

Control brake cooling air temperature 25 °C ± 5 °C, and humidity to 50% ± 10% RH. Use a psychrometric chart to find
acceptable air temperature and relative humidity conditions to meet absolute humidity requirements. See Figure 1 for the
absolute humidity at sea level corresponding to the tolerances allowed for temperature and relative humidity.
SAE INTERNATIONAL J2707™ JUN2021 Page 7of12

20
18
Cl
� 16

_,- ·······
-3

� ·
� 14
�

_,.---
"'
:Jl 12 ___
-ro 1 __
____ _
�10
0 --------·· -- ·····
3 ""'--- . .. ....---·················· ·
'6 2
-� 8 ..
.

�---------------------··
.J:::
-� 6
Cl
·"
0
0
4
u
2
0
20 25 30
Cooling air temperature ('C)
Key:
1: 60% relative humidity
2: 50% relative humidity
3: 40% relative humidity

Figure 1 - Cooling air humidity as a function of cooling air temperature

5.6.2 Cooling Air Velocity

Set the air velocity to 1 1 m/s and adjust so that the air blows uniformly and continuously against the brake's projected area.
If the initial brake temperature does not reach the target value, adjust the air velocity as necessary, and include in the final
test report.

To minimize variability on the cooling rate(s), ensure harmonizing the test setup and cooling conditions when conducting a
test program with multiple friction couples on the same brake configuration.

Setup the cooling air duct outlet as close as possible to 300 mm away from the test hardware and document it in the final
test report.

5.6.3 Brake Setup

Mount the brake assembly as close as possible to the vehicle position. In general, this helps correlate with issues like brake
drag, off-brake wear, off-brake disc thickness variation, system stiffness, and NVH assessment.

5.6.4 Airflow Direction with Regards to Brake Setup

Document and report the airflow inlet regarding direction (vertical or horizontal) and orientation relative to the caliper and
the brake assembly.

5.7 Preparation for Test

5.7.1 Make sure there are no abnormalities on the brake assembly before installing it on the test equipment. Verify there
is no grease or any other foreign matter adhered to the linings or pads.

5.7.2 Install thermocouples to the drum(s) or disc(s) and lining to the specified location. Clean the friction surface using
acetone or other appropriate solution.

Unless otherwise indicated by the test requestor, set Lateral Runout to 50 µm or less when measured 1 0 mm from the outer
diameter on the outboard side of the rotor. Verify drum ovality to 75 µm or less.

NOTE: Discs or drums not meeting the limits from this clause may influence the test results.
SAE INTERNATIONAL J2707™ JUN2021 Page 8of12

6. TEST PROCEDURE

The methods indicated in Tables 3 to 7 show the test sequence required on the same drum or disc and the same brake
linings or pad assemblies. Table 2 provides an overview of each method.

Table 2 - Overview and applicability of different wear test methods

Method Method A - Wear versus Temperature Method B - Block Wear Evaluation

General Wear High Energy Moderate Energy
General Wear Tests at Low High-Speed Block Wear Test Block Wear Test
Test (A1) Deceleration (A2) Wear Test (A3) (B1) (B2)
Section 6.1.3; Section 6.1.2; Section 6.1.3; Section 6.2.1; Section 6.2.2;
Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7
Legacy test Variation of the A1 Legacy test Legacy test Variation of the 81
method Method, with method method aligned test method with
harmonized with lower deceleration harmonized with with European lower deceleration
the JASO C427 levels to better JASO C427 to laboratory test and temperatures
for average represent regular assess laboratory methods to to better replicate
Description vehicle driving vehicle activity. wear behavior at replicate different normal levels of
speeds. Also includes two higher driving levels of vehicle vehicle activity.
Also includes two sections at more speeds. activity.
sections at lower moderate
temperatures temperatures:
(60 °C and 80 °C). 60 C and 80 °C.
General General Additional wear General General
evaluation, evaluation, test typically evaluation, evaluation,
benchmarking, benchmarking, added to the A1 benchmarking and benchmarking,
fingerprinting of fingerprinting of and A2 test fingerprinting of fingerprinting of
passenger cars vehicles, including methods. friction couples for vehicles, including
and light trucks. vehicles above passenger cars vehicles above
The lower 3500 kg of and light trucks. 3500 kg of
temperature GVWR. GVWR.
sections are more The low-
critical for friction temperature
materials, sections are more
Main
including ferrous critical for friction
applications
metals. This materials,
method applies to including ferrous
friction materials metals. This
with high wear method applies to
rates at low friction materials
temperatures. with high wear
Suitable for rates at low
evaluation of temperatures.
wheel dust. Suitable for
evaluation of
wheel dust.

6.1 Method A - Wear versus Temperature Evaluation

6.1.1 General Wear Test (A1 )

For wear characteristics versus brake temperature, use Table 3. The initial temperatures between parentheses apply to
optional sections. When conducting the temperature steps at 1 00 ° C or below, select which temperatures to include in the
actual project.
SAE INTERNATIONAL J2707™ JUN2021 Page 9of12

Table 3 - General wear tests (A 1)

Initial Drum Brake Initial Disc Brake Braking

Initial Speed Temperature Temperature Deceleration Number of
Section {kmlh}1 {oC} {oC} {g} Sto�s {N}
Burnish 80 100 100 0.30 200
Wear test 60 °C 50 60 60 0.30 500
Wear test 80 °C 50 80 (80) 0.30 500
Wear test 1 00 °C 50 100 100 0.30 1000
Wear test 1 50 °C 50 150 150 0.30 1000
Wear test 200 °C 50 200 200 0.30 1000
Wear test 250 °C 50 (250) 250 0.30 1000
Wear test 300 °C 50 300 300 0.30 500
Wear test 350 °C 50 (350) 350 0.30 500
Wear test 400 °C 50 400 0.30 200
Wear test 450 °C 50 (450) 0.30 200
Wear test 500 °C 50 (500) 0.30 200
Second wear test 100 °C 50 100 100 0.30 500
Second wear test 200 °C 50 200 200 0.30 500
Second wear test 250 °C 50 (250) 250 0.30 500
Second wear test 300 °C 50 300 300 0.30 250
Second wear test 400 °C 50 (400} 0.30 100
1 Final speed per 3.2.

6.1.2 General Wear Tests at Low Deceleration (A2)

For wear characteristics versus brake temperature at lower decelerations, use Table 4. Initial temperatures between
parentheses apply to optional sections. When conducting the optional temperatures at 1 00 °C or below, select which
temperatures to include on the actual project. Temperatures below 1 00 °C are more relevant for friction materials with
ferrous metals.

Table 4 - General wear test at low deceleration (A2)

Initial Drum Brake Initial Disc Brake Braking Number of

Initial Speed Temperature Temperature Deceleration Stops
Section {km/h}1 {oC} {oC} {g} {N}
Burnish 80 1 00 1 00 0.30 200
Wear test 60 °C 50 60 60 0.1 5 500
Wear test 80 °C 50 80 80 0.1 5 500
Wear test 1 00 °C 50 1 00 1 00 0.1 5 1000
Wear test 1 50 °C 50 1 50 1 50 0.1 5 1000
Wear test 200 °C 50 200 200 0.1 5 1000
Wear test 250 °C 50 (250) 250 0.1 5 1000
Wear test 300 °C 50 (300) 300 0.1 5 500
Wear test 350 °C 50 (350) (350) 0.1 5 500
Wear test 400 °C 50 (400) 0.1 5 200
Wear test 450 °C 50 (450) 0.1 5 200
Wear test 500 °C 50 (500) 0.1 5 200
Second wear test 100 °C 50 (1 00) (1 00) 0.1 5 500
Second wear test 200 °C 50 (200) (200) 0.1 5 500
Second wear test 250 °C 50 (250) (250) 0.1 5 500
Second wear test 300 °C 50 (300) (300) 0.1 5 250
Second wear test 400 °C 50 (400} 0.1 5 100
1 Final speed per 3.2.
SAE INTERNATIONAL J2707™ JUN2021 Page 10of12

6.1.3 High Speed Wear Tests (A3)

When indicated by the test requester, conduct the high-speed wear sections per Table 5.

Table 5 - High-speed wear test (A3)

Initial-Final Initial Drum Brake Initial Disc Brake Braking

Speed Temperature Temperature Deceleration Number of
Section (km/h) (oC) (oC) (g) Stops (N)
Burnish 80-2 1 00 1 00 0.30 200
Wear at 1 00 km/h 100-5 1 00 1 00 0.3 100
Wear at 1 50 km/h 1 50-80 1 00 1 00 0.3 100

6.2 Method B - Block Wear Evaluation

6.2.1 High Energy Block Wear Test (B1)

For wear characteristics to represent driving conditions involving high energy and elevated temperature, use Table 6. Except
for the burnish step, repeat the series as many times as indicated by the project.

Table 6 - High energy block wear test (81)

Initial Rear Disc

Initial- Final Initial Front Disc or Drum Brake Braking Number of
Speed Brake Temperature Temperature Deceleration Stops
Section (km/h} (OC} (OC} (N}
(g}
Burnish 80-2 1 00 100 0.30 200
Town block #1 50-2 1 50 100 0.25 200
Highway block #1 150-80 1 50 150 0.40 1 00
Country road block #1 80-2 200 200 0.35 200
Country road block #2 100-2 1 25 100 0.40 200
Highway block #2 180-80 1 00 100 0.50 50
Town block #2 50-2 1 50 100 0.25 200
Country road block #3 100-2 1 25 100 0.40 200
Hill descent block 80-2 350 200 0.35 50

6.2.2 Moderate Energy Block Wear Test (B2)

For wear characteristics to represent moderate energy driving conditions, use Table 7. Except for the burnish step, repeat
as many times as indicated by the project.

Table 7 - Moderate energy block wear test (82)

Initial Front Disc Initial Rear Disc

Initial- Final Brake or Drum Brake Braking Number of
Speed Temperature Temperature Deceleration Stops
Section (km/h} (oC} (oC} (g} (N}
Burnish 80-2 1 00 1 00 0.30 200
Town block #1 40-2 1 50 1 00 0.1 0 200
Highway block #1 100-50 1 50 1 50 0.20 100
Country road block #1 60-2 200 200 0.1 5 200
Country road block #2 80-2 1 25 1 00 0.20 200
Highway block #2 125-55 1 00 1 00 0.35 50
Town block #2 40-2 1 50 1 00 0.1 0 200
Country road block #3 80-2 1 25 1 00 0.20 200
Hill descent block 60-2 250 200 0.1 5 50
SAE INTERNATIONAL J2707™ JUN2021 Page 1 1of12

7. WEAR M EASUREMENT PROCEDURE

7.1 Measure and record the initial and final thickness and mass of friction materials, discs, or drums per SAE J2986.

7.2 After each test temperature for Method A, or after each complete series per Method B, measure and record the friction
materials, disc, or drums' thickness.

7.3 Alternatively, and when indicated by the test requester, perform wear measurement after each section of Method B.

7.4 Measure the mass of discs or drums at intermediate steps per the test requester.

8. RECORDING

8.1 For each component (friction materials, disc, or drum) for wear Method A:

8.1.1 Express the thickness change by averaging all measurements normalized to 1000 brake applications for each
temperature step.

8.1.2 Express the mass loss by averaging all the measurements normalized to 1000 brake applications for each
temperature step.

8.2 For each component (friction materials, disc, or drum) for wear Method B:

8.2.1 Express the thickness change by averaging all measurements for each complete series, or each test section per
7.2 for Method A or 7.3 for Method B.

8.2.2 Express the mass loss by averaging all measurements for each complete series, or each section per 7.2 for
Method A or 7.3 for Method B.

8.3 It is also desirable to record the maximum and minimum thickness values for reference for each corresponding set of
thickness wear rates measurements.

8.4 For all tests, it is also desirable to express the wear rate using Equations 5 and 6.

8.5 Report temperature, initial speed, number of brake applications, and brake events to attain the temperature specified
during the test.

8.6 Report brake pressure and torque with intervals of 100 brake applications.

8.7 Report the setup for the cooling air relative to the brake assembly.

8.8 Report the cooling air temperature and humidity during the test.

8.9 Indicate any abnormalities such as noise, vibration, or excessive movement of the test hardware or fixture.
SAE INTERNATIONAL J2707™ JUN2021 Page 12of12

9. REPORTING

The specific test report layout shall be agreed upon between the test requester and the testing laboratory. Reporting of test
results shall include at least the following items.

9.1 Test Results

Provide a summary table indicating for each temperature level.

• Number of brake applications.

• Minimum, average, and maximum wear per 8.1 and 8.3 for wear Method A.

• Minimum, average, and maximum wear per 8.2 and 8.3 for wear Method B.

• All elements from 8.4 to 8.9.

9.2 Plots

Plots for each temperature step the wear per 1 000 brake applications on each series of tests (general wear, second wear,
and high-speed wear) or for the complete driving block series. It is also desirable to plot the amount of wear per 1000 brake
applications for each measuring location at each temperature.

1 0. NOTES

1 0.1 Revision Indicator

A change bar (I) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where technical revisions, not
editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title
indicates a complete revision of the document, including technical revisions. Change bars and (R) are not used in original
publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only.

PR EPARED BY THE WEAR TEST PROCEDURE TASK FORCE O F THE SA E BRAKE DYNAMOMETER STANDARDS
COMMITTE E