Foam Capacity of Soap Chemistry Investgatory Project Class Xi

HARIYANA VIDYA MANDIR
BA-193 SECTOR-I
SALT LAKE CITY, KOLKATA-64
CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY PROECT
ON
Foaming Capacity Of Soaps
NAME- SUBHAM SHARMA
CLASS- XI B6
ROLL- 39
INDEX
SL .NO. TOPIC DATE PAGE T. SIGN

NO.
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMEN 02/06/2023 3
T
2 PREFACE 02/06/2023 4
3 INTRODUCTION 02/06/2023 5-6
4 COMMERCIAL 02/06/2023 7-10
PREPARATION
5 INTRODUCTION TO 02/06/2023 11
EXPERIMENT
6 OBJECTIVE AND 02/06/2023 11
THEORY
7 PROCEDURE 02/06/2023 12
8 OBSERVATION TABLE 02/06/2023 13
9 RESULT 02/06/2023 13
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 02/06/2023 14
Acknowledgement
I will treasure the knowledge imparted to me by Mrs.

Swati Biswas, my grateful thanks to her for the able
teaching and guidance. I thank our Lab assistant for his
cooperation. I also thank my parents and my friends for
their constant support and cooperation.
PREFACE
Soaps and detergents remove dirt and grease from skin and
clothes. But all soaps are not equally effective in their cleaning
action. Soaps are the Na and K salts of higher fatty acids such as
Palmitic acid, Stearic acid and Oleic acid. The cleansing action
of soaps depends on the solubility of the long alkyl chain in
grease and that of the -COONa or the -COOK part in water.
Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the non polar

alkyl group dissolves in grease while the polar -COONa part
dissolves in water. In this manner, an emulsion is formed
between grease and water which appears as foam. The washing
ability of soap depends on foaming capacity, as well as the water
used in cleaning. The salts of Ca and Mg disrupt the formation
of micelle formation. The presence of such salts makes the water
hard and the water is called hard water. These salts thus make
the soap inefficient in its cleaning action. Sodium Carbonate
when added to hard water reacts with Ca and Mg and
precipitates them out. Therefore sodium carbonate is used in the
treatment of hard water. This project aims at finding the foaming
capacity of various soaps and the action of Ca and Mg salts on
their foaming.
INTRODUCTION
Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjunction with water for
washing and cleaning, which historically comes either in
solid bars or in the form of a viscous liquid. Soap consists
of sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids and is obtained by
reacting common oils or fats with a strong alkaline in a process
known as saponification. The fats are hydrolyzed by the base,
yielding alkali salts of fatty acids (crude soap) and glycerol.
The general formula of soap is
Fatty end water soluble end
CH3-(CH2) n - COONa
Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules have both

a hydrophilic end, which dissolves in water, as well as
a hydrophobic end, which is able to dissolve non polar grease
molecules.
Applied to a soiled surface, soapy water effectively holds
particles in colloidal suspension so it can be rinsed off with
clean water. The hydrophobic portion (made up of a
long hydrocarbon chain) dissolves dirt and oils, while the ionic
end dissolves in water. The resultant forms a round structure
called micelle.
Therefore, it allows water to remove normally-insoluble matter
by emulsification.
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF SOAP

The most popular soap making process today is the cold process
method, where fats such as olive oil react with strong alkaline
solution, while some soapers use the historical hot process.
Handmade soap differs from industrial soap in that, usually, an
excess of fat is sometimes used to consume the alkali (super
fatting), and in that the glycerin is not removed, leaving a
naturally moisturizing soap and not pure detergent.
Often, emollients such as jojoba oil or Shea butter are added 'at
trace' (the point at which the saponification process is
sufficiently advanced that the soap has begun to thicken), after
most of the oils have saponified, so that they remain unreacted
in the finished soap.
FAT IN SOAP
Soap is derived from either vegetable or animal fats. Sodium

Tallowate, a common ingredient in much soap, is derived
from rendered beef fat. Soap can also be made of vegetable oils,
such as palm oil, and the product is typically softer. An array
of saponifiable oils and fats are used in the process such as
olive, coconut, palm, cocoa butter to provide different qualities.
For example, olive oil provides mildness in soap; coconut oil
provides lots of lather; while coconut and palm oils provide
hardness. Sometimes castor oil can also be used as an ebullient.
Smaller amounts of unsaponifable oils and fats that do not yield
soap are sometimes added for further benefits.
PREPARATION OF SOAP
In cold-process and hot-process soap making, heat may be
required for saponification. Cold-process soap making takes
place at a sufficient temperature to ensure the liquification of the
fat being used.
Unlike cold-processed soap, hot-processed soap can be used

right away because the alkali and fat saponify more quickly at
the higher temperatures used in hot-process soap making. Hot-
process soap making was used when the purity of alkali was
unreliable. Cold-process soap making requires exact
measurements of alkali and fat amounts and computing their
ratio, using saponification charts to ensure that the finished
product is mild and skin-friendly.
HOT PROCESS:-
In the hot-process method, alkali and fat are boiled together at
80–100 °C until saponification occurs, which the soap maker
can determine by taste or by eye. After saponification has
occurred, the soap is sometimes precipitated from the solution
by adding salt, and the excess liquid drained off. The hot, soft
soap is then spooned into a mold.
COLD PROCESS:-
A cold-process soap maker first looks up the saponification
value of the fats being used on a saponification chart, which is
then used to calculate the appropriate amount of alkali. Excess
unreacted alkali in the soap will result in a very high pH and can
burn or irritate skin. Not enough alkali and the soap are greasy.
The alkali is dissolved in water. Then oils are heated, or melted
if they are solid at room temperature. Once both substances have
cooled to approximately 100-110°F (37-43°C), and are no more
than 10°F (~5.5°C) apart, they may be combined. This alkali-fat
mixture is stirred until "trace". There are varying levels of trace.
After much stirring, the mixture turns to the consistency of a
thin pudding. "Trace" corresponds roughly to viscosity.
Essential and fragrance oils are added at light trace.
Introduction to the experiment

Soap samples of various brands are taken and their foaming
capacity is noticed. Various soap samples are taken separately
and their foaming capacity is observed. The soap with the
maximum foaming capacity is thus, said to be having the best
cleaning capacity. The test requires to be done with distilled
water as well as with tap water. The test of soap on distilled
water gives the actual strength of the soaps cleaning capacity.
The second test with tap water tests the effect of Ca2+ and
Mg2+ salts on their foaming capacities.
OBJECTIVE:- To compare the foaming capacity of various
soaps.
Theory:- The foaming capacity of soap depends upon the

nature of the soap and its concentration. This may be compared
by shaking equal volumes of solutions of different samples
having the same concentration with same force for the same
amount of time. The solutions are then allowed to stand when
the foam produced during shaking disappears gradually. The
time taken for the foam to disappear in each sample is
determined. The longer the time taken for the disappearance of
the foam for the given sample of soap, greater is its foaming
capacity or cleansing action.
Requirements:- Five 100ml conical flasks, five test

tubes, 100ml measuring cylinder, test tube stand, weighing
machine, stop watch. Chemical Requirements: Five different
soap samples, distilled water, tap water.
Procedure:-
1. Take five 100ml conical flasks and number them 1, 2,3,4,5.
Put 16ml of water in each flask and add 8 Gms of soap.
2. Warm the contents to get a solution.
3. Take five test tubes; add 1ml of soap solution to 3ml of
water.
Repeat the process for each soap solution in different test tubes.
4. Close the mouth of the test tube and shake vigorously for a
minute. Do the same for all test tubes and with equal force.
5. Start the timer immediately and notice the rate of
disappearance of 2mm of froth.
Observations:- The following outcomes were noticed at

the end of the experiment
TEST SOAP VOL. OF VOL. TIME TAKEN

TUBE SAMPLE SOAP OF FOR
NUMBER SOLUTIO WATER DISAPPEARANCE
N ADDED OF 2MM
1 DOVE 8ML 16ML 11’42’’

2 LUX 8ML 16ML 3’28’’
3 TETMOSO 8ML 16ML 5’10’’
L
4 SANTOOR 8ML 16ML 15’32’’
5 CINTHOL 8ML 16ML 9’40’’
Result:-
The cleansing capacity of the soaps taken is in the order:
Santoor > Dove > Cinthol > Tetmosol > Lux From this
experiment, we can infer that Santoor has the highest foaming
capacity, in other words, highest cleaning capacity. Lux, on the
other hand is found to have taken the least amount of time for
the disappearance of foam produced and thus is said to be
having the least foaming capacity and cleansing capacity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Parts of this project have been referred from foreign sources
and have been included in this investigatory project after editing.
The references of the sources are as follows:
Books:
1. Together With Lab Manual Chemistry-XII
2. Comprehensive Chemistry - 12
Internet sources:
1. www.wikipedia.org
2. www.google.com
3. www.yahoo.com

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HARIYANA VIDYA MANDIR

SALT LAKE CITY, KOLKATA-64

Foaming Capacity Of Soaps

NAME- SUBHAM SHARMA

SL .NO. TOPIC DATE PAGE T. SIGN

I will treasure the knowledge imparted to me by Mrs.

Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the non polar

Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules have both

COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF SOAP

Soap is derived from either vegetable or animal fats. Sodium

Unlike cold-processed soap, hot-processed soap can be used

Introduction to the experiment

Theory:- The foaming capacity of soap depends upon the

Requirements:- Five 100ml conical flasks, five test

Observations:- The following outcomes were noticed at

TEST SOAP VOL. OF VOL. TIME TAKEN

1 DOVE 8ML 16ML 11’42’’

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