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Mindanao Regional History (Autosaved)

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MINDANAO REGIONAL HISTORY

Learning Outcomes:
1. Assess the historical roots of the Mindanao conflict.
2. Monitor and evaluate the Mindanao Peace Initiatives (GRP-
MNLF & MILF Peace Talk, BangsaMoro Basic Law, Federalism)
3.Propose a sustainable alternative solution for peace in
Mindanao
MINDANAO REGIONAL HISTORY
The Lumads of Mindanao

Mamanwas( A Negrito Group) of Surigao del Norte


Subanen and Samals of Zamboanga del Sur
Arumanen Manobos, Tirurays , and T’bolis of Maguindanao, Cotabato and Sultan
Kudarat
Mansakas of Davao del Norte and Davao del Sur
Mandayas of Davao Oriental
Bagobos , B’laans and Tagabawa of Davao del Sur.
Higaonon of Misamis, Bukidnon and Camiguin
Talaandig, Ummayamnon, Tigwahanon and Matigsalug of Bukidnon
MINDANAO REGIONAL HISTORY
The Muslim Ethno-Linguistic Groups of Mindanao
Maguindanaoans - the largest Muslim ethnic group in the Phils
Maranaos or the lake people of Lanao
Tausugs of Sulu Archipelago
Kalagans and Samals of Davao Region
Sangir of Sarangani, Balut Island, part of Davao Occidental and South
Cotabato
Iranuns in some parts of Maguindanao and Lanao del Sur
Kalibugans of Zamboanga Peninsula
Badjaos (Sama) of the Sulu Sea, also known as the sea gypsies in the Phils
Yakans of Basilan
ETHNOGRAPHIC MAP OF MINDANAO (1903)
MINDANAO DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

The Arrival of Islam in the


Philippines
Arab traders plying the Red Sea -
Indian Ocean-South China Sea
route were the first Muslims to
arrive in the Philippines during the
9th to 11th century.
They reached Sulu and
frequented Palawan and May-I (
Mindoro) via Borneo –China route.
MINDANAO DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
MINDANAO DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

The Arrival of Islam in the Philippines

Muslim scholars from the neighboring Malacca and Borneo later


became instrumental for the spread of Islam in the Sulu Archipelago.
ØTuan Mashaika (Tuhan Magbalo) introduced Islam in Sulu and
established the first Muslim community in the archipelago. He died in
1310 and his tomb was found in Bud Datu, Jolo.
ØAccording to Muslim Chronicle or Tarsila, Karim Al Makhdum, an Arab
Scholar and judge from Mecca arrived in Sulu in 1340 AD after
converting to Islam the people of Malacca
MINDANAO DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

The Introduction of Islam in Sulu Archipelago

ØAbout 1390, Rajah Baguinda, a Muslim prince from Menangkabaw,


Sumatra landed in Buansa(old capital of Sulu), overpowered the
native resistance because he fought with firearms.
ØIn 1450 AD, Sharif Ul-Hashim(popularly known as Sayid Abu Bakr), a
Muslim leader from Johore, Malacca arrived in Buansa, Sulu and
married Rajah Baginda’s daughter, Princess Paramisuli.
ØAfter Baguinda’s death, he founded the Sultanate of Sulu and ruled for
30 years.
MINDANAO DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
The Introduction of Islam in Maguindanao

Shariff Muhammad Kabungsuan, a Johore Muslim, paved the way for


the conquest and Islamization of Mindanao.
He arrived in 1475 in Malabang area in Cotabato and overpowered the
natives, later converted them into Islam .
Those who resisted and refused the new faith fled in the mountains and
became the present –day Bla’ans,Manobos, Subanons and other
pagan Filipinos.
He married a native princess and founded the first Muslim Sultanate of
Maguindanao in 1515.
MINDANAO DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

The Spread of Islam in Mindanao and Luzon

Siat Sen- introduced Islam in the town of Balayan , Batangas


Alawe Balpake- an Arab Sharif from Borneo was the last recorded
Muslim missionary.
In the early 17th he introduced Islam in Northern Mindanao and Lake
Lanao region. After which, he moved in Basilan and became its first
Muslim Sultan.
MINDANAO DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
The Impact of Islam in Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago

1. The Birth of Sultanates ( Sulu, Maguindanao and Buayan).


ØIt became the leading centers of Islam which spread the
neighboring islands and settlements in the interiors of Mindanao
ØSultanate of Sulu extended its powers in Basilan, Palawan and
Borneo
ØSultanate of Maguindanao extended its influence over Mindanao
ØConsolidation of powers through military alliances and inter-
marriages between and among ruling families in Borneo and
Moluccas
MINDANAO DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

The Impact of Islam in Mindanao


and Sulu Archipelago

2. Integration of the pre-colonial


societies and barangay
(group ruled by kinship) into an
organized political concept of
state rule by rajahs or sultans.
MINDANAO DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
The Impact of Islam in Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago

3. Arabic Language, writing, art and government became the


way of life
MINDANAO DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

The Impact of Islam in Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago

4. Tribal and clan loyalties did not generate the same cultural and
institutional sophistication found in other parts of the Muslim world.

5. Tribal differences and absence of shared ideologic or religious


identity would prevent Moro unity against colonizers and eventual
independent government.

6. Emergence of new sense of ethnic identity that distinguishes


Muslims from non-Muslim population
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

The Spanish Expeditions and the


Colonization of the Philippines

During the arrival of Ferdinand


Magellan in 1521, several other Muslim
traders from Borneo actively
disseminated the teachings of Islam in
Mindoro, Batangas, Manila and
Pampanga.
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

The Spanish Expeditions and the


Colonization of the Philippines

When Miguel Lopez de Legazpi


established the first Spanish
settlement in Cebu in 1565, Islam had
already gained stronghold among
the people of Mindanao and Sulu,
although Muslim settlements in
Visayas Islands, Southern Luzon and
Manila were still in the early phase of
development.
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
Moro Wars (1569-1898)

Justifications by the Spaniards:

1. To check constant Moro piratical raids in


Spanish settlements in the Visayan Sea

Justifications by the Moros:

1. As defensive actions against colonizer’s


invasion of their homeland
2. Preserve maintain their independence,
religion, customs, traditions and natural
resources
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

Moro Wars (1569-1898)

Impact:

1. The use of Christianized Indios in the Spanish military attempts to subjugate and
convert the Moros into Catholicism marked the beginning of animosity conflict
between the Muslims and Christians.
2. It brought the necessity of unity among the Muslims regardless of their ethnic
differences and political rivalries.
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

Moro Wars (1569-1898)

Impact:

3. The building of fortresses and watchtowers along


the coast of the islands in the Visayas and Luzon
4. Imposition of forced labor and heavy taxes
among the Christianized natives to build ships,
man the galley and finance the Spanish military
expeditions
5. Villages and coastal settlements were plundered
and burned; captives were killed or taken as
slaves by both the Spaniards and the Moros.
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

Early Spanish Military Expeditions in Mindanao and Sulu

Captain General Francisco de Sande sent in 1578 the first Spanish military expedition led by
Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa in Mindanao and Sulu .
His mission:
• imposition of Spanish sovereignty ( Hispanization and Christianization)
• stop piracy on Spanish shipping
• end Moro ” raids” in the christianized settlements of the Visayas islands
Figueroa was killed by the Tampakan Maguindano on April 25, 1596.
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

Early Spanish Military Expeditions in Mindanao and Sulu

Governor Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera was tasked


to:
• capture Sultan Kudarat (Corralat) of Maguindanao
• conquer the Sultanate of Sulu
• invade Brunei for Spanish sovereignty
He adopted the policy of depopulation the Muslim
settlements by burning the villages and fields, and
making the captives as slaves.
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

Early Spanish Military Expeditions in Mindanao and


Sulu

RESULTS:
Ø Maguindanao was captured in 1637, and later on
Jolo
Ø In 1718, the abandoned port of Zamboanga was
rebuilt
Ø After the Sulu-Iranun attack of Zamboanga was
repulsed, Jesuits were allowed by Sulu Sultan Azim
ud Din (Alimuddin)
Ø Azim ud Din was deposed by his brother and he
fled to Manila and converted to Catholicism
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

British Invasion in the Philippines: Its Impact in Mindanao

The British Occupation of Manila in 1762 reduced Spanish control in the South which
resulted to a hiatus of hostilities between the Moros and the Christians

Effects:

The British liberated Sultan Alimuddin who was imprisoned by the Spaniards at Fort Santiago
and the restoration of his throne.
• Alimuddin was detained because of charges of apostasy for secretly performing Islamic
rites after he had been converted to Catholicism.
• In return concluded a treaty of friendship allowing the British to establish a trading post in
Basilan. He then declared jihad against the Spaniards.
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
Dutch Invasion in the Philippines: Its Impact in Mindanao

The Spanish-Dutch War ended with the Treaty of Westphalia on January 30,
1648 when Spain formally recognized Dutch independence. This did not
stop the Dutch from threatening Spanish hold in the Philippines.

The Dutch incited the Moros to resist the Spaniards, and even intervened in
the inter-Moro conflict.

They aided Sultan Malinog of Selangani (Sarangani) against Sultan Maulana


Diafar of Tamuntaca ( Maguindanao) who was supported by the
Spaniards.
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

Spanish Expeditions in Mindanao during the 19th Century

A renewed expansionist policy to subjugate the Moro people and integrate


them into the greater Spanish colonial body politic.
Such campaigns in Mindanao involved strategic deployment of the Spanish
forces which in turn weakened the central government in Manila in suppressing
the rebels in Luzon.
These campaigns, nonetheless, had been the breeding ground for discontent
and resistance among the deployed native convicts- turned soldiers who later
rebelled against their military superior.
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

Spanish Expeditions in Mindanao during the 19th Century


The Spanish Military Expeditions in Lanao Area, 1891-1895
vWeyler Campaign
vBeginning 1891, Governor General Valeriano Weyler
launched massive campaigns in Lanao in 1891 as a
punitive measure against the allies of Datu Uto of
Buayan.
vHis expedition was composed the 68th , 71st , 72nd
regiments, supplemented by natives in the companies
of engineers and convicts.
WEYLER CAMPAIGN IN LANAO
MINDANAO DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

Spanish Expeditions in Mindanao during the 19th Century

Blanco Campaign

vIt was only four years later when the last and biggest campaign in Lanao was
renewed and organized under Gov. General Ramon Blanco.
vHis expedition which originated in Iligan numbered to 3930, of which 230 were
convicts.
vMost if not all of the survivors from 70th, 71st , 72nd and 74th regiments, together
with the 69th and 73rd Regiments of the Weyler campaign later formed part of
the Blanco forces, although there were frequent replacement of troops.

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION(FGD)
Identify the
consequences/
impact of the
modern-day
conflict and war in
Mindanao on
political, economic,
socio-cultural
dimensions.
Suggest a solution
to these problems
Time Allotment: 30
mins
30 pts –
Content (10)
Analysis. (10)
Synthesis (10 )
MINDANAO CONFLICT ANALYSIS AND RESOLUTION

Areas of Concerns Effects/ Impact Solutions/ Measures


to be Taken ( by the
GRP, LGU, NGO, etc
Political
Economic
Socio-Cultural
MINDANAO CONFLICT ANALYSIS AND RESOLUTION
Areas of Concerns Effects/ Impact Solutions/ Measures
to be Taken ( by the
GRP, LGU, NGO, etc
Political Modernization of AFP/ Training of personnel
• Reassessment of AFP capabilities in urban warfare Strengthening of intelligence network
• LGU Officials suspected of connivance with the local/
international terrorist organizations/ drug syndicates
• MARTIAL LAW DECLARATION

Economic • Government spending on military operations


• Destruction of government vital installations ( hospitals, Long term rehabilitation and rebuilding plan
schools , govt centers, roads and bridges) Foreign aid assisted projects
• disruption of livelihood and properties
• Bigger Allocation of national budget on rehabilitation and
rebuilding efforts

Socio-Cultural • Loss of life //displacement of civilians Muslim-Christian Dialogue ( Bishop-Ulama Conference)


• Destruction of cultural heritage
• Trauma for the children
• Racial discrimination for Muslims being suspected as
terrorists
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA

Treaty of Paris ( December 10, 1898)

- cession of the Philippines from Spain to the US by


way of conquest and later on by purchase in the
amount of $20M and later by conquest.

The Benevolent Assimilation Policy

- The first official policy of the US in the Philippines


issued by President William McKinley.
- “ the Americans not as invaders or conquerors but
as friends, to protect the natives in their homes, in
their employment, an in their personal and religious
rights.”
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA

Kiram-Bates Treaty

- Signed on August 20, 1899 by Brig Gen


John Bates and Sulu Sultan Jamalul
Kiram II.
- It declared American sovereignty of
the US over Sulu and its dependencies
- Declaration of American non-
interference in internal Moro affairs to
have peace without efforts to
“educate” or civilize” them.
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA
The American Military Campaign in Mindanao

Philippine Bill of 1902

- An act which provided for the eventual grant of independence.

- It abandoned the US non-interference policy of direct rule over the Moros to prepare
them for integration into greater body politic

- It was due to the insistence of the Filipino nationalists that Moroland was inseparable
to the Philippines because its rich natural resources of Mindanao and Sulu for the
national development of the country.

- As a result, the Kiram-Bates Treaty was abrogated unilaterally by the US in 1904


MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA

The American Colonial Government in Mindanao


The Creation of Moro Province in 1903
- established by the Philippine Commission on June 1,
1903
- patterned after the politico-military district
(corremiento) system of the Spaniards.
- The Provincial Governor of Zamboanga as the head.
- the American mandate was implemented: slavery
was abolished; people were protected from tyranny
of their traditional leaders; American justice system
was introduced; and public works expanded.
- Christian migrants were encouraged to settle in
Mindanao
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA

\
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA
The American Colonial Government in Mindanao

Moro Reactions to the American Pacification/Assimilation Measures:

1. Direct American rule as against the power of sultan and datus


2. American civilization means imposition of laws contrary to the established
politico-economic structures of Moro society (e.g.paying of taxes to infidel,
foreign government)
3. Resentment against parceling of land to Christianized settlers
4. Integration with the Christian society as a threat to the existence of the Moro
people
5. American system of education would alienate students from Islam
6. The concept of separation of Church and State vs Sultanate and Islam
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA

American Military Campaigns in


Mindanao and Sulu
Battle of Bud Dajo, Sulu ( March 6-8, 1906)
- a fierce encounter between 800
disciplined American troops with
modern weapons against more than
1000 Moros including women and
children armed with kris and spears
and some rifles.
- more than 600 Moros were massacred,
while only 21 casualties on the part
of the Americans
- the last, most dramatic and most
publicized and widely criticized
among the many military campaigns
of Governor Leonard Wood
BUD DAJO MASSACRE
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA
American Military Campaigns in
Mindanao and Sulu

Battle of Bud Bagsak, Sulu ( June


11-15, 1913)
- another military resistance
staged by Datu Amil and Jamir
against the American troops
led by BGen John Pershing
- nearly 500 Moro defenders were
annihilated, including the two
Datus
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA

The Department of Mindanao and Sulu


- the new political set-up which replaced the Moro
Province effective Dec 20, 1913
- the granting of regular province status to be
represented in the Phil Assembly

- Frank W. Carpenter as the first Civil Governor

Organic Act of 1913


- it extended the general laws of the country and
extended the jurisdiction of all government bureaus to
the Moroland
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA
MINDANAO UNDER THE NEW REPUBLIC

Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes

- established in 1916 under the Jones Law to replace the abolished


Department of Mindanao and Sulu

- the Moroland was then placed for the first time under the imperial Manila
based bureaucracy, thus placing their destiny in the hands of the
politicians
MINDANAO UNDER THE NEW REPUBLIC

Kiram-Carpenter Law

- a memorandum of agreement whereby the Sultan of Sulu recognized the


sovereignty of the United States in the entire Sulu Archipelago

- the Sultan unequivocally abdicated his powers associated with the courts
and the collection of taxes while he would be recognized by the US as a
“titular spiritual head”of Islam in the Sulu Archipelago
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA

Moro Criticism to the New Government Set-Up

1. Inexperienced and abusive Christian officials


2. Harsh and oppressive measures of the Philippine Constabulary
3. Mysterious deaths of Muslim leaders who opposed Philippine Independence
4. Continuous integration of Christian settlers in the Moroland.
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA

The New Deal Policy (1930)


introduced by Teofista Guingona as the
first Filipino head of the Bureau of Non-
Christian Tribes

-it was aimed at Mindanao to prevent


unrest and promoting the integration
of the Muslims in the Filipino society
- Pro-muslim measures such as agrarian
reforms, teaching of Muslim culture,
and codification of Muslim laws were
introduced as a positive step in winning
the goodwill of the Muslims
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA

DID YOU KNOW?

Bacon Bill (1926)

- proposed granting of independence to Luzon and Visayas but the Moro province
would remain under the American rule

Cooper Bill
- proposed the retention of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan and their eventual federation
to the United States

Jones Law (1916)


- it was signed by President Woodrow Wilson which provided that the US to relinquish
sovereignty over the Phils once a stable government was established
MINDANAO DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA

Tydings-Mc Duffie Act (March 24, 1934)


- Also known as the Philippine
Independence Act
- It was passed in the US Congress which
provided for a 10-year transition period
(commonwealth) prior to complete
sovereignty.
- This was meet with a mass protest in
Dansalan(Marawi) on March 18, 1935 to
oppose the inclusion of the Moroland
into the newly-created Philippine
Commonwealth government.
MINDANAO DURING COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Commonwealth Act No. 75


- enacted by the National Assembly on October 24,
1936
- it abolished the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes and
created the Office of the Commissioner for Mindanao
and Sulu
President Quezon defined the Phil Commonwealth
Policies for the Moros as defined in the Memorandum
dated Sept 20, 1938
1. general development of Mindanao and Sulu
2. tapping of resources of the island
3. Non-recognition of the power of the datu to protect
the common people from the control and
exploitation of the sultans, datu or leaders
4. Appointment of civilian governors
MINDANAO DURING COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Moro Views to the Filipinization policy

1. It means governance by their former enemies


2. Non-recognition of their traditional leaders
3. The discarding of the Moro laws and customs
4. Their treatment as second class citizens in their homeland
MINDANAO DURING COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Muslim Filipinos
- The termed used instead of Moros to
integrate them into greater Philippine
society
- This was used to address the feeling of
neglect, indifference and apathy of the
Moro leaders who clamored for
independence

- They participated in the first nationwide


electoral process in election of delegates
for Constitutional Convention in July 1934
MINDANAO DURING COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Homestead Law (Commonwealth Act 691)

- It encouraged the Christian Filipinos from


Luzon and the Visayas to migrate in the
unsettled areas of Mindanao
- Lanao and Cotabato became the favorite
destinations of the Christian Settlers

- RESULTS:
- Untitled Moro ancestral lands were taken
over by the migrants
- Land grabbing and exploitation
- Resurgence and intensification of the Moro-
Christian Filipino animosity and conflict
MINDANAO DURING COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Other Significant Factors for the Muslim-Christian Conflict:

1. discrimination and favoritism in appointment for the government positions


2. meager economic and social development opportunities
3. Taxation
4. Military training in a Christian-dominated Armed forces
5. Non recognition of plural marriages and the intervention into Moro traditions
and religious practices by the government
6. End of the official recognition of civil titles and rights of sultan and datu
MINDANAO UNDER THE NEW REPUBLIC

Bloody Confrontation Between


Muslims and Christians

1. Datu Hadji Kamlon (1950) in Sulu


2. Christian led-Ilaga militia vs
Muslim armed groups Baracuda
and Blackshirt beginning 1960s
THE ILAGA (VISAYAN FOR RAT) WAS BORN IN UPI, NOW A MUNICIPALITY OF
MAGUINDANAO PROVINCE, AS A GROUP OF FARMERS COMPOSED OF ILONGGO
SETTLERS AND TEDURAY LUMADS.
IT INITIALLY REPRESENTED A COLLECTIVE AND A COMMUNAL RESISTANCE AGAINST THE
OPPRESSIVE LANDED FAMILY, A POLITICAL CLAN OF KNOWN MARCOS CRONIES.
MINDANAO UNDER THE NEW REPUBLIC

The Emergence of the BangsaMoro Consciousness and Solidarity

Contributing Factors

1. international resurgence/ revitalization of Islam


2. Muslim students’ availment of international scholarships offered by Islamic
institutions and universities
3. Influx of Islamic preachers from Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Libya in
Mindanao and Sulu
4. Growth of Islamic organizations in the Philippines ( e.g Muslim Association of
the Philippines, Union of Islamic Forces and Organization, and Sulu Islamic
Congress)
MINDANAO UNDER THE NEW REPUBLIC
The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

The Jabidah Massacre

- the killing of Moro soldiers, varying from 11 to 68, by members


of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) on 18 March 1968.
- also known as the Corregidor massacre as the killing took
place on Corregidor Island in the Philippines.

Operation Merdeka ( Sabah Claim)

The plan was for trained special commando units to infiltrate


Sabah and destabilize the state by sabotage which would then
legitimize the Philippines’ military intervention in the territory and
claiming the state which many Filipinos felt was rightfully theirs.
REMEMBERING THE “JABIDAH MASSACRE”
THE MANILI MASSACRE

• The Manili massacre refers to the mass


murder of 70-79 Muslims, including women
and children, committed in a mosque in
Manili, Carmen, Cotabato on June 19,
1971.
• This prompted the 30 Muslim leaders,
including a senator, high government
officials, heads of Muslim associations,
professionals, businessmen, and students
to send manifesto to Marcos government
demanding for stopping the armed
depredations of the Ilagas, the protection
of the Muslims by the Phil Government,
and respect for Muslims and Christians as
basis of peace and harmony.
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC
The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

1. The Mindanao Independence Movement (MIM)


- originally known Muslim Independent
Movements
-organized by former Cotabato Governor Udtog
Matalam on May 1, 1968
- its primary goal is to create an Islamic Republic
for the Muslims out of Mindanao, Sulu and
Palawan.
- The organization disintegrated upon the
appointment of Matalam as Presidential
Assistance on Muslim Affairs on October 11,
1968
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC

The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

2. The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

- founded by an active MIM radical Tausog


member Nurlaji Misuari, a former UP
Professor
- Misuari was also the founding father of
the Kabataang Makabayan.
- in 1967 he organized the Muslim
Nationalist League and the editor of the
Philippine Muslim News.
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC
The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

2. The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

- the idea of armed struggle to pursue to goal


of seccessionism introduced.
- The first batch of the 90 deserving MNLF recruits
was trained for guerilla warfare in Sangkor
Island, West Malaysia
- The Central Committee was organized with
Nur Misuari as the Chairman, Abduldayer
Alonto as Vice Chairman, and Jimmy Lucman,
Caloy Bundaying, Utoh Salahuddin, Ramit
Hassan, and Sali Wali as founding members
-
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC
The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

2. The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

- the name ”MNLF” was adopted on the date


of the Jabidah Massacre on March 18,
1968.

- MNLF Central Committee wanted to


dissociate themselves from the traditional,
autocratic ruling elites whose hereditary
leadership they considered as feudal and
responsible for the continuous oppression
being waged against the Muslims
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC

The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

2. The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)


- Bangsa Moro Army (BMA) as the military arm of
the MNLF
- The attack of Marawi City on October 21, 1972 by
the Mindanao Revolutionary Council for
Independence marked the beginning of the
armed offensive against the government.
- More than 70 were killed in a bloody encounter
that was suppressed by the government forces
after the 3-day firefight.
- Large scale assaults on military and government
installations and urban centers were made in
Lanao del Norte, Cotabato, Davao, Zamboanga,
Basilan and Sulu provinces.
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC

The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

2. The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)


- by 1974, the MNLF recruits reached from
50, 000 to 60,000 personnel.
- Diverse membership led to unclear ideology
which caused disunity, severed commonality
of their causes of aspiration
- Radical members later leaned towards the
fundamentalist Islamic ideologies, while the
more secular MNLF made compromise with
the government
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC

The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

2. The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)


- a Central Committee was formed in Libya in
1974
- A manifesto was issued calling for the political
independence of Mindanao, Sulu, Palawan,
Basilan and Tawi-Tawi.
- the Organization of Islamic States ( OIC) in
Kuala Lumpur called for negotiation vice
seccession as an answer to the Moro Problem
- By 1975, the OIC granted MNLF an observer
status.
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC
The Beginning of the Secessionist
Movement

2. The Moro National Liberation Front


(MNLF)
Effects of the Conflict between MNLF and
the AFP : (1973-1975)
1. Financial drain on the economy under
Marcos Regime
2. 75-80% of the AFP’s combat strenght
deployed in Mindanao and Sulu
3. More than 60,000 deaths and
displacements of almost 1,000,000
people( a quarter went to Sabah as
refugees)
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC
The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

2. The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)


The Tripoli Agreement of 1976
- First Lady Imelda Marcos met Mohammar
Quadaffi for diplomatic intervention to end
insurgency
- The agreement was brokered by OIC, signed by
MNLF, the Philippine Government
- It promised autonomy for the 13 provinces of
Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan through a
constitutional process
- In April 1977, only nine provinces with Muslim
Majority. voted for an autonomy in a referendum
conducted
CORY AQUINO AND MISUARI IN A
MEETING IN JOLO IN 1986.
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC
The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

2. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)


- A breakaway group created in 1984 by a former MNLF
Vice Chairman Abdul Hashim (Hashim Salamat)
- They questioned Misuari’s Marxist-Maoist orientation
- Salamat wanted the activities and ideologies of the
organization under the tenets of Islam ,through Shariah
(Islamic consulation)
- He separated from MNLF in 1977 after the collapse of the
GRP-MNLF talks and the petition of the seven leading
MNLF members to the OIC for the ouster of Misuari
- Salamat was charged of treachery, incompetence and
insubordination and later as persona non grata by Misuari
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC
The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

2. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)


Reasons for Separation
1. Manipulation of the MNLF towards the Maoist-
Marxist doctrine
2. The policies, plans and programs of the Central
Committee was an exclusive disposition of Misuari
3. Confusion, suspicion and disappointments
among the mujahideens (freedom fighters) in the
field which resulted to the decline in strenght and
numbers
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC
The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

2. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)


Goal of the Organization
1. Establishment of a genuine Islamic State in Mindanao as
governed by Q’uran
Means:
1. Concept of D’awah or Islamic call to preserve the old traditions of
practicing the faith
2. jihad or struggle in the way of Allah
3. Back to Islam program to teach proper observance and practice
4. Construction and opening of arabic school (Madrasah)
Sources of Funds
1. Zakat or obligatory alms from the local Muslim communities and
the Middle East
2. Extortion activities from big contractors of government projects
ESTRADA’S ALL-OUT WAR IN MINDANAO
ESTRADA’S ALL OUT WAR
COST OF WAR IN MINDANAO
COST OF WAR IN MINDANAO
MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC

The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

3. The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)


-it was organized as the Mujahideen Commando Freedom Fighters in the
1980s by Abdurajak Janjalani,a Filipino mujahideen during the Aghan War,
together with other former MNLF members

- In 1994 it was remaned by Janjalani as Al Harakatul Al- Islamiya(AHAI) which


means “ Islamic movements” to solicit internation fundings

- They interpret Islam to the extreme


MINDANAO UNDER THE REPUBLIC

The Beginning of the Secessionist Movement

3. The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)


-it was organized as the Mujahideen Commando Freedom Fighters in the 1980s
by Abdurajak Janjalani,a Filipino mujahideen during the Aghan War, together
with other former MNLF members

- In 1994 it was remaned by Janjalani as Al Harakatul Al- Islamiya(AHAI) which


means “ Islamic movements” to solicit internation fundings

- They interpret Islam to the extreme


- Kidnapping, extortion, bombings, beheading of captives, and other terrorist
activities were launched between 1995-2001.
POST-VIDEO VIEWING ACTIVITY
1. IDENTIFY AT LEAST THREE(3) ADVANTAGES AND
THREE(3) DISADVANTAGES OF THE PLANNED SHIFT OF
THE CURRENT FORM OF GOVERNMENT FROM
PRESIDENTIAL UNITARY TO PRESIDENTIAL
PARLIAMENTARY.
2. WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE PROBLEMS TO BE
ENCOUNTERED IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW
FORM OF GOVERNMENT. (20 PTS)
3. GIVE YOUR STAND WHETHER OR NOT YOU ARE OR
AGAINST FEDERALISM. JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWER. (10
POINTS)

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