Introduction to Information and

Communication Technologies
Lecture # 4

Muhammad Nasir
Department of Computer Science
CUI Lahore Campus
mnasir@cuilahore.edu.pk
The slides are adapted from the publisher’s material
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow (Ch2)
&
Computer Science Illuminated (Chapter 2)
Data and Program Representation
In order to be understood by a computer, data and
programs need to be represented appropriately
Coding systems: Used to represent data and
programs in a manner understood by the computer
Digital computers: Can only understand two states,
off and on (0 and 1)
Digital data representation:
The process of representing
data in digital form so it can be
understood by a computer

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Digital Data Representation
• Bit: The smallest unit of data that a binary
computer can recognize (a single 1 or 0)
Byte = 8 bits
Byte terminology used to express the
size of documents and other files,
programs, etc.
Prefixes are often used to express
larger quantities of bytes: kilobyte
(KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB),
terabyte (TB), etc.

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The Binary Numbering System
Numbering system: A way of representing numbers
▪ Decimal numbering system
Uses 10 symbols (0-9)
▪ Binary numbering system
Uses only two symbols (1 and 0) to represent all possible numbers
In both systems, the position of the digits determines the
power to which the base number (such as 10 or 2) is
raised

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The Binary Numbering System

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Coding Systems for Text-Based Data
▪ ASCII and EBCDIC
▪ ASCII (American Standard Code
for Information Interchange):
coding system traditionally used
with personal computers
▪ EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded
Decimal Interchange Code):
developed by IBM, primarily for
mainframe use

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Numbers

Natural Numbers
▪ Zero and any number obtained by repeatedly adding one to it.

Examples: 100, 0, 45645, 32

Negative Numbers
▪ A value less than 0, with a – sign

Examples: -24, -1, -45645, -32

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Numbers

Integers
▪ A natural number, a negative number

Examples: 249, 0, - 45645, - 32

Rational Numbers
▪ An integer or the quotient of two integers

Examples: -249, -1, 0, 3/7, -2/5

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Positional Notation

642 is 600 + 40 + 2 in BASE 10

▪ The base of a number determines the number

of different digit symbols (numerals) and the
values of digit positions

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Positional Notation

Continuing with our example…

642 in base 10 positional notation is:

6 x 102 = 6 x 100 = 600

+ 4 x 101 = 4 x 10 = 40
+ 2 x 10º = 2 x 1 = 2 = 642 in base 10

The power indicates

the position of
the number
This number is in
base 10

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Positional Notation
As a formula: R is the base
of the number

dn * Rn-1 + dn-1 * Rn-2 + ... + d2 * R1 + d1 * R0

n is the number of d is the digit in the

digits in the number ith position
in the number

642 is 6 * 102 + 4 * 10 + 2 * 1

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Positional Notation
What if 642 has the base of 13?
+ 6 x 132 = 6 x 169 = 1014
+ 4 x 131 = 4 x 13 = 52
+ 2 x 13º = 2 x 1 = 2
= 1068 in base 10
642 in base 13 is equivalent to 1068 in base 10
Binary

Decimal is base 10 and has 10-digit symbols:

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Binary is base 2 and has 2-digit symbols:
0,1
For a number to exist in a given base, it can only
contain the digits in that base, which range from 0 up to
(but not including) the base.

What bases can these numbers be in? 122, 198, 178,

G1A4
Converting Binary to Decimal
What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number
1101110?
1 x 26 = 1 x 64 = 64
+ 1 x 25 = 1 x 32 = 32
+ 0 x 24 = 0 x 16 = 0
+ 1 x 23 = 1 x 8 = 8
+ 1 x 22 = 1 x 4 = 4
+ 1 x 21 = 1 x 2 = 2
+ 0 x 2º = 0 x 1 = 0
= 110 in base 10
Converting Binary to Decimal (Float)
What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number
10101.011?
= 𝟏 × 𝟐𝟒 + 𝟎 × 𝟐𝟑 + 𝟏 × 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟎 × 𝟐𝟏 + 𝟏 × 𝟐𝟎 . 𝟎 × 𝟐−𝟏 + 𝟏 × 𝟐−𝟐 + 𝟏 × 𝟐−𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟎 + 𝟒 + 𝟎 + 𝟏. 𝟎 + +
𝟒 𝟖
= 𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟓
Converting Decimal to Binary
What is the Binary equivalent of the decimal number 75?

2 75
2 37 1
2 18 1
75 = 1001011

2 9 0
2 4 1
2 2 0
1 0
Converting Decimal to Binary (Float)
What is the Binary equivalent of the decimal number
75.40?

2 75 75 = 1001011
=0.40 x 2 = 0.8
=0.80 x 2 = 1.6
2 37 1 =0.60 x 2 = 1.2
=0.20 x 2 = 0.4
2 18 1 0.40 = 0110
Pick the Integer Part until term
2 9 0 become 0 or for at least 4
terms
2 4 1 75.40 = (1001011.0110)

2 2 0
1 0
Octal number system
Base 8 has 8 digits:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Converting Octal to Decimal
What is the decimal equivalent of the octal number 642?
6 x 82 = 6 x 64 = 384
+ 4 x 81 = 4 x 8 = 32
+ 2 x 8º = 2 x 1 = 2
= 418 in base 10
Converting Binary to Octal (direct)

▪ Mark groups of three (from right)

▪ Convert each group

10101011 10 101 011

2 5 3

10101011 is 253 in base 8

Bases Higher Than 10
How are digits in bases higher than 10 represented?
With distinct symbols for 10 and above.

Base 16 has 16 digits:

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E, and F
Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
What is the decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal
number DEF?
D x 162 = 13 x 256 = 3328
+ E x 161 = 14 x 16 = 224
+ F x 16º = 15 x 1 = 15
= 3567 in base 10

Remember, the digit symbols in base 16 are

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Converting Binary to Hexadecimal
▪ Mark groups of four (from right)
▪ Convert each group

10101011 1010 1011

A B

10101011 is AB in base 16
More Conversions

Algorithm for converting number in base 10 to

other bases
While (the quotient is not zero)
Divide the decimal number by the new base
Make the remainder the next digit to the left in the answer
Replace the original decimal number with the quotient

Just like decimal to binary conversion

More Conversions
▪ Decimal to Hexadecimal
▪ Decimal to Octal
▪ Hexadecimal to Octal
▪ Octal to Hexadecimal
▪ Hexadecimal to Binary (direct/indirect)
▪ Binary to Hexadecimal (direct/indirect)
▪ Octal to Binary (direct/indirect)
▪ Binary to Octal (direct/indirect)

HW: Practice examples of above scenarios