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    Digital systems represent and manipulate discrete elements of information. Early digital computers performed numeric computations using binary digits (0,1). Most modern digital systems also use a binary system with two discrete voltage levels representing 0 and 1. Digital devices are widely used in commercial products because they are programmable, allowing the same hardware to perform different applications by changing the program.

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    Digital systems represent and manipulate discrete elements of information. Early digital computers performed numeric computations using binary digits (0,1). Most modern digital systems also use a binary system with two discrete voltage levels representing 0 and 1. Digital devices are widely used in commercial products because they are programmable, allowing the same hardware to perform different applications by changing the program.

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    13 views53 pages

    Untitled

    Uploaded by

    魏延任
    Digital systems represent and manipulate discrete elements of information. Early digital computers performed numeric computations using binary digits (0,1). Most modern digital systems also use a binary system with two discrete voltage levels representing 0 and 1. Digital devices are widely used in commercial products because they are programmable, allowing the same hardware to perform different applications by changing the program.

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    of 53

    Digital Systems

    One characteristic of digital system is their ability to


    represent and manipulate discrete elements of
    information.
    Early digital computers were used for numeric
    computations. In this case, the discrete elements were
    the digits. From this application, the term digital
    computer emerged.
    The signals in most present-day electronic digital
    systems use just two discrete values and are therefore
    said to be binary.
    A binary digit, called a bit, has two values: 0 and 1.
    Digital Systems (Cont.)
    There are fundamental reasons that commercial
    products are made with digital circuits. Like a digital
    computer, most digital devices are programmable. By
    changing the program in a programmable device, the
    same underlying hardware can be used for many
    different applications.
    Binary Systems
    Number Systems
    The number system on r-based

    an  r n  an1  r n1  ....  a2  r 2  a1  r1  a0


     a1  r 1  a2  r 2  ....  am  r m

    Examples

    (4021.2)5  4  53  0  52  2  51  1 50  2  51  (511 .4)10


    (110101)  1 25  1 2 4  0  23  1 2 2  0  21  1 21
     32  16  4  1  (53)10
    Binary Systems
    642 is 600 + 40 + 2 in BASE 10
    The base of a number determines the number of digits and
    the value of digit positions
    Positional Notation
    What if 642 has the base of 13?
    6 x 132 = 6 x 169 = 1014
    + 4 x 131 = 4 x 13 = 52
    + 2 x 13º = 2 x 1 =2
    = 1068 in base 10
    642 in base 13 is equivalent to 1068
    in base 10
    Binary
    Decimal
     is base 10 and has 10 digits:
    0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
    Binary
     is base 2 and has 2 digits:
    0,1
    How about base 1?
    For a number to exist in a given number system, the number
    system must include those digits.
     For example, the number 284 only exists in base 9 and higher.
    Bases Higher than 10
    How are digits in bases higher than 10 represented?
    With distinct symbols for 10 and above.
    Base 16 has 16 digits:
    0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E, and F
    Converting Octal to Decimal
    What is the decimal equivalent of the octal number 642?

    6 x 82 = 6 x 64 = 384
    + 4 x 81 = 4 x 8 = 32
    + 2 x 8º = 2 x 1 = 2
    = 418 in base 10
    Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
    What is the decimal equivalent of the hexadecimal
    number DEF?

    D x 162 = 13 x 256 = 3328


    + E x 161 = 14 x 16 = 224
    + F x 16º = 15 x 1 = 15
    = 3567 in base 10
    Remember, the digits in base 16 are
    0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
    Converting Binary to Decimal
    What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number
    1101110?
    1 x 26 = 1 x 64 = 64
    + 1 x 25 = 1 x 32 = 32
    + 0 x 24 = 0 x 16 =0
    + 1 x 23 = 1x8 =8
    + 1 x 22 = 1x4 =4
    + 1 x 21 = 1x2 =2
    + 0 x 2º = 0x1 =0
    = 110 in base 10
    Representation
    345.67810 = 3*102 + 4*101 + 5*100 +
    6*10-1 + 7*10-2 + 8*10-3
    1010.112 = 1*23 + 0*22 + 1*21 + 0*20 +
    1*2-1 + 1*2-2
    123.458 = 1*82 + 2*81+3*80 +
    4*8-1 + 5*8-2
    89A.BC16 = 8*162 + 9*161 + 10*160 +
    11*16-1 + 12*16-2
    Arithmetic in Binary
    Remember that there are only 2 digits in binary,
    0 and 1
    Position is key, carry values are used:

    111111 Carry Values


    1010111
    +1 0 0 1 0 1 1
    10100010
    Subtracting Binary Numbers
    Remember borrowing? Apply that concept here:
    12
    202
    1010111
    - 111011
    0011100
    Converting Binary to Octal
     Groups of Three (from right)
     Convert each group

    10101011 → 10 101 011


    2 5 3
    10101011 is 253 in base 8
    Converting Binary to Hexadecimal
    Groups of Four (from right)
    Convert each group

    10101011 → 1010 1011


    A B
    10101011 is AB in base 16
    Converting Decimal to Other Bases
    Algorithm for converting base 10 to other bases

    While the quotient is not zero


    Divide the decimal number by the new base
    Make the remainder the next digit to the left in the
    answer
    Replace the original dividend with the quotient
    Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal

    Try a Conversion

    The base 10 number 3567 is what number in base 16?


    Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
    222 13 0
    16 3567 16 222 16 13
    32 16 0
    36 62 13
    32 48
    47 14
    32
    15

    D E F
    Converting
    Decimal → Binary
    59.7510 = 5910 + 0.7510
     Wholepart
    2 59 1 (remainder of 59 divide 2)
    2 29 1 (remainder of 29 divide 2)
    2 14 0 (remainder of 14 divide 2)
    2 7 1 (remainder of 7 divide 2)
    2 3 1 (remainder of 3 divide 2)
    1 → 5910 = 1110112
    Converting
     Fractional part
    multiply 2, take the first number before point
    until cycle or zero
    0.75 * 2 = 1.5 → 1
    0.50 * 2 = 1.0 → 1
    0.7510 = 0.1102
     Merge whole part and fractional part →
    59.7510 = 111011.112
    Converting
    Decimal → Octal
     Same as Decimal → Binary
     whole part: divide 2 → divide 8

     Fractional part: multiply 2 → multiply 8

     5176.65 = 12070. 51463


    10 8

    Decimal → Hexadecimal
     Same as Decimal → Binary
     whole part: divide 2 → divide 16

     Fractional part: multiply 2 → multiply 16

     4877.1562510 = 130D.2816
    Converting
    Octal / Hexadecimal → Binary
    5 7 6 2. 1 38 = 101 111 110 010. 001 0112

    E 8 C 4. B16 = 1110 1000 1100 0100. 10112


    Converting
    Binary → Octal / Hexadecimal
    group 3 or 4 numbers
    011 010 111.101 1002 = 3 2 7. 5 48
    0010 1101 0111 1010. 1111 00102 = 2 D 7 A. F 216
    Binary and Computers
    Binary computers have storage units
    called binary digits or bits

    Low Voltage = 0
    High Voltage = 1 all bits have 0 or 1
    Binary and Computers
    Byte = 8 bits
    The number of bits in a word determines the word
    length of the computer, but it is usually a multiple of
    8
    32-bit machines
    64-bit machines etc
    Binary Systems
    Complements
    Diminished radix complement: (r-1)’s complement
     A number N in base r having n digitals
     (r-1)’s complement =
    (r n  1)  N
     Ex.
     9’s complement of 546700 is 999999-546700 = 453299

     1’s complement of 0101101 is 1010010


    Binary Systems
    Radix complement: r’s complement
     A number N in base r having n digitals

     r’s complement =  0 , if N 0 
     n 
    r  N , if N 0 
     Ex.
     10’s complement of 012398 is 987602

     2’s complement of 0110111 is 1001001


    Binary Systems
    Subtraction with Complements
    Subtraction of two n-digit unsigned numbers M-N in
    base r
     Add the minuend M to the r’s complement of the subtrahend
    N: M + ( rn - N)
     If M > N, the sum will produce an end carry, r n
     Discard it, leave M- N

     If M < N, the sum does not produce an end carry, is equal to


    rn – (N - M), which is the r’s complement of (N-M). To obtain
    the answer in a familiar form, take the r’s complement of the
    sum and place a negative sign in front.
    Binary Systems
    Ex.
    Using 10’s complement, subtract 72532-3250
    M = 72532
    10’s complement of N = + 96750
    Sum = 169282
    Discard end carry 105 = -100000
    Ans= 69282
    Binary Systems
    Signed Binary Numbers
    Signed-magnitude representation 10001001
    Signed-1’s complement representation 11110110
    Signed-2’s complement representation 11110111
    Binary Systems
    Binary Systems
    Arithmetic Addition

    Arithmetic Subtraction
    (±A) – (+B) = (±A) + (-B)
    (±A) – (-B) = (±A) + (+B)
    Binary Systems
    Binary Codes
    BCD code
    2421 code
    Excess-3 code
    8 4-2-1 code
    Gray code
    ASCII code
    Binary Systems
    BCD code (Binary Coded Decimal )
    Represent the decimal digits by means of a code that
    contains 1’s and 0’s.
    4-bit code ← 24 > 10 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …, 9)
    Binary Systems
    (185)10 = (0001 1000 0101)BCD = (10111001)2

    Addition
     When the binary sum of two BCD numbers is greater than or
    equal to 1010, it need to add 6 = (0110)2 to the binary sum to
    correct the sum and get a carry
    Binary Systems
    4 0100 4 0100 8 1000
    +5 +0101 +8 +1000 +9 +1001
    9 1001 12 1100 17 10001
    +0110 +0110
    10010 10111
    Binary Systems
    Subtraction
     Using 10’s complement of a BCD
     (+375) + (-240) = +135

     10’s complement of 0240 = 9760, then


    Binary Systems
    Binary Systems
    Category
    Weighted codes
     BCD / 2421 / 8,4,-2,-1
     8,4,-2,-1 code represents both positive and negative weights

    Self-complementing codes
     9’s complement of a decimal number is 0 ←→ 1
     2421 / Excess-3
    Binary Systems
    Gray code
    Convenient for continuous
    information
    Only one bit changes in value
    during any transition between
    two neighbor numbers
    Binary Systems
    Alphanumeric characters
    ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
    Interchange)
    7 bits for 128 characters
     94 graphic characters that can be printed
     34 non printing characters for control functions
     Format effectors

     Backspace, carriage return

     Information separators

     Record separator

     Communication-control characters

     Start of text, end of text, acknowledge


    Binary Systems
    Binary Systems
    Binary Systems
    ASCII is a 7 bits code, but most computers manipulate an 8
    bits as a single unit
    Extra bit sometimes used for other purposes
     Greek alphabet or italic type font
    Binary Systems
    Error-Detecting Code
    Parity bit is an extra bit to make the total number of 1’s
    either even or odd.
    ASCII A=1000001
    Even parity 01000001
     Odd parity 11000001

    Detect 1, 3, or ant odd combination of errors


    Binary Systems
    Register
    A group of binary cells
    ex. 1100001111001001
    the content of the register represents
     Integer 50121
     Two characters, C and I
     Excess-3 code, 9096
     Not BCD, because 1100 does not exist in BCD codes

    Register transfer
     A transfer of binary information from one set of register into
    another set of registers
    Binary Systems
    Binary Systems
    Adding two 10-bit binary number
    Binary Systems
    Binary Logic
    Two discrete values, 0/1, true/false
    Definition
     Binary logic consists of binary variables and logical operations
     AND / OR / NOT

     True Tables

    Logic gate
     Voltage-operated circuits respond to two separate voltage levels
    (0/1)
    Binary Systems
    Binary Systems
    State transition

    0 1 0
    Binary Systems

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