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com

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Electricity & Magnetism
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D.C. Circuits
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Marline Kurishingal

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Recap........

Note : This chapter includes only

D.C. In AS syllabus A.C is not
included.
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Electrical Circuit Symbols

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:
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Draw and interpret circuit diagrams

containing sources, switches,
resistors, ammeters, voltmeters,
and/or any other type of component

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R1

R2

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COMBINATION OF

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RESISTORS- RESISTANCE

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IN

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SERIES AND PARALLEL
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Resistors connected in Series

Continued in next slide...

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 Resistors connected in Series
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(continued from previous slide)

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V3

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Resistors connected in Parallel

Continued in next slide...

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 Resistors connected in Parallel
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(continued from previous slide)

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Solve problems using the formula

for the combined resistance of two
or more resistors in series.

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Solve problems using the formula

for the combined resistance of two
or more resistors in parallel.

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Why the current is the same in all series resistances?
And why the voltage is the same in all parallel resistors?

1) In a series circuit of resistors, the same current flows

through all the resistors, however potential gets divided
according to individual resistance values. Because according
to Ohm's law V = I R, and here since I is same, and V is directly
proportional to R. Hence the potential will be different across
different resistors.
(Note : Theoretically, for resistors that have equal resistance, they have same V).

2) In the
: case of parallel combination of resistors, the same
potential will exist across every resistor, but now current gets
divided in the inverse ratio of resistance values. ( I = V / R ) this
is also in accordance with Ohm's law.

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Recap........
cannot be

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Gustav Kirchhoff's
Junction Rule & Loop Rule
The Junction rule
And
The Loop rule

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Kirchhoff's First Law

• Kirchhoff's First Law: At any junction in a

m
circuit, the sum of the currents arriving at the

co
e.
junction is equal to the sum of the currents

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leaving the junction.

ct
• This is also known as ‘junction rule’.
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Conservation of Charge and the Kirchhoff's First Law

Kirchhoff’s first rule is a statement of

conservation of electric charge.
All charges that enter a given point in a circuit
must leave that point because charge cannot
build up (accumulate) at a point.
If this does not happen then charges are
getting accumulated at a point or charges are
created from nowhere! both of which don't
happen, In other words - charge is conserved.
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The sum of currents meeting at a Junction

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Sample problem 1

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Sample problem 2

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Kirchhoff's Second Law

• Kirchhoff's Second Law: The algebraic sum of
e.m.f is equal to the algebraic sum p.d for any
closed loop within the circuit.
• This is also known as ‘Loop rule’.

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Conservation of Energy and the Kirchhoff's Second Law

Kirchhoff’s second rule follows from the law of conservation of
energy.
 Let us imagine moving a charge around a closed loop of a circuit.

m
co
When the charge returns to the starting point, the charge circuit
system must have the same total energy as it had before the charge

e.
was moved.

ur
ct
 The sum of the increases in energy as the charge passes through

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some circuit elements must equal the sum of the decreases in
energy as it passes through other elements.
ga
me

 The potential energy decreases whenever the charge moves through

w.

a potential drop -IR across a resistor or whenever it moves in the

ww

reverse direction through a source of emf.

 The potential energy increases whenever the charge passes through
a battery from the negative terminal to the positive terminal.

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Potential Divider

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Continued in next slide...

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Potential Divider
(continued from previous slide)

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Application of Potential Divider circuits

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Application of Potential Divider circuits

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Potentiometer

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Continued in next slide...

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Potentiometer
(continued from previous slide)

AJ
AB

Continued in next slide...

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Potentiometer and its application

Principle of Potentiometer

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Note : This equation is going to

be used for next application.

Continued in next slide...

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Potentiometer and its application

(continued from previous slide)

Note : The above equation is used

for next application.

Continued in next slide...

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Comparison of EMF

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Note :
Galvanometer is

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connected along
with Jockey :

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