3.

1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the research methodology used in this study, including the research
design, sampling design, data collection procedure, and methods used. Each study used in this
study is critical to understanding in greater depth and unravelling the issues that arise in this
study. As a result, we must be careful to capture every detail so that this case study can be used
as a reference in the future.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is the framework for the methods and techniques that will use by a
researcher. The design aids researchers in the development of appropriate research methods for
the subject matter and the creation of successful studies. The decision to be made regarding
research approach is a very important decision in the research design process because it
determines how relevant information for the study will be obtained; however, the research design
process involves many interrelated decisions. It entails the types of facts required to investigate a
theory, collect and interpret phenomena, and evaluate a programme. Instead, the research team
can begin their investigation as soon as possible, before critically considering what information
is required to respond to the researcher's questions. Without these design issues, the conclusions
reached are shaky and uncertain, and as a result, they fail to address the entire research problem
(Kirshenblatt-Gimbakett, 2008).

For your information, quantitative and qualitative studies are the two types of research.
Using case studies, qualitative research is used to evaluate the relationship between collected
data and observation based on statistical equations, as well as to analyse the significance and
perception of complex social phenomena such as the essence of human experience. Quantitative
research design is used when statistical conclusions are required to collect actionable insights.
Numbers give you a better perspective when making important business decisions. Every
organization's growth depends on quantitative analysis design approaches. When it comes to
making decisions about the company's future, insight derived from hard numerical data and
analysis is extremely useful. For our research, obviously we use quantitative to know more
details about the factor affecting educational tourism development.
3.3 POPULATION

The population of awareness is the study’s target population that it proposes to study the
treat. In proven research studies, it is frequently not appropriate to recruit the complete
population interest. As an alternative of investigators will make-instance form of the population
of attentiveness included in the study.
A sample is a specific group that will collect data from. The size of the sample is always less
than the total size of the population. In research, a population doesn’t always refer to people. It
can mean a group containing elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events,
organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc (Bhandari, 2021).
My group assignment deliberate to collect 100 respondents for our study population from
five districts in Selangor namely Bangi, Petaling Jaya, Serdang, Gombak and Shah Alam, Kuala
Lumpur, and Nilai. A multi-dimensional questionnaire was developed to examine residents’
perceptions of educational tourism impacts in Selangor, Malaysia.

3.4 SAMPLE SIZE

The researcher choose Selangor as the capital of Malaysia while it is the main city in the
country which became one of the main educational tourist’s attractions. Furthermore, Selangor
always is chosen by educational tourists’.
Sample size refers to the number of participants or observations included in a study. This
number is usually represented by n. The size of a sample influences two statistical properties
which are the precision of our estimates and the power of the study to draw conclusions (Health,
2008). By sample size, we understand a group of subjects that are selected from the general
populations and is considered a representative of the real population for a specific study.
 Table 3.1: Table to determine the sample size from A given population
( Source : Kejcie and Morgan, 1970)
Noted N is population
S is sample size

3.5 SAMPLING METHOD

Sampling method is the way in which we select of individuals to be research participants is

critical (Datta,2018). How we select participants will determine the population to which we may
generalize our research findings. The sampling method can be categorized into two types which
are probability sampling and non-probability sampling.

In this study, probability sampling is used. Probability sampling means that every item in the
population has an equal chance of being included in sample. One way to undertake random
sampling would be if researcher was to construct a sampling frame first and then used a random
number generation computer program to pick a sample from the sampling frame (Zikmund,
2002). Probability or random sampling has the greatest freedom from bias but may represent the
most costly sample in terms of time and energy for a given level of sampling error (Brown,
1947). Simple random sampling is made.
3.6 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

For this research, a multi-dimensional questionnaire was developed to evaluate residents’

attitude and practices towards educational tourism development in Malaysia. This is because face
to face sampling surveys cannot be conducted during this period, the data will be collected
online. Google Forms are sent to students via social media. The selection criteria to answer the
questionnaire is simple. First, the respondent must be between the ages of 15 to 30. The age
range was determined based on the age range of Malaysian youth. Second, respondents should be
Malaysian citizens who study in Selangor.

3.7 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Research instrument refers to a method for gathering, observing and analysing data
relating to research topics.

The instrument consisted of questions related to the socio-cultural, economic impacts

and local communities attitude towards educational tourism on residents in Selangor
neighborhood in Malaysia. Besides, the instrument assessed residents’ demographic variables.
All items were measured using a 5-point Likert-scale, ranging from strongly disagree (1) to
strongly agree (5). Economic impact was assessed by eight items. For example, “International
students create employment opportunities for local residents.” Socio-cultural impact was
measured by twelve items. For instance, “Educational tourism is the major reason for the great
variety of entertainment in Malaysia.” The attitudes of residents were appraised by asking
respondents to answer to the five statements such as “I am looking forward to meet international
students to learn about their culture.”

3.8 DATA ANALYSIS

Data analysis is the process of organizing, describing, representing, evaluating, and

interpreting data using statistical methods. First and foremost, when conducting the analysis, it is
important to have a clear understanding of the research's goal. Descriptive analysis is the most
frequent method to analyse quantitative data.

3.8.1 Descriptive Analysis (kna tmah untuk anaysis yg mna satu part
 The descriptive analysis would be used to determine the demographic profile of the
respondents, including percentages, frequencies, means, and mean averages. The collection of
mean tables is used to determine whether respondents are likely to agree or disagree with the
questionnaire argument. In a research study, the researcher can collect a large number of
measurements or measure a large number of people. Descriptive statistics can assist the
researcher in intelligently simplifying enormous volumes of data with a more concise overview.
Descriptive analysis is the step important for organizing statistical analysis. Descriptive analysis
will aid data distribution and make it possible to identify relationships between independent
variable variables and dependent variables to organize more statistical analysis.

Table 3.2: The relationship between Mean and level of agree

Range of mean Level of agree

4.51-5.00 Strongly Agree

3.51-4.50 Agree

2.51-3.50 Neutral

1.51-2.50 Disagree

1.0-1.50 Strongly Disagree

3.8.3 Pearson Correlation

Pearson's correlation coefficient is a statistical test for determining the link or statistical
connection between two variables. Besides that, Pearson correlation is utilized when researchers
have two quantitative variables and wish to see if there is a linear relationship between those
variables. It is likewise based on the covariance principle and is widely regarded as the most
accurate method for calculating the relationship between two variables of interest. It provides
details on the extent and similarity of the contact, as well as the trajectory of the relationship.
Pearson correlation can be divided into two categories: positive (+) and negative (-). If the result
is between -1, there is no perfect positive correlation between two numbers. When there is a
perfect positive correlation between two variables, it suggests 1. When the result is 0, it means
that the independent and dependent variables do not have any relationship.

Table 3.4: Rule of Thumb of Correlation Coefficient Size

Coefficient Range Strength of Correlation

0.9 to 1.0 / -0.9 to -1.0 Very High

0.7 to 0.9 / -0.7 to -0.9 High

0.5 to 0.7 / -0.5 to -0.7 Moderate

0.3 to 0.5 / -0.3 to -0.5 Low

0.0 to 0.3 / -0.0 to -0.3 Little, if any

3.9 SUMMARY

This chapter has discussed research design that being used to carry out this study. Population,
sample size, sampling method, data collections, research instrument and plan of data analysis
which are important has been discussing. For this study, quantitative method is chosen in terms
from questionnaires that will be distributed to the respondents.
More research is needed, however, to provide evidence and develop intervention models for
more strategic placements and educational tourism operations to support the university's regional
dimension. Previous research has shown that student attendance has an impact on local
communities, owing to an increase in local development. However, it's unclear whether this
effect is a natural result of tourists in any form, or if it's the result of the university's deliberate
strategy in its design or management in educational opportunities.