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COMPARISON OF THE PALATAL EXPANSION OBTAINED VIA THE USE


OF THE RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANDER (RME) COMPARED WITH
SURGICALLY ASSISTED RAPID MAXILLARY EXPANSI....

Article  in  Minerva Stomatologica · April 2016

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not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is
This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
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© 2015 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA


The online version of this article is located at http://www.minervamedica.it Minerva Stomatologica 2016 April;65(2):72-84

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Comparison of the palatal expansion obtained via


the use of the rapid maxillary expander compared
with surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion

® A
Lucia GIANNINI 1, 2, Cinzia MASPERO 1, 2, Guido GALBIATI 1, 2 ,

Mattia FERESINI 1, 2, Giampietro FARRONATO 1, 2*

T C
1Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; 2Department of Biomedical, Surgical

H DI
and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
*Corresponding author: Giampietro Farronato, Maxillo-Facial and Odontostomatology Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS
Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 10, 20122 Milan, Italy. giampietro.farronato@unimi.it
IG E
R M
A B S TRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate and compare cephalometrically the skeletal and
dental effects of maxillary expansion by the rapid maxillary expander compared to a surgical assisted rapid maxillary
expansion.
METHODS: The records which included 102 patients (50 female, 52 male) with maxillary bilateral cross bite caused by
P A

narrowness of the apical base are collected and divided into two treatment groups: the first group (63 patients, 36 male
and 27 female) included patients who had been treated with an orthopedic rapid maxillary expander. The second group
O V

(39 patients, 16 male, 23 female) included patients who had been treated by a surgical assisted rapid maxillary expansion.
For each patient two frontal cephalograms, one taken before treatment (T0) and a second one after the retention phase
(T1), were analyzed. Descriptive statistics included the means and standard deviations (SD). The mean differences in
C ER

cephalometric measurements at T0 and T1 were examined. Statistical analysis was undertaken using a T test for paired
samples. Statistical significance was considered at P<0.05 level.
RESULTS: Both the therapeutic approaches have shown a statistically significant widening of the maxilla and a sym-
Y

metrization of the two halves of the bone, at both skeletal and dental levels.
CONCLUSIONS: Rapid maxillary expander and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion SARME can be used
for the resolution of malocclusions characterized by a transverse maxillary hypoplasia. The choice between RME and
SARME is linked to the age of the patient, and the biological stage of the maxillary suture.
IN

(Cite this article as: Giannini L, Maspero C, Galbiati G, Feresini M, Farronato G. Comparison of the palatal expansion
obtained via the use of the rapid maxillary expander compared with surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion.
Minerva Stomatol 2016;65:72-84)
Key words: Maxilla - Surgical procedures - Palatal expansion technique.
M

T he concept of correcting maxillary trans-


verse width discrepancies originated in the
redirect growth of the basal bone into a normal
pattern.
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

United States in 1860 by Angell who described The causes of a constricted maxilla can be
a widening of the maxillary arch by opening dental, skeletal or a combination of the two.
the mid-palatal suture.¹ Since then, orthopedic The etiological causes of a posterior cross-bite
rapid maxillary expansion (RME) has been instead can be either genetical or environmen-
performed in children to widen a constricted tal. Harvold et al.² stated that a reduction of
maxilla and correct transverse discrepancies. the transverse maxillary dimension is gener-
Today, RME is widely used in the treatment ally due to an anomaly in function.
of transverse maxillary deficiencies in order to A constricted arch width should be treated

72 Minerva Stomatologica April 2016


not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is

RPE VERSUS SARPE GIANNINI


This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other

as early as possible to promote normal func- molar distance and palatal width, while also
tion and correct tongue positioning.³ improving nasal respiration.12, 13
A low tongue position is associated with a Berger ¹4 investigated in a sample of patients,
narrow palate, which may predispose to mouth the dental and skeletal changes occurring after
breathing and cause upper anterior crowding. orthopedic palatal expansion and surgically
Maxillary hypoplasia may predispose to both assisted palatal expansion. The patients were
a class II and class III malocclusion and may divided in two groups. Group one was treated
restrict mandibular development in the sagittal by RME and consisted of 24 patients whose
or transverse dimensions.4-6 ages ranged from 6 to 12 years at the begin-
In the constricted maxilla, one or more of ning of treatment. Group two was surgically
the posterior teeth can be in a unilateral or bi- expanded and consisted of 28 patients whose
lateral cross-bite. ages ranged from 13 to 35 years. All patients

® A
Through the widening of the midpalatal su- had dental study models and frontal cephalo-
ture, the correction of a posterior cross-bite grams taken before and after the expansion, at

T C
may be accomplished in a growing patient removal of the appliance and one year post-
(in whom the maxillary sutural system is still treatment. In this study the orthopedic and

H DI
patent). The rationale for this is that the ortho- the surgical groups showed similar and stable
pedic force can open the mid-palatal suture, results. When examining the dento-alveolar
which is usually patent in young children, and measurements, results showed that the interca-
consequently expand the maxilla.
IG E nine width increases more in the surgical group
Melsen 7 studies showed that the responses than in the orthopedic group. The two groups
to the orthopedic expansion of the maxilla are showed a similar intercanine width decrease
R M
related to the age and skeletal maturation of the from the time of the removal of the appliance
patient. The sutural system of young patients is to one year post treatment, while intermolar
responsive to the orthopedic expansion and the width showed greater stability in the orthope-
P A

complexity of the suture increases with age. dic group during the one year post retention.
Minor transverse discrepancies can be cor- The orthopedic and surgical procedures
O V

rected with orthopedic expansion alone after showed in the frontal cephalometric analysis
skeletal maturity, although the risk of relapse approximately the same degree of alveolar sta-
C ER

increases and more dento-alveolar movements bility and maxillary width during the follow-
are observed. Orthopedic expansion in a skel- ing 12 months of retention. The nasal width
Y

etally mature patient can determine different in both groups increased during the expansion
clinical problems, such as pain upon appli- phase.
ance activation, buccal tipping of posterior The differences reported from the study
IN

teeth 8 and periodontal complications.9 Trans- models analysis and the frontal cephalometri-
verse discrepancies (once skeletal maturation cal measurements did not show any statistical
has been reached) are preferably corrected by significance and the models showed that clini-
M

combined surgical and orthodontic treatment. cally, there is no difference in the stability of
The role of surgery is to release the areas of re- surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion and
sistance in the maxilla before rapid maxillary non-surgical orthopedic expansion.
expansion. The decision on whether to expand Cephalometrically, it has been observed
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

the palate or undergo a surgical procedure de- that the maxilla is displaced downwards and
pends on the patient’s age and the condition of forward during maxillary orthopedic expan-
the midpalatal suture.10, 11 In skeletally mature sion.15-18
adolescents or in adults in whom the mid-pala- Akkaya et al.¹9 reported a significant in-
tal suture has unified, surgically assisted rapid crease in SNA, NPgA, SN/MP, ANB, ANS/
maxillary expansion (SARME) is an effec- PNS-MP angles during expansion with the
tive procedure for the correction of maxillary RME. They also found a decrease in upper in-
transverse deficiencies. It increases the inter- cisor/SN angle and overbite and an increase in

Vol. 65 - No. 2 Minerva Stomatologica 73


not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is

GIANNINI RPE VERSUS SARPE


This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other

overjet and E plane measurements. They also the maxillary plane angulations. In the RME
noted, in the post-treatment period, a decrease patients the cephalometric analysis showed an
in SN-ANS/PNS, upper incisor/SN and E anterior rotation of the maxillary plane, while
plane measurements and an increase in upper in the SARME patients, the rotation of the
incisor/lower incisor angle and overbite. maxillary plane was in the posterior direction.
Cleall ²0 found unfavorable effects in pa- The results of the posteroanterior cephalo-
tients with a well-positioned maxilla and metric analysis show that both approaches are
stated that in the retention period the maxilla effective in expanding a narrow maxilla. The
generally returns to its original position. Fur- maxillary width and the maxillary molar width
thermore, in a study of lateral cephalograms increased significantly in all the patients. If
¹5 it was reported that the maxilla consistently compared with the SARME group, patients
drops down but rarely moves significantly for- treated orthopedically showed an increase in

® A
wards. Wertz and Dreskin ¹6 noted no signifi- the mandibular molar width. The same au-
cant changes in the angulation of the palate thors evaluated the stability of surgically as-

T C
after RME therapy. sisted rapid maxillary expansion and orthope-
Cozza et al.²¹ noted that the maxilla dis- dic maxillary expansion after 3-year follow-up

H DI
played a tendency to rotate downwards and and compared the dento-skeletal changes with
backwards, resulting in a statistically signifi- a control group.
cant increase of SN/PP angle and SN-ANS lin- Lateral cephalometric and frontal X-rays
ear values. Such results are in agreement with
IG E were taken 3 years after the retention period.
the studies by Davis and Kronman,²² Wertz,¹5 The lateral and posteroanterior cephalomet-
Byrum,²³ Asanza et al.,²4 Sarver and John- ric analysis showed that the RME and SARME
R M
ston,²5 da Silva et al.¹8 and Akkaya et al.¹9 patients remained stable with some amount of
Byrum,²³ Sarver and Johnston ²5 and da Sil- relapse considering both maxillary basal width
va et al.,¹8 found no statistically significant al- and upper molar width.
P A

teration in the antero-posterior position of the Given the importance of age in treatment
maxilla, which contradicts the conclusions of response to RME the only difference between
O V

Davis and Kronman.²² the groups is their indication which is based on


Altug-Atac and Karasu 8 conducted a study the skeletal maturation of the patient. On one
C ER

in order to evaluate the dental and skeletal side orthopedic forces can be successfully used
changes occurring during orthopedic rapid to correct a maxillary transverse deficiency in
Y

maxillary expansion and surgically assisted growing patients, on the other side surgically
rapid maxillary expansion. assisted rapid maxillary expansion results the
They evaluated 20 patients divided in two elective treatment option for the correction of
IN

groups. The first group included 10 patients a restricted maxilla in a skeletally mature pa-
with a mean age of 15 years who received tient.
orthopedic maxillary expansion. The second The aim of this retrospective study to was
M

group of 10 patients with an average age of 19 evaluate and compare, from a cephalometric
years underwent surgically assisted rapid max- perspective the skeletal and dental effects of
illary expansion. Pretreatment and post-treat- maxillary expansion via the maxillary expand-
ment lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms er and surgically assisted maxillary expansion.
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

were obtained and analyzed for each patient.


On one side the orthopedic expansion was
Materials and methods
characterized by an increase in SNA value
showing a forward displacement of the max- Sample
illa, on the other side SNB increased signifi-
cantly more in patients treated surgically com- The sample for this retrospective study in-
pared to the RME group. Another significant cluded 102 patients (50 female, 52 male) with
difference between the groups was observed in maxillary bilateral cross bite caused by nar-

74 Minerva Stomatologica April 2016


not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is

RPE VERSUS SARPE GIANNINI


This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other

rowness of the apical base treated at Depart- No other treatment took place during the pe-
ment of Orthodontics, University of Milan. riod from T0 to T1.
Two treatment groups were considered: the Frontal cephalograms were taken by the
first group (63 patients, 36 male, 27 female) same technician and manually traced by one
included growing patients between 6 and 17 operator and subsequently verified for land-
years who had been treated with an orthopedic mark location and anatomic contours by a sec-
rapid maxillary expansion. ond operator. Any disagreements were solved
The inclusion criteria for the first group by re-tracing the landmark or structure to the
were: mutual satisfaction of both the operators.
—— no history of orthodontic treatment; To exclude intraoperator errors from occur-
—— growing patients; ring, each measurement was repeated by the
—— pretreatment and post-treatment lateral same operator after a period of seven days and

® A
x-ray with excellent contrast; the mean value of the two measurements was
—— transverse maxillary hypoplasia; obtained.

T C
—— presence of bilateral posterior cross bite. All measurement errors coefficient were
Exclusion criteria were: found to be close to 1.00 and within accept-

H DI
—— end of growth; able limits.
—— congenital anomalies; Frontal cephalograms were traced by using
—— previous orthodontic treatment; acetate papers.
—— facial or dental asymmetries;
IG E The assessment of the skeletal relationship
—— dental anomalies. was based on MxR-MxL, Cvm+L –Cvm+R,
The mean age of these patients was 9.5 X-SNM, SNM-SNA, SNM-MID distance,
R M
years. MxR-MxL, Cvm+R – Cvm+L and Cvm-R-
The second group (39 patients, 16 male, 27 Cvm-L discrepancies on the orizzontal plane,
female) included patients between 18 and 47 IS+ and IS- position respect to MID.
P A

years old who had been treated with a surgical The cephalometric measurements analysed
assisted rapid maxillary expansion. are reported in Tables I-III.
O V

The inclusion criteria for the second group Changes in cephalometric values in the
were: RME and SARME groups during the observa-
C ER

—— no history of orthodontic treatment; tion period were calculated and compared.


—— patients at the end of growth; Descriptive statistics included the means
Y

—— pretreatment and post-treatment lateral and standard deviations (SD). The mean dif-
x-ray with excellent contrast; ferences in cephalometric measurements at T0
—— transverse maxillary hypoplasia; and T1 were examined.
IN

—— presence of bilateral posterior cross bite. Statistical analysis


Exclusion criteria were: Statistical analysis was undertaken using a t
—— growing patients; test for paired samples. Statistical significance
M

—— previous orthodontic treatment; was considered at P<0.05 level.


—— facial or dental asymmetries; Treatment protocol
—— dental anomalies. The first group was treated through an ortho-
The mean age of these patients were 26 pedic rapid maxillary expansion. Hyrax appli-
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

years. ance was bonded on the first upper molars. The


Cephalometric analysis and statistical meth- appliance consists of a metal or pure titanium
od: frame for nickel-allergic subjects and it is done
For each patient two frontal cephalograms, as follows:����������������������������������
bands
���������������������������������
for the first permanent mo-
one taken before treatment (T0) and a second lars or the second deciduous molars; two pala-
one after the retention phase (which lasts in tal arms welded to the bands extending to the
eight months after the active expansion phase mesial surfaces of the deciduous or permanent
[T1]), were considered. canines; one central 9-mm jackscrew. �������
The Hy-

Vol. 65 - No. 2 Minerva Stomatologica 75


not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is

GIANNINI RPE VERSUS SARPE


This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other

Table I.—Cephalometric values before and after RME.


Mean Std. dev. t Test
Age 9.54
Mxs-Mxd I 61.29 4.48 4.48
Mxs-Mxd II 65.29 4.54 7.12665·10-27
Δ 4.00
Cvm+s-Cvm+d I 56.31 3.68 2.21246·10-29
Cvm+s-Cvm+d II 62.40 4.38
Δ 6.08
x-snm I 25.81 4.25 7.33687·10-12
x-snm II 27.17 4.36
Δ 1.37
SNM-SNAC I 22.10 2.77 5.11136·10-21

® A
SNM-SNAC II 24.44 2.97
Δ 2.35
AP.PIR. I 27.79 3.03 5.75615·10-21

T C
AP.PIR. II 30.10 3.29
Δ 2.31

H DI
SNM-MID I 1.33 0.37 1.60626·10-37
SNM-MID II 0.14 0.24
% correction 90.69
Δ -1.19
SNI-MID I
SNI-MID II
IG E 0.88
0.03
0.40
0.12
6.09108·10-25
R M
% correction 96.56
Δ -0.85
Mxd-Mxs I 2.56 0.63 8.44277·10-27
Mxd-Mxs II 1.27 0.51
Mxd-Mxs III 0.37
P A

Δ I-II 1.29 0.56 0.00035


Δ II-III 0.90 0.40
O V

Δ I-III 2.20
CVM+d-CVMs-I 2.43 0.57 6.35279·10-27
C ER

CVM+d-CVMs- II 1.16 0.63


CVM+d-CVMs- III 0.29
Y

Δ I-II 1.27 0.54


Δ II-III 0.87 0.55
Δ I-III 2.13
IN

CVM-d-CVM-s I 2.27 0.54 6.60587·10-29


CVM-d-CVM-s II 1.02 0.55
CVM-d-CVM-s III 0.25
Δ I-II 1.23 0.51
M

Δ II-III 0.78 0.47


Δ I-III 2.02
INTER SUP MID I 2.14 0.50 8.99435·10-28
INTER SUP MID II 0.74 0.48
INTER SUP MID III 0.15
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

Δ I-II 1.40 0.58


Δ II-III 0.59 0.50
Δ I-III 1.99
INTER INF MID I 2.07 0.56 3.52239·10-26
INTER INF MID II 0.65 0.56
INTER INF MID III 0.08
Δ I-II 1.42 0.63
Δ II-III 0.57 0.47
Δ I-III 1.99

76 Minerva Stomatologica April 2016


not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is

RPE VERSUS SARPE GIANNINI


This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other

Table II.—Cephalometric values before and after SARME.


Mean Std. dev. t Test
Age 26
Mxs-Mxd I 62.03 4.92 0.00050155
Mxs-Mxd II 65.86 4.97
Cvm+s-Cvm+d I 56.59 3.65 7.03316·10-09
Cvm+s-Cvm+d II 62.28 4.24
x-snm I 25.95 4.29 7.57831·10-07
x-snm II 27.05 4.56
SNM-SNAC I 22.38 2.74 2.22265·10-13
SNM-SNAC II 24.46 3.17
AP.PIR. I 28.15 4.32 0.000320729
AP.PIR. II 30.31 3.01
SNM-MID I 1.38 0.39 3.18423·10-23

® A
SNM-MID II 0.22 0.28
SNI-MID I 0.95 0.36 7.65098·10-18
SNI-MID II 0.05 0.15

T C
Mxd-Mxs I 2.53 0.63 4.78914·10-17
Mxd-Mxs II 1.23 0.55 2.10257·10-14

H DI
Mxd-Mxs III 0.42 0.44
CVM+d-CVMs-I 2.41 0.57 3.59158·10-16
CVM+d-CVMs- II 1.14 0.73 3.77543·10-10
CVM+d-CVMs- III 0.33 0.45
CVM-d-CVM-s I IG E 2.24 0.52 1.46806·10-18
CVM-d-CVM-s II 0.91 0.47 4.14002·10-11
CVM-d-CVM-s III 0.21 0.30
R M
INTER SUP MID I 2.12 0.44 1.81581·10-20
INTER SUP MID II 0.68 0.44 1.78282·10-10
INTER SUP MID III 0.09 0.23
INTER INF MID I 2.03 0.51 1.04819·10-17
INTER INF MID II 0.51 0.57 1.64635·10-06
P A

INTER INF MID III 0.09 0.19


O V

rax screw was activated twice per day with a the pterygomaxillary fissure along with a mid-
C ER

one-quarter turn in the morning and in the eve- palatal split from the anterior to the posterior
ning until the desired expansion was obtained. nasal spines was performed. A sectioning of all
Y

The appliance was then left in place passively articulations and areas of resistance — ante-
for 6 months. In fact, post-treatment retention rior, lateral, posterior — and median support
is likely to be considered an important factor in of the maxillary arch was also performed.
IN

any study of stability to reduce relapse. —— At the same time, two one-quarter turns
The subjects were observed weekly until an of the screw were done, while in the subse-
over correction was obtained. quent days the appliance was activated twice
M

The second group of patients was treated a day until the desired expansion was obtained.
through a surgical assisted RME.
The treatment protocol consisted in: Results
—— a presurgical orthodontic phase to align
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

and level teeth on their own bone base in order In both the therapeutic approaches a statis-
to better visualize the following palatal expan- tically significant (P<0.05) widening of the
sion; maxilla was obtained, as shown by the increase
—— bonding of an Hyrax maxillary expander of the distance between MxR and MxL (about
on the upper first molars before surgery; 4 mm). Also the molar distance (Cvm+l and
—— a surgical assisted expansion with the Cvm+r) was increased in both the approaches,
following methodology: a total bilateral max- more in RME, which therefore appears to have
illary osteotomy from the pyriform aperture to a greater dental effect than SARME.

Vol. 65 - No. 2 Minerva Stomatologica 77


not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is

GIANNINI RPE VERSUS SARPE


This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other

Table III.—Cephalometric relationship between SARME and RME.


Mean Std. dev. t Test
Mxs-Mxd I 61.29 4.48
Mxs-Mxd II 65.29 4.54 7.12665·10-27
Mxs-Mxd I 62.03 4.92
Mxs-Mxd II 65.86 4.97 1.89757·10-17
Cvm+s-Cvm+d I 56.31 3.68
Cvm+s-Cvm+d II 62.40 4.38 2.21246·10-29
Cvm+s-Cvm+d I 56.59 3.65
Cvm+s-Cvm+d II 62.28 4.24 7.03316·10-09
x-snm I 25.81 4.25
x-snm II 27.17 4.36 7.33687·10-12
x-snm I 25.95 4.29
x-snm II 27.05 4.56 7.57831·10-07

® A
SNM-SNAC I 22.10 2.77
SNM-SNAC II 24.44 2.97 5.11136·10-21
SNM-SNAC I 22.38 2.74

T C
SNM-SNAC II 24.46 3.17 2.22265·10-13
AP.PIR. I 27.79 3.03

H DI
AP.PIR. II 30.10 3.29 5.75615·10-21
AP.PIR. I 28.67 2.78
AP.PIR. II 30.31 3.01 9.81515·10-09
SNM-MID I 1.33 0.37
SNM-MID II
SNM-MID I
SNM-MID II
IG E 0.14
1.38
0.22
0.24
0.39
0.28
1.60626·10-37

3.18423·10-23
R M
SNI-MID I 0.88 0.40
SNI-MID II 0.03 0.12 6.09108·10-25
SNI-MID I 0.95 0.36
SNI-MID II 0.05 0.15 7.65098·10-18
Mxd-Mxs I 2.56 0.63
P A

Mxd-Mxs II 1.27 0.51 8.44277·10-27


Mxd-Mxs I 2.53 0.63
O V

Mxd-Mxs II 1.23 0.55 4.78914·10-17


CVM+d-CVMs-I 2.43 0.57
CVM+d-CVMs- II 1.16 0.63 6.35279·10-27
C ER

CVM+d-CVMs-I 2.41 0.57


CVM+d-CVMs- II 1.14 0.73 3.59158·10-16
Y

CVM-d-CVM-s I 2.27 0.54


CVM-d-CVM-s II 1.02 0.55 6.60587·10-29
CVM-d-CVM-s I 2.24 0.52
IN

CVM-d-CVM-s II 0.91 0.47 1.46806·10-18


INTER SUP MID I 2.14 0.50
INTER SUP MID II 0.74 0.48 8.99435·10-28
INTER SUP MID I 2.12 0.44
M

INTER SUP MID II 0.68 0.44 1.81581·10-20


INTER INF MID I 2.07 0.56
INTER INF MID II 0.65 0.56 3.52239·10-26
INTER INF MID I 2.03 0.51
INTER INF MID II 0.51 0.57 1.04819·10-17
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

Both in RME and SARME there is an in- the nose), and between the point SNM and
crease of the distance between the point X the point SNAC (cephalometric anterior na-
(meeting point of the perpendicular lamina of sal spine), which means that the maxilla in
ethmoid bone with the projection of the floor both methods, even if more accentuated in the
of the anterior cranial fossa) and the point RME, has a statistically significant downward
SNM (middle point of the maximum diameter, displacement.
on the floor horizontal, of the middle third of A data of clinical relevance is the increase

78 Minerva Stomatologica April 2016


not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is

RPE VERSUS SARPE GIANNINI


This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other

of the distance between the piriform apertures becomes shorter and slightly wavy; the con-
(AP RIP), which point out a widening of the nective tissue is reduced to a very thin space
nasal cavities and thus an improvement in re- between the two parts of the palate. The medi-
spiratory activity in both the therapeutic ap- an palatal suture remains in a sinfibrosis until
proaches, with a no statistically significant dif- the age of 14-16 years, and then slowly begin
ference between them. to ossify, completing this process around the
In addition to the enlargement of the maxilla 25th year.
a symmetrization of the two halves that com- RME is widely used in childhood and in
pose the maxilla, at both skeletal and dental those pubertal growth spurts, where a fibrous
levels can be also observed: in fact, there is a and not ossified palatal suture is still present.
statistically significant decrease of the distance Starting from 14-16 years, the suture begins
between SNM and the axis of simmetry MID, to ossify to become synostosis towards the

® A
and the distance between SNI (middle point twenty-fifth year of life. This means that the
of the maximum diameter, in the horizontal skeletal effects of RME in adolescence and

T C
plane, of the lower third of the nasal septum) in adulthood will be much lower, if not zero,
and MID, which are almost zero. Even the compared to those obtained in childhood and

H DI
asymmetries in the vertical plane compared to early pubertal growth when the suture is os-
the axis of symmetry between points MxR and sified the response to RME is mostly dento-
MxL, between points Cvm+r and Cvm-l, be- alveolar, with tipping of the upper molars.
tween Cvm+r and Cvm+l, between Cvm-r and
IG E If therefore in adolescence and adulthood is
Cvm-l, between INTER SUP (higher interin- required a significant expansion of the maxil-
cisive point) and MID and between INTER la, a surgically assisted maxillary expansion is
R M
INF (lower interincisive point) and MID are recommended.9, 30
decreased in a statistically significant way with The results obtained in this study show that
either RME and SARME approach. in addition to the expansion of the maxillary
P A

narrowness, there is also the improvement of


Discussion other parameters, in particular there is a reduc-
O V

tion of dental and bone asymmetries from the


Maxilla hypoplasia is one of the most fre- midline of the face and a widening of the upper
C ER

quently malocclusions in growing patients, airways, with a possible improvement of the


which can interfere with the normal and har- breathing activity.
Y

monious development of the splanchnocra- About the changes related to the vertical
nium.²6 axis, the study shows that either after RME
Possible consequences of an untreated max- method and SARME method, there is an in-
IN

illary deficiency may be secondary dislocations crease of the vertical dimension of the face,
of the jaw, asymmetries, temporomandibular witnessed by a statistically significant increase
joint disorders, dental malposition linked to an in the length between the cephalometric points
M

insufficient space in the dental arches, breath- SNM And SNAC.


ing problems because the palate is the roof of
the mouth but also the floor nasal cavities.27-29 Conclusions
The RME only through the use of a fixed de-
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

vices during active growth and SARME at the The study of this article permits to underline
end of the growth aim to solve the maxillary the following conclusions:
narrowness. The discriminant for the choice —— RME and SARME can be used for trans-
between the methods is undoubtedly the bio- verse maxillary expansion and are effective
logical age of the subject, and thus the biologi- technique to treat maxillary transverse defi-
cal stage of the palatal suture. Until about 12 ciency in growing and adult patients.
years, the palatal suture is a sinfibrosis. At the —— As shown by the cephalometric inves-
age of about 13-14 years, the transverse suture tigations of this study, the result of both the

Vol. 65 - No. 2 Minerva Stomatologica 79


not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is

GIANNINI RPE VERSUS SARPE


This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other

methods is an increase of the transverse di- sisted rapid palatal expansion over time. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop 1998;638-45.
mension of the maxilla. 15. Wertz RA. Skeletal and dental changes accompa-
—— The choice is linked to the age of the nying rapid midpalatal suture opening. Am J Or-
thod 1970;58:41-66.
patient, and the biological stage of the palatal 16. Wertz R, Dreskin M. Midpalatal suture opening: a nor-
suture. mative study. Am J Orthod 1977;71:367-81.
17. Linder-Aronson S, Lindgren J. The skeletal and den-
tal effects of rapid maxillary expansion. Br J Or-
References thod 1979;6:25-9.
18. Da Silva Filho OG, Boas MC, Capelozza Filho L. Rapid
  1. Kurt G, Altug-Atac A, Atac M, Karasu HA. Stability of maxillary expansion in the primary and mixed dentitions:
surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion and ortho- a cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Or-
pedic maxillary expansion after 3 years’ follow-up. Angle thop 1991;100:171-9.
Orthod 2010;613-9. 19. Akkaya S, Lorenzon S, Uçem TT. A comparison of sagittal
 2. Harvold EP, Chierici G, Vargervik K. Experiments on and vertical effects between bonded rapid and slow max-
the development of dental malocclusions. Am J Or- illary expansion procedures. Eur J Orthod 1999;21:175-

® A
thod 1972;61:38-44. 80.
  3. Farronato G, Giannini L, Galbiati G, Maspero C. Upper 20. Cleall JF. Growth of the palate and maxillary dental arch.
midline deviation: modified Hyrax expander. Eur J Pae- J Dent Res 1974;53:1226-34.
21. Cozza P, Giancotti A, Petrosino A. ��������������������
Rapid palatal expan-

T C
diatr Dent 2014;15(2 Suppl):174-6.
  4. McNamara A, Brudon WL. Orthodontic and orthopedic sion in mixed dentition using a modified expander: a ce-
treatment in the mixed dentition. Ann Arbor, MI: Need- phalometric investigation. J Orthod 2001;28:129-34.
22. Davis WM, Kronman JH. Anatomical changes in-

H DI
ham Press; 1993.
  5. Farronato G, Maspero C, Esposito L, Briguglio E, Farro- duced by splitting of the midpalatal suture. Angle Or-
nato D, Giannini L. Rapid maxillary expansion in grow- thod 1969;39:126-32.
ing patients. Hyrax versus transverse sagittal maxillary 23. Byrum AG Jr. Evaluation of anterior-posterior and verti-
expander: a cephalometric investigation. Eur J Orthod cal skeletal change vs. dental change in rapid palatal ex-
IG E
2011;33:185-9.
  6. Farronato G, Giannini L, Galbiati G, Maspero C. Sagittal
and vertical effects of rapid maxillary expansion in Class
pansion cases as studied by lateral cephalograms. Am J
Orthod 1971;60:419.
24. Asanza S, Cisneros GJ, Nieberg LG. Comparison of
R M
I, II, and III occlusions. Angle Orthod 2011;81:298-303. Hyrax and bonded expansion appliances. Angle Or-
  7. Melsen B. A histological study of the influence of sutural thod 1997;67:15-22.
morphology and skeletal maturation on rapid palatal ex- 25. Sarver DM, Johnston MW. Skeletal changes in vertical
pansion in children. Trans Eur Orthod Soc 1972;499-507. and anterior displacement of the maxilla with bonded
  8. Altug Atac A, Karasu H, Aytac D. Surgically assisted rap- rapid palatal expansion appliances. Am J Orthod Dento-
facial Orthop 1989;95:462-6.
P A

id maxillary expansion compared with orthopedic rapid


maxillary expansion. Angle Orthod 2006;76:353-9. 26. Farronato G, Giannini L, Folegatti C, Brotto E, Galbiati
  9. Suri L, Taneja P. Surgically assisted rapid palatal expan- G, Maspero C. Impacted maxillary canine on the position
of the central incisor: surgical-orthodontic repositioning.
O V

sion: a literature review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop


2008;133:290-302. Minerva Stomatol 2013;62:117-25
10. Byloff F, Mossaz C. Skeletal and dental changes follow- 27. Perillo L, Femminella B, Farronato D, Baccetti T, Con-
tardo L, Perinetti G. Do malocclusion and Helkimo
C ER

ing surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion. Eur J Or-


thod 2004;26:403-9. Index ≥ 5 correlate with body posture? J Oral Rehabil
2011;38:242-52.
Y

11. Farronato G, Giannini L, Galbiati G, Maspero C. Com-


parison of the dental and skeletal effects of two different 28. Farronato G, Giannini L, Galbiati G, Sesso G, Maspero
rapid palatal expansion appliances for the correction of C. Orthodontic-surgical treatment: neuromuscular evalu-
the maxillary asymmetric transverse discrepancies. Mi- ��� ation in skeletal Class II and Class III patients. Prog Or-
thod 2012;13:226-36
IN

nerva Stomatol 2012;61:45-55.


12. Altug-Atac A, Atac M, Kurt G, Karasud H. Changes in 29. Maspero, C., Galbiati, G., Giannini, L., Farronato, G.
nasal structures following orthopaedic and surgically as- Correlation between rapid palatal expansion and bre-
sisted rapid maxillary expansion. Int J Oral Maxillofac athing function [Correlazione tra espansione rapida
Surg 2010;39:129-35. del palato e funzionalità respiratoria]. Dental Cadmos
2010;78:87-105.
M

13. Farronato G, Giannini L, Galbiati G, Maspero C.


RME: influences on the nasal septum. Minerva Stoma- 30. Adolphs N, Ernst N, Menneking H, Hoffmeister B.
tol 2012;61:125-34. Transpalatal distraction: state of the art for the individual
14. Berger J, Ortho D, Pangrazio-Kulbersh V, Borgula T, management of transverse maxillary deficiency - a re-
Kaczynski R. Stability of orthopedic and surgically as- view of 50 consecutive cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg
2014;42:1669-74
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

Conflicts of interest.—The authors certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material
discussed in the manuscript.
Manuscript accepted: May 20, 2015. - Manuscript revised: April 27, 2015.- Manuscript received: February 21, 2015.

80 Minerva Stomatologica April 2016


not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is

RPE VERSUS SARPE GIANNINI


This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other

Confronto tra espansione del mascellare superiore


ottenuto tramite l’utilizzo dell’espansore rapido del mascellare
e l’espansione rapida del mascellare chirurgicamente assistita

I l concetto di correggere le discrepanze trasversali del


mascellare è nato negli Stati Uniti nel 1860 da An-
gell, che descrisse l’espansione del mascellare attraver-
correggere con un trattamento chirurgico e ortodontico
combinato. Il ruolo della chirurgia è di liberare le aree
di resistenza nel mascellare prima dell’espansione rapida
so l’apertura della sutura mediana palatale ¹. Da allora, mascellare. La decisione se espandere il palato ortopedi-
l’espansione rapida espansione del mascellare (RME) camente o sottoporsi a una procedura chirurgica dipende
attraverso un dispositivo ortopedico è stata eseguita nei dall’età del paziente e dalla condizione biologica della
bambini per espandere un osso mascellare ipoplasico sutura palatina mediana ¹0, ¹¹.
e correggere le discrepanze trasversali. Attualmente, Negli adolescenti scheletricamente maturi o negli

® A
l’RME è ampiamente utilizzata nel trattamento delle cor- adulti in cui la sutura palatina si è ossificata, l’espansione
rezioni mascellari trasversali per riorientare la crescita rapida del mascellare chirurgicamente assistita (SARME)
dell’osso basale in un modello normale. è una procedura efficace per la correzione dei deficit ma-

T C
Le cause di un mascellare superiore ipoplasico posso- scellari trasversali. Essa aumenta la distanza inter-molare
no essere dentali, scheletriche o una combinazione delle e la larghezza del palato, oltre a migliorare la respirazione
due. Le cause eziologiche di un morso incrociato poste- nasale ¹², ¹³.

H DI
riore, invece possono essere sia genetiche che ambientali. Berger ¹4 ha indagato su un campione di pazienti i
Harvold et al.² hanno dichiarato che una riduzione della cambiamenti dentali e scheletrici che si verificano dopo
dimensione trasversale del mascellare è generalmente do- l’espansione ortopedica del palato e l’espansione del pa-
vuta ad un’anomalia nella funzione.
IG E lato chirurgicamente assistita. I pazienti sono stati divisi
Una dimensione trasversale dell’arcata ridotta dovreb- in due gruppi. Il primo gruppo è stato trattato con RME
be essere trattata il più presto possibile per promuovere ed era formato da 24 pazienti la cui età variava da 6 a 12
R M
la normale funzione e il corretto posizionamento della anni all’inizio del trattamento. Il secondo gruppo era trat-
lingua ³. tato con SARME ed era costituito da 28 pazienti la cui età
Una posizione bassa della lingua è associata a un pa- variava dai 13 ai 35 anni. Tutti i pazienti avevano dei mo-
lato stretto, che può predisporre alla respirazione orale e delli di studio dentali e cefalogrammi postero-anteriori
causare un affollamento superiore anteriore. L’ipoplasia prima e dopo l’espansione, alla rimozione del dispositivo
P A

mascellare può predisporre sia ad una malocclusione di II e un anno dopo il trattamento. In questo studio, il gruppo
classe che di III classe e può limitare lo sviluppo mandi- trattato con dispositivi ortopedici e il gruppo chirurgico
O V

bolare nelle sue dimensioni sagittali e trasversali 4¯6. hanno mostrato risultati simili e stabili. Analizzando le
Nel mascellare ipoplasico, uno o più elementi dentari misurazioni dento-alveolari, i risultati hanno dimostrato
posteriori possono essere in inversione unilaterale o bi- che la larghezza intercanina era aumenta maggiormente
C ER

laterale. nel gruppo chirurgico rispetto al gruppo ortopedico. I due


Attraverso l’ampliamento della sutura palatina me- gruppi hanno mostrato una diminuzione della larghezza
Y

diana, può essere realizzata la correzione di un cross-bite inter-canina simile dalla rimozione dell’apparecchio a un
posteriore in un paziente in crescita (in cui le suture ma- anno dal trattamento, mentre la larghezza intermolare ha
scellari non sono ancora completamente ossificate). La mostrato una maggiore stabilità nel gruppo ortopedico
IN

ragione di questo è che la forza ortopedica può aprire la dopo un anno di contenzione.
sutura palatina, che di solito è fibrosa nei bambini, e di Le procedure chirurgiche e ortopediche hanno mostrato
conseguenza espandere il mascellare. (nell’analisi cefalometrica postero-anteriore) circa lo stes-
Studi di Melsen 7 hanno mostrato che le risposte so grado di stabilità alveolare e larghezza mascellare du-
M

all’espansione ortopedica dei mascellari sono legate rante i 12 mesi di contenzione. La larghezza nasale in en-
all’età e alla maturazione scheletrica del paziente. Il si- trambi i gruppi è aumentata durante la fase di espansione.
stema suturale dei pazienti giovani è sensibile all’espan- Le differenze riportate dall’analisi modelli di studio
sione ortopedica, e la complessità della sutura aumenta e dalle misurazioni cefalometriche postero-anteriori non
con l’età. hanno mostrato alcuna significatività statistica e i modelli
Differenze trasversali minori possono essere corrette hanno dimostrato che clinicamente non vi è differenza in
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

con la sola espansione ortopedica dopo la maturità sche- termini di stabilità di espansione rapida del palato chirurgi-
letrica, anche se aumenta il rischio di recidiva e sono stati camente assistita ed espansione ortopedica non chirurgica.
osservati movimenti dento-alveolari. L’espansione orto- Cefalometricamente, è stato osservato che il mascel-
pedica in un paziente scheletricamente maturo può deter- lare superiore viene spostato verso il basso e in avanti
minare diversi problemi clinici, come dolore al momento durante l’espansione ortopedica del mascellare ¹5¯¹8.
dell’attivazione dell’apparecchiatura, tipping buccale de- Akkaya et al.¹9 ha registrato un significativo aumento
gli elementi dentali posteriori 8 e complicazioni parodon- dei valori SNA, NPgA, SN/MP, ANB, angoli ANS/PNS-
tali 9. Discrepanze trasversali (una volta che la maturazio- MP durante l’espansione con la RME. Gli stessi autori
ne scheletrica è stata raggiunta) sono preferibilmente da hanno anche trovato una diminuzione dell’angolo incisivo

Vol. 65 - No. 2 Minerva Stomatologica 81


not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is

GIANNINI RPE VERSUS SARPE


This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other

superiore/ SN e dell’overbite, e un aumento dell’overjet. chio ortopedico dopo 3 anni di follow-up e hanno con-
Essi hanno inoltre rilevato, nel periodo post-trattamento, frontato i cambiamenti dento-scheletrici con un gruppo
una diminuzione dei valori SN-ANS / PNS, incisivi/SN e di controllo.
delle misure del piano E, e un aumento dell’angolo incisi- Sono state eseguite radiografie cefalometriche in pro-
vo superiore/incisivo inferiore e dell’overbite. iezione latero-laterale e postero-anteriore 3 anni dopo il
Cleall ²0 ha riscontrato effetti sfavorevoli nei pazienti periodo di contenzione.
con un mascellare ben posizionato e ha dichiarato che nel L’analisi cefalometrica laterale e postero-anteriore ha
periodo di contenzione il mascellare generalmente ritor- mostrato la stabilità dopo le procedure RME e SARME.
na nella sua posizione originale. Inoltre, in uno studio di Data l’importanza dell’età in risposta al trattamento
cefalogrammi laterali ¹5 è stato riferito che il mascellare con RME l’unica differenza tra i gruppi è la loro indi-
scende costantemente ma raramente si muove in modo cazione, che si basa sulla maturazione scheletrica del
significativo in avanti. Wertz e Dreskin ¹6 hanno notato paziente. Da un lato le forze ortopediche possono esse-
cambiamenti significativi nell’angolazione del palato re usate con successo per correggere un deficit trasver-
dopo la terapia con RME. sale del mascellare in pazienti in crescita, dall’altro lato
Cozza et al.²¹ hanno osservato che il mascellare mo- l’espansione rapida del mascellare chirurgicamente as-

® A
strava una tendenza a ruotare verso il basso e l’indietro, sistita risulta essere l’opzione di trattamento elettiva per
con un conseguente aumento statisticamente significativo la correzione di un mascellare ipoplasico in un paziente

T C
dell’angolo SN/PP e dei valori lineari SN-ANS. Tali ri- scheletricamente maturo.
sultati sono in accordo con gli studi di Davis e Kronman Lo scopo di questo studio retrospettivo è stato quello
²², Wertz ¹5, Byrum ²³, Asanza et al.²4, Sarver e Johnston di valutare e confrontare, dal punto di vista cefalometrico,

H DI
²5, da Silva et al.¹8 e Akkaya et al.¹9 gli effetti scheletrici e dentali dell’espansione del mascel-
Byrum ²³, Sarver e Johnston ²5 e da Silva et al.¹8 non lare attraverso RME e attraverso SARME.
hanno trovato nessuna alterazione statisticamente signi-
ficativa nella posizione antero-posteriore del mascella-
IG E
re superiore, che contraddice le conclusioni di Davis e Materiali e metodi
Kronman.²² Campione
R M
Altug-Atac e Karasu 8 hanno condotto uno studio per
valutare i cambiamenti dentali e scheletrici che si verifi- Il campione di questo studio retrospettivo comprende-
cano durante l’espansione ortopedica rapida del mascel- va 102 pazienti (50 femmine, 52 maschi) con morso in-
lare e quella chirurgicamente assistita. crociato bilaterale causato da una dimensione trasversale
In questo studio sono stati valutati 20 pazienti divisi in del mascellare ridotta, trattati presso il Dipartimento di
P A

due gruppi. Il primo gruppo comprendeva 10 pazienti con Ortodonzia, Università degli Studi di Milano.
età media di 15 anni che hanno ricevuto un’espansione Sono stati considerati due gruppi di trattamento: il pri-
O V

del mascellare tramite apparecchio ortopedico. Il secondo mo gruppo (63 pazienti, 36 maschi, 27 femmine) com-
gruppo era formato da 10 pazienti con un’età media di 19 prendeva pazienti in fase di crescita tra i 6 e i 17 anni che
anni che è stato sottoposto all’espansione rapida del ma- erano stati trattati con un’ espansione rapida del mascel-
C ER

scellare chirurgicamente assistita. Per ciascun paziente lare tramite dispositivo ortopedico.
stati ottenuti e analizzati cefalogrammi postero-anteriori I criteri di inclusione per il primo gruppo erano:
Y

e laterali pretrattamento e post-trattamento. —  nessun trattamento ortodontico in precedenza;


Da un lato l’espansione ortopedica è stata caratterizza- —  paziente in crescita;
ta da un aumento del valore SNA, che mostra uno sposta- — presenza di indagini cefalometriche pre- e post-
IN

mento in avanti del mascellare superiore, dall’altro lato trattamento con un eccellente contrasto;
SNB è aumentato significativamente di più nei pazienti —  ipoplasia trasversa del mascellare;
trattati chirurgicamente rispetto al gruppo RME. Un’altra —  presenza di morso incrociato bilaterale posteriore.
differenza significativa tra i gruppi è stata osservata nel- I criteri di esclusione sono stati:
M

le angolazioni del piano mascellare. Nei pazienti trattati —  fine crescita;


con RME l’analisi cefalometrica mostrava una rotazione —  anomalie congenite;
anteriore del piano mascellare, mentre nei pazienti trattati —  trattamento ortodontico precedente;
con SARME la rotazione del piano mascellare era in di- —  asimmetrie del viso o dentali;
rezione posteriore. —  anomalie dentali.
I risultati dell’analisi cefalometrica postero-ante- L’età media di questi pazienti era 9,5 anni.
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

riore mostrano che entrambi gli approcci sono efficaci Il secondo gruppo (39 pazienti, 16 maschi, 27 femmi-
nell’espansione di un mascellare ipoplasico. La larghezza ne) comprendeva pazienti tra i 18 ei 47 anni che erano
mascellare e la distanza inter-molare superiore sono au- stati trattati con un’ espansione rapida del mascellare chi-
mentati significativamente in tutti i pazienti. Se confron- rurgicamente assistita.
tato con il gruppo SARME, i pazienti trattati con RME I criteri di inclusione per il secondo gruppo erano:
hanno mostrato un aumento nella distanza intermola- —  nessun trattamento ortodontico pregresso;
re inferiore. Gli stessi autori hanno valutato la stabilità —  i pazienti alla fine della crescita;
dell’espansione rapida del mascellare chirurgicamente — pretrattamento e post-trattamento laterale x-ray
assistita e l’espansione del mascellare tramite apparec- con un eccellente contrasto;

82 Minerva Stomatologica April 2016


not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is

RPE VERSUS SARPE GIANNINI


This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other

—  trasversale ipoplasia mascellare; permanenti; una vite di martinello centrale di 9 mm. La


—  presenza di bilaterale morso posteriore trasversale. vite dell’Hyrax è stata attivata due volte al giorno con
Criteri di esclusione sono stati: un quarto di giro al mattino e alla sera fino ad ottenere
—  pazienti in crescita; l’espansione desiderata. L’apparecchio è stato poi lascia-
—  trattamento ortodontico precedente; to in sede passivamente per 6 mesi. Infatti il rispetto della
—  asimmetrie del viso o dentali; fase di stabilizzazione è considerato un fattore chiave nel-
—  anomalie dentali. la riduzione di un’eventuale recidiva.
L’età media di questi pazienti era di 26 anni. I soggetti sono stati osservati settimanalmente fino a
Analisi cefalometrica e metodo statistico: per ogni ottenere un’ipercorrezione.
paziente sono stati considerati due cefalogrammi fronta- Il secondo gruppo di pazienti è stato trattato con
li, uno rilevato prima del trattamento (T0) e un secondo un’espansione rapida del mascellare chirurgicamente as-
dopo la fase di contenzione (T1). sistita.
Nessun altro trattamento ha avuto luogo durante il pe- Il protocollo di trattamento consisteva in una fase orto-
riodo tra T0 a T1. dontica prechirurgica per allineare e livellare i denti sulla
I cefalogrammi frontali sono stati eseguiti dallo stesso propria base ossea seguita da un’espansione chirurgica-

® A
tecnico e tracciati manualmente da un operatore e suc- mente assistita. Un’espansore mascellare Hyrax è stato
cessivamente i punti di riferimento e i contorni anatomici posizionato sui primi molari superiori prima dell’inter-

T C
sono stati verificati da un secondo operatore. Eventuali vento chirurgico. È stata eseguita una osteotomia del
disaccordi sono stati risolti ritracciando il punto di rife- mascellare totale bilaterale dall’apertura piriforme alla
rimento o la struttura con reciproca soddisfazione di en- fessura pterigomascellare con una scissione della sutu-

H DI
trambi gli operatori. ra mediana palatina dalla spina nasale anteriore a quella
Per escludere che ci fossero errori intra-operatore, cia- posteriore. È stata eseguita anche un’ interruzione delle
scuna misurazione è stata ripetuta dallo stesso operatore, articolazioni e delle aree di resistenza anteriore, laterale
dopo un periodo di sette giorni ed è stato considerato il e posteriore ed è stato posizionato un supporto mediano
IG E
valore medio delle due misurazioni.
Tutti i coefficienti degli errori di misura sono stati
trovati in modo da essere vicino a 1.00 ed entro limiti
dell’arcata mascellare.
Allo stesso tempo, sono stati fatti due quarti di giro
di vite, mentre nei giorni successivi l’apparecchio è stato
R M
accettabili. attivato due volte al giorno fino ad ottenere l’espansione
I cefalogrammi frontali sono stati tracciati utilizzando voluta.
fogli di carta acetato.
La valutazione dei rapporti scheletrici è stata eseguita
P A

sulle distanze tra MxR-MxL, Cvm+L – Cvm+R, X-SNM, Risultati


SNM-SNA, SNM-MID, sulle discrepanze sul piano oriz-
Entrambi gli approcci terapeutici hanno mostrato un
zontale tra MxR-MxL, Cvm+R – c Cvm+L e Cvm-R-
O V

aumento dei diametri trasversi mascellari statisticamente


Cvm-L, sulla posizione di IS+ e IS- rispetto a MID.
significativo (P<0,00001), come dimostrato dall’aumento
Le misurazioni cefalometriche analizzate sono ripor-
della distanza MxR-MxL (circa 4 mm). Anche la distanza
C ER

tati nelle Tabelle I-III.


molare (Cvm+L - Cvm+R) risulta aumentata in entram-
Sono stati calcolati e confrontati i cambiamenti nei va-
be le metodiche in maniera statisticamente significativa
Y

lori cefalometrici nei gruppi trattati con RME e SARME


(P<0.00001). Bisogna considerare il fatto che l’aumento
durante il periodo di osservazione.
della distanza intermolare sia dovuta in entrambi i casi
Le statistiche descrittive includevano le medie e le
in parte ad un allargamento in senso trasversale del ma-
IN

deviazioni standard (SD). Sono state esaminate le diffe-


scellare ipoplasico, in parte ad un effetto minimo dento-
renze tra le medie nelle misurazioni cefalometriche a T0
alveolare legato all’espansore palatale.
e T1.
Sia nella RME che nella SARME si ha un aumento
della distanza tra il punto X (punto di incontro della la-
M

Analisi statistica mina perpendicolare dell’etmoide con la proiezione del


L’analisi statistica è stata effettuata usando il test per pavimento della fossa cranica anteriore) e il punto SNM
campioni accoppiati. La significatività statistica è stata (punto di mezzo del diametro massimo, sul piano oriz-
considerata a P<0.05. zontale, del terzo medio del setto nasale), e tra il punto
SNM e il punto SNAC (punto più declive, sul piano oriz-
zontale della spina nasale anteriore all’incontro con la su-
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

Protocollo di trattamento
tura palatina), ciò significa che il mascellare in entrambe
Il primo gruppo è stato trattato con un’espansione le metodiche, anche se in maniera più accentuata nella
rapida ortopedica del mascellare. L’apparecchio Hyrax RME, ha uno spostamento statisticamente significativo
è stato posizionato sui primi molari superiori. L’appa- verso il basso (P<0,00001 per entrambi i valori).
recchio è composto da un telaio o di metallo o in titanio Un dato di particolare rilevanza clinica è l’aumen-
puro per i soggetti allergici al nichel ed è costituito da: to della distanza tra le aperture piriformi (AP PIR),
due bande per i primi molari permanenti o i secondi mo- ciò sottolinea un aumento statisticamente significativo
lari decidui; due bracci palatali saldati alle bande che si (P<0,00001) dell’apertura delle fosse nasali e quindi un
estendono alle superfici mesiale dei canini decidui o dei miglioramento delle attività respiratorie in entrambi gli

Vol. 65 - No. 2 Minerva Stomatologica 83


not permitted. It is not permitted to remove, cover, overlay, obscure, block, or change any copyright notices or terms of use which the Publisher may post on the Article. It is not permitted to frame or use framing techniques to enclose any trademark, logo,
means which may allow access to the Article. The use of all or any part of the Article for any Commercial Use is not permitted. The creation of derivative works from the Article is not permitted. The production of reprints for personal or commercial use is

GIANNINI RPE VERSUS SARPE


This document is protected by international copyright laws. No additional reproduction is authorized. It is permitted for personal use to download and save only one file and print only one copy of this Article. It is not permitted to make additional copies
(either sporadically or systematically, either printed or electronic) of the Article for any purpose. It is not permitted to distribute the electronic copy of the article through online internet and/or intranet file sharing systems, electronic mailing or any other

approcci terapeutici, con una media di apertura maggiore necessaria una significativa espansione del palato, si può
nella metodica RME (media=2,3 mm) rispetto alla meto- ricorrere alla metodica di espansione palatale chirurgica-
dica SARME (media=1,7 mm). mente assistita 9, 30.
Oltre ad un allargamento della volta palatina, si può Come si può notare dai risultati ottenuti, entrambe le
osservare anche una simmetrizzazione delle due metà che metodiche mostrano risultati in gran parte sovrapponibili,
compongono l’osso mascellare, sia a livello scheletrico in cui insieme all’ottenimento di un’espansione del ma-
che a livello dentale: si ha infatti una diminuzione sta- scellare ipoplasico si ha anche il miglioramento di altri
tisticamente significativa della distanza tra SNM e l’as- parametri, in particolare si ha una riduzione delle asim-
se di simmetria MID, e della distanza tra SNI (punto di metrie dentarie e ossee rispetto alla linea mediana del
mezzo del diametro massimo, sul piano orizzontale, del volto e un’apertura delle prime vie aeree, con quindi un
terzo inferiore del setto nasale) e MID, che risultano quasi possibile miglioramento dell’attività respiratoria.
azzerate. Anche le asimmetrie sul piano verticale rispetto Per quanto riguarda i cambiamenti sul piano verticale,
all’asse di simmetria tra i punti MxR e MxL, tra i punti lo studio mostra che sia dopo metodica RME che dopo
Cvm+R e Cvm-L, tra Cvm+R e Cvm+L, tra Cvm-R e metodica SARME, si ha un accrescimento della dimen-
Cvm-L, tra INTER SUP 1(punto interincisivo superiore) sione verticale del volto, testimoniata da un aumento

® A
e MID e tra INTER INF (punto interincisivo inferiore) E statisticamente significativo della lunghezza tra i punti
MID risultano diminuite in modo statisticamente signifi- cefalometrici SNM E SNAC.

T C
cativo sia con lì approccio RME che con quello SARME.
Conclusioni
Discussione

H DI
Lo studio di questo articolo evidenzia le seguenti con-
clusioni:
L’ipoplasia del mascellare superiore rappresenta una — RME e SARME possono essere usate per l’espan-
tra le malocclusioni che più frequentemente si riscontra- sione trasversale del mascellare e sono delle tecniche effi-
no in fase di crescita e possono interferire con il normale
IG E caci per trattare l’ipoplasia trasversale del mascellare nei
e armonico sviluppo del massiccio facciale 26. pazienti in crescita e nei pazienti adulti.
Possibili conseguenze di una ipoplasia trasversa del — Come mostrato dalle indagini cefalometriche di
R M
mascellare non trattata possono essere dislocazioni se- questo studio, il risultato di entrambe le tecniche è un
condarie della mandibola, asimmetrie, problemi artico- aumento della dimensione trasversale del mascellare su-
lari dell’ATM, malposizionamento dentario legato ad un periore.
insufficiente spazio dentale in arcata, problemi respiratori — La scelta è legata all’età del paziente, e dunque alla
in quanto il palato è il tetto della bocca ma anche il pavi-
P A

fase biologica della sutura palatale.


mento delle cavità nasali 27-29.
L’espansione rapida palatale attraverso il solo utilizzo
Riassunto
O V

di un’apparecchiatura fissa in fase di crescita e l’espansio-


ne rapida del mascellare chirurgicamente assistita a fine OBIETTIVO: Lo scopo di questo studio retrospettivo è
crescita sono entrambe due metodiche che hanno come stato quello di valutare e confrontare dal punto di vista cefalo-
C ER

fine quello di risolvere delle problematiche ossee di tipo metrico gli effetti scheletrici e dentali dell’espansione del pa-
lato eseguito tramite espansione ortopedica e chirurgicamente
trasversale a livello del cavo orale. La discriminante per
Y

assistita.
la scelta tra l’una e l’altra metodica è senza dubbio l’età METODI: Lo studio include 102 pazienti (50 femmine e
biologica del soggetto, e dunque lo stadio biologico in cui 52 maschi) presentanti un cross-bite bilaterale causato da una
si trova la sutura palatina. Fino ai 12 anni circa, la sutura dimensione insufficiente della base apicale e sono stati divisi
IN

palatina si trova in uno stato di sinfibrosi. All’età di 13- in due gruppi: il primo gruppo (63 pazienti, 36 maschi e 27
14 anni, la sutura trasversa diventa più corta e lievemen- femmine) che includeva i pazienti trattati con una espansione
ortoepdica rapida. Il secondo gruppo (39 pazienti, 16 maschi
te ondulata; il tessuto connettivo si riduce a una lamina e 23 femmine) che includeva pazienti che sono stati trattati
molto sottile tra le due parti del palato. La sutura palatale tramite una espansione chirurgicamente assistita. Per ciascun
M

mediana permane allo stato di sinfibrosi fino all’età di 14- paziente sono stati eseguiti i tracciati cefalometrici su telera-
16 anni, per poi incominciare lentamente ad ossificarsi, diografia latero laterale prima del trattamento (T0) e dopo la
completando tale processo attorno al 25° anno. fase di stabilizzazione (T1). La statistica descrittiva ha incluso
La metodica RME infatti viene largamente utilizzata l’analisi di media e deviazione standard. La differenza tra le
medie in T0 e T1 è stata analizzata. L’analisi statistica è stata
nei soggetti in età infantile e in quelli in fase di picco di eseguita tramite un test T per campioni appaiati e la significa-
crescita puberale, che hanno ancora una sutura palatina
or other proprietary information of the Publisher.

tività statistica è stata considerate per P<0,05.


fibrosa e non ossificata. A partire dai 14-16 anni, la sutura RISULTATI: entrambi gli approcci terapeutici consentono
comincia a ossificarsi fino a diventare sinostosi verso il di ottenere un aumento dell’ampiezza della maxilla statistica-
venticinquesimo anno di vita. Questo significa che gli ef- mente significativa e la simmetrizzazione delle due metà sia a
fetti dell’RME in età adolescenziale e in età adulta saran- livello scheletrico che dentale.
CONCLUSIONI: l’espansione chirurgica e quella ortope-
no assai inferiori, se non nulli, rispetto a quelli ottenibili dica possono entrambe essere utilizzate per correggere l’ipo-
in età infantile e a inizio crescita puberale, e i movimenti plasia trasversale del mascellare. La scelta è correlate all’età e
che si potranno ottenere saranno per lo più di tipo dento- allo stadio di ossificazione della sutura del palato.
alveolare, con tipping dei molari superiori. Parole chiave: Mascella - Trattamento chirurgico - Tecniche di
Qualora dunque in fase adolescenziale e adulta sia espansione palatale.

84 Minerva Stomatologica April 2016

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