Coding

The coding is the process of transforming the design of a system into a computer
language format. This coding phase of software development is concerned with
software translating design specification into the source code. It is necessary to
write source code & internal documentation so that conformance of the code to
its specification can be easily verified.

Coding is done by the coder or programmers who are independent people than
the designer. The goal is not to reduce the effort and cost of the coding phase, but
to cut to the cost of a later stage. The cost of testing and maintenance can be
significantly reduced with efficient coding.

Goals of Coding

1. To translate the design of system into a computer language

format: The coding is the process of transforming the design of a system
into a computer language format, which can be executed by a computer
and that perform tasks as specified by the design of operation during the
design phase.
2. To reduce the cost of later phases: The cost of testing and maintenance
can be significantly reduced with efficient coding.
3. Making the program more readable: Program should be easy to read and
understand. It increases code understanding having readability and
understandability as a clear objective of the coding activity can itself help
in producing more maintainable software.

For implementing our design into code, we require a high-level functional

language. A programming language should have the following characteristics:

Characteristics of Programming Language

Following are the characteristics of Programming Language:

Readability: A good high-level language will allow programs to be written in
some methods that resemble a quite-English description of the underlying
functions. The coding may be done in an essentially self-documenting way.

Portability: High-level languages, being virtually machine-independent, should

be easy to develop portable software.

Generality: Most high-level languages allow the writing of a vast collection of

programs, thus relieving the programmer of the need to develop into an expert in
many diverse languages.

Brevity: Language should have the ability to implement the algorithm with less
amount of code. Programs mean in high-level languages are often significantly
shorter than their low-level equivalents.

Error checking: A programmer is likely to make many errors in the development

of a computer program. Many high-level languages invoke a lot of bugs checking
both at compile-time and run-time.

Cost: The ultimate cost of a programming language is a task of many of its

characteristics.

Quick translation: It should permit quick translation.

Efficiency: It should authorize the creation of an efficient object code.

Modularity: It is desirable that programs can be developed in the language as

several separately compiled modules, with the appropriate structure for ensuring
self-consistency among these modules.

Widely available: Language should be widely available, and it should be feasible

to provide translators for all the major machines and all the primary operating
systems.

A coding standard lists several rules to be followed during coding, such as the
way variables are to be named, the way the code is to be laid out, error return
conventions, etc.

Coding Standards

General coding standards refers to how the developer writes code, so here we will
discuss some essential standards regardless of the programming language being
used.

The following are some representative coding standards:

1. Indentation: Proper and consistent indentation is essential in producing
easy to read and maintainable programs.
Indentation should be used to:
o Emphasize the body of a control structure such as a loop or a select
statement.
o Emphasize the body of a conditional statement
o Emphasize a new scope block
2. Inline comments: Inline comments analyze the functioning of the
subroutine, or key aspects of the algorithm shall be frequently used.
3. Rules for limiting the use of global: These rules file what types of data
can be declared global and what cannot.
4. Structured Programming: Structured (or Modular) Programming
methods shall be used. "GOTO" statements shall not be used as they lead
to "spaghetti" code, which is hard to read and maintain, except as outlined
line in the FORTRAN Standards and Guidelines.
5. Naming conventions for global variables, local variables, and constant
identifiers: A possible naming convention can be that global variable
names always begin with a capital letter, local variable names are made of
small letters, and constant names are always capital letters.
 6. Error return conventions and exception handling system: Different
functions in a program report the way error conditions are handled should
be standard within an organization. For example, different tasks while
encountering an error condition should either return a 0 or 1 consistently.

Coding Guidelines

General coding guidelines provide the programmer with a set of the best methods
which can be used to make programs more comfortable to read and maintain.
Most of the examples use the C language syntax, but the guidelines can be tested
to all languages.

The following are some representative coding guidelines recommended by many

software development organizations.

1. Line Length: It is considered a good practice to keep the length of source code
lines at or below 80 characters. Lines longer than this may not be visible properly
on some terminals and tools. Some printers will truncate lines longer than 80
columns.

2. Spacing: The appropriate use of spaces within a line of code can improve
readability.

Example:

Bad: cost=price+(price*sales_tax)
fprintf(stdout ,"The total cost is %5.2f\n",cost);

Better: cost = price + ( price * sales_tax )

fprintf (stdout,"The total cost is %5.2f\n",cost);
3. The code should be well-documented: As a rule of thumb, there must be at
least one comment line on the average for every three-source line.

4. The length of any function should not exceed 10 source lines: A very
lengthy function is generally very difficult to understand as it possibly carries out
many various functions. For the same reason, lengthy functions are possible to
have a disproportionately larger number of bugs.

5. Do not use goto statements: Use of goto statements makes a program

unstructured and very tough to understand.

6. Inline Comments: Inline comments promote readability.

7. Error Messages: Error handling is an essential aspect of computer

programming. This does not only include adding the necessary logic to test for
and handle errors but also involves making error messages meaningful.