Lesson-1

Introduction to Stability
M
G
G BM
B KM
B

K
CL

DISPLACEMENT
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
Definitions :
• Stability
• Initial Stability
• Overall Stability
• Dynamic Stability
STABILITY - THE TENDENCY OF A SHIP TO
ROTATE ONE WAY OR THE OTHER (TO RIGHT
ITSELF OR OVERTURN)

INITIAL STABILITY - THE STABILITY OF A

SHIP IN THE RANGE FROM 0° TO 7°/10°

OVERALL STABILITY - A GENERAL MEASURE OF

A SHIP'S ABILITY TO RESIST CAPSIZING IN A
GIVEN CONDITION OF LOADING

DYNAMIC STABILITY - THE WORK DONE IN

HEELING A SHIP TO A GIVEN ANGLE OF HEEL
 LAWS OF BUOYANCY

• A FLOATING OBJECT HAS THE PROPERTY OF

BUOYANCY

• A FLOATING BODY DISPLACES A VOLUME

OF WATER EQUAL IN WEIGHT TO THE
WEIGHT OF THE BODY.
 LAWS OF BUOYANCY
• A FLOATING OBJECT HAS THE PROPERTY
OF BUOYANCY
• A FLOATING BODY DISPLACES A VOLUME
OF WATER EQUAL IN WEIGHT TO THE
WEIGHT OF THE BODY.
• A BODY IMMERSED (OR FLOATING) IN
WATER WILL BE BUOYED UP BY A FORCE
EQUAL TO THE WEIGHT OF THE WATER
DISPLACED.
 DISPLACEMENT
• THE WEIGHT OF THE VOLUME OF WATER
THAT THE SHIP'S HULL IS DISPLACING

• UNITS OF WEIGHT
LONG TON = 2240 LBS = 1016 KG
SHORT TON = 2000 LBS = 907.184 KG
METRIC TON = 2204.72 LBS = 1000 KG
DISPLACEMENT

00

DISPLACEMENT
DISPLACEMENT

04

DISPLACEMENT
DISPLACEMENT

09

DISPLACEMENT
DISPLACEMENT

G
B

16

DISPLACEMENT
DISPLACEMENT

G
B

20

DISPLACEMENT
FORCE: A PUSH OR A PULL. IT TENDS TO
PRODUCE MOTION OR A CHANGE
IN MOTION.

UNITS: TONS, POUNDS, ETC.

PARALLEL FORCES MAY BE COMBINED INTO

ONE FORCE EQUAL TO THE SUM OF ALL
FORCES ACTING IN THE SAME DIRECTION AND
SO LOCATED TO PRODUCE THE SAME EFFECT.
5T
5T 15T
5T
WEIGHT : GRAVITATIONAL FORCE.
DIRECTION TOWARD CENTER
OF EARTH
UNITS : TONS, POUNDS, etc

MOMENT: THE TENDENCY OF A FORCE TO

PRODUCE ROTATION ABOUT AN
AXIS

d
a F

MOMENT = F x d
VOLUME = NUMBER OF CUBIC UNITS
IN AN OBJECT

UNITS: CUBIC FEET

CUBIC INCHES
CUBIC METRES

V=LxBxD
6M
V = 30 M x 20 M x 6 M
V = 3600 M3
SPECIFIC VOLUME = VOLUME PER
UNIT WEIGHT
UNITS: METRE CUBIC PER TON
SW = 0.97560976 M3/TON
FW = 1.000 M3/TON
WT = VOLUME
SP.VOL
WT = 3600 M3 / 0.97560977 M3/T
WT = 3600 M3 X 1.025 T/M3
V = 3600 M3
WT = 3698,99 TONS 6M
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
2. Stability Reference Points

• Metacentre
• Gravity
• Buoyancy
• Keel
STABILITY REFERENCE POINTS
Metacenter

Gravity

Buoyancy

K eel
CL
STABILITY REFERENCE POINTS
Mother

Goose

Beats

K ids
CL
THE CENTER OF
BUOYANCY
 THE CENTER OF
BUOYANCY

RESERVE BUOYANCY
WATERLINE

B1

B
RESERVE BUOYANCY, FREEBOARD, DRAFT
AND DEPTH OF HULL

RESERVE BUOYANCY FREEBOARD

WATERLINE

DEPTH B
DRAFT
CENTER OF BUOYANCY

WL

BB BBB
CENTER OF BUOYANCY

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
THE CENTER OF
GRAVITY
 CENTER OF GRAVITY
• POINT AT WHICH ALL WEIGHTS COULD
BE CONCENTRATED.

• CENTER OF GRAVITY OF A SYSTEM OF

WEIGHTS IS FOUND BY TAKING
MOMENTS ABOUT AN ASSUMED CENTER
OF GRAVITY, MOMENTS ARE SUMMED
AND DIVIDED BY THE TOTAL WEIGHT
OF THE SYSTEM.
THE CENTER OF
GRAVITY G1

KG1
KGo

G1
G

KGo
KG1
 MOVEMENTS IN THE CENTER
OF GRAVITY
• G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT ADDITION

• G MOVES AWAY FROM A WEIGHT REMOVAL

• G MOVES IN THE DIRECTION OF A WEIGHT

SHIFT
 MOVEMENTS IN THE
CENTER OF GRAVITY

• G MOVES
TOWARDS
A WEIGHT
ADDITION
G1

KG1
KGo
 G1

KG1
KGo
MOVEMENTS IN THE
CENTER OF GRAVITY
G MOVES AWAY FROM
A WEIGHT REMOVAL

G1
G

KGo
KG1
 G1
G
G
G
G
G
G
G

KG1
KGo
MOVEMENTS IN THE
CENTER OF GRAVITY
G MOVES IN THE DIRECTION OF
A WEIGHT SHIFT

G G
G
G2
THE METACENTER
METACENTER THE
M
METACENTER

B
B1 B2
M20
M45
M
M70
B

B20 B70
B45
METACENTER

BBBBBB
B
METACENTER
M

B SHIFTS
 MOVEMENTS OF THE
METACENTER
THE METACENTER WILL CHANGE
POSITIONS IN THE VERTICAL PLANE WHEN
THE SHIP'S DISPLACEMENT CHANGES

THE METACENTER MOVES LAW THESE

TWO RULES:
1. WHEN B MOVES UP M MOVES DOWN.
2. WHEN B MOVES DOWN M MOVES UP.
 MOVEMENT OF
THE METACENTRE

M1
M
M
M1
M
M
M1 M
M1
G
G
G
G
G
B1 B
B
B
B
B
 o o MOVEMENT OF
0 -7/10 THE METACENTRE

CL
 MOVEMENT OF
THE METACENTRE
M20

B B20
 MOVEMENT OF
THE METACENTRE

M20
M45
M

B20 B45
 MOVEMENT OF
THE METACENTRE

M20
M45

M70 M

B20 B70
B45
 MOVEMENT OF
THE METACENTRE

M45 M20
B M70
CL

M
M90
B20
B90
B45
B70
 MOVEMENTS OF THE
METACENTER
THE METACENTER WILL CHANGE
POSITIONS IN THE VERTICAL PLANE WHEN
THE SHIP'S DISPLACEMENT CHANGES

THE METACENTER MOVES LAW THESE

TWO RULES:
1. WHEN B MOVES UP M MOVES DOWN.
2. WHEN B MOVES DOWN M MOVES UP.
 MOVEMENT OF
THE METACENTRE

M
M1
G
G
B1 B
B
WHEN B MOVES UP M MOVES DOWN.
LINEAR MEASUREMENTS IN
STABILITY
M
GM
BM
G
KM
KG B
KB

CLK
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
3. Stability Triangle

G Z
THE STABILITY
TRIANGLE M

CL
G Z
THE STABILITY TRIANGLE

MMMM
M

G
GG
G Z

B BB
B BB1B1B1 1

K KK
KK

CL
Sin q = opp / hyp
Where : M
opposite = GZ
hypotenuse = GM
Sin q = GZ / GM
GZ = GM x Sin q
Growth of GZ a GM
G Z
M

G1
G

CL
Growth of GZ α GM M

AS GM DECREASES
RIGHTING ARM
ALSO DECREASES
G1 Z1

G Z
 INITIAL
STABILITY

0 - 7°
CL
 OVERALL
STABILITY
M

G Z

B B1

RM = GZ x Wf CL
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
 M

G Z THE THREE CONDITIONS

B1
OF STABILITY
POSITIVE

G M

B
B1

G
NEUTRAL
M

B
B1

NEGATIVE
POSITIVE STABILITY

CL
POSITIVE STABILITY

G Z

B
B1

K
NEUTRAL STABILITY

M G

CL
NEUTRAL STABILITY

M G

B
B1

K
NEGATIVE STABILITY
G
M

CL
NEGATIVE STABILITY
G
M

B
B1

K
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
 RIGHTING ARM CURVE
RIGHTING ARMS (FT)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ANGLE OF HEEL (DEGREES)

60°
40°
20°
G Z G Z G Z
B B B

GZ = 1.4 FT GZ = 2.0 FT GZ = 1 FT
 ANGLE OF
MAXIMUM RIGHTING MAXIMUM

RIGHTING ARMS (FT)

ARM RIGHTING
ARM
MAXIMUM
DANGER RANGE OF
ANGLE STABILITY

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ANGLE OF HEEL (DEGREES)

60°
40°
20°
G Z G Z G Z
B B B

GZ = 1.4 FT GZ = 2.0 FT GZ = 1 FT
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
LONGITUDINAL CROSS SECTION
CALCULATIVELIMITINGNAVIGATIONAL

AP MP FP

PROJ
30 30
20 9 9 20
9
8
8
7
26
5
4
8
7
9
8
DWL

BL

LBP
CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions
2. Stability Reference Points
3. Stability Triangle
4. Conditions of Stability
5. Stability Curve
6. Ship’s Hull Markings
7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves
8. Model
 DRAFT DIAGRAM AND FUNCTIONS OF FORM
AFTER FORWARD
DRAFT MOMENT TO TRANSERSE
TONS LONGITUDINAL DRAFT
MARKS ALTER TRIM METACENTER MARKS
ABOVE BOTTOM PER CENTER OF
(FT) ONE INCH OF KEEL INCH BUOYANCY (FT)
(FOOT-TONS) DISPLACEMENT
(TONS) (FT) (TONS/IN) (FEET)
17 17
800 22.2 5 16
16 33
4000 4
15 22.3 3 15
22.4 2
750 3500 32 1
14 22.5 14
700 31 1
13 3000 22.6 2 13
650 30 3
22.7 4
12 600 29 5 12
2550 22.8
550 28 11
11
CURVE OF CENTER OF FLOTATION

30 20 10

Length Between Draft Marks 397' 0"

DRAFT FWD = 14 FT 6 IN KM = 22.28 FT

DRAFT AFT = 16 FT 3 IN TPI = 32.7 TONS/IN
Wo = 3850 TONS LCB = 3.5 FT AFT
MT1" = 778 FT-TONS/IN LCF = 24 FT AFT
 FFG 7
CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY
CENTER OF GRAVITY ASSUMED
19.0 FT ABOVE THE BASELINE
3.0
10o = .55 FT
2.5 50 15o = .85 FT
45 55 20o = 1.1 FT
40 60
RIGHTING ARMS (FT) 2.0 30o = 1.73 FT
40o = 2.35 FT
1.5 30 45o = 2.55 FT
50o = 2.6 FT
1.0 20
55o = 2.5 FT
15
60o = 2.3 FT
0.5 10

3000 3500 4000 4500

DISPLACEMENT (TONS)
10o = .55 FT STATICAL STABILITY CURVE PLOTTING SHEET
15o = .85 FT 5
20o = 1.1 FT
30o = 1.73 FT
40o = 2.35 FT
RIGHTING ARMS (FT)

45o = 2.55 FT 4
50o = 2.6 FT
55o = 2.5 FT
60o = 2.3 FT 3
X X X
X X
2
X

1 X
X
X
0X 57.3
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ANGLE OF INCLINATION - DEGREES