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Class 11 Revision Notes Probability

This document provides a summary of key concepts in probability from the Class 11 maths textbook. It defines probability and different approaches to probability such as the statistical, classical, and axiomatic methods. It also defines important probability terms like sample space, events, simple events, compound events, impossible events, sure events, mutually exclusive events, and exhaustive events. Formulas for calculating the probability of unions, intersections, and complements of events are provided. The document also discusses probabilities of equally likely outcomes.

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Ashwath Kuttuva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
716 views

Class 11 Revision Notes Probability

This document provides a summary of key concepts in probability from the Class 11 maths textbook. It defines probability and different approaches to probability such as the statistical, classical, and axiomatic methods. It also defines important probability terms like sample space, events, simple events, compound events, impossible events, sure events, mutually exclusive events, and exhaustive events. Formulas for calculating the probability of unions, intersections, and complements of events are provided. The document also discusses probabilities of equally likely outcomes.

Uploaded by

Ashwath Kuttuva
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Revision Notes

Class - 11 Maths
Chapter 16 - Probability

● Probability is a numerical measure of the uncertainty of diverse phenomena.


It can range from 0 to 1 a positive value.
● The phrases 'probably', 'doubt’, ‘most probably', 'chances' and so on, all have
an element of ambiguity in them.
no. of favourable outcome
● Probability=
total no. of outcomes
● Approaches to Probability:
i. Statistical approach: Observation & data collection
ii. Classical approach: Only Equal probable events
iii. Axiomatic method: For real-life situations. It has a strong connection to set
theory.

● Random Experiments:
(i) There are multiple possible outcomes.
(ii) It is impossible to know the outcome ahead of time.

● Outcomes: An outcome is a probable result of a random experiment.

● Sample space refers to the set of all possible results of a random experiment.
The letter S stands for it. For example, in a coin toss, the sample space is Head,
Tail.
Each element of the sample space is referred to as a sample point. For
example, in a coin flip, the head is a sample point.

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● Event:
An event is a collection of favourable outcomes.
An event is defined as a subset E of a sample space S . For example, suppose you
get an unusual result when you roll a dice.

● Occurrence of an event:
The occurrence of an event E in a sample space S is said to have occurred if the
experiment's outcome  is such that  E . We say that the event E did not
happen if the outcome  is such that  E .

● Types of Event
i. Impossible and Sure Events
ii. Simple Event
iii. Compound Event

● Impossible and Sure Events:


Events that are both impossible and certain are described by the empty set 
and the sample space S . The impossible event is denoted by  , and the entire
sample space is referred to as the Sure Event.
For example, while rolling a dice, an impossible event is when the number is
greater than 6 and a sure event is when the number is less than or equal to 6.

● Simple (or elementary) event: A simple event has only one sample point of a
sample space.
There are exactly n simple occurrences in a sample space with n different
items. For example, if you roll a dice, a simple event could be receiving a four.

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● Compound Event: A compound event is one in which there are multiple
sample points.
For example, in the case of rolling a die, a simple event could be the event of
receiving a four.

● Algebra of Events:
i. Complementary Event
ii. Event ‘A or B’
iii. Event ‘A and B’
iv. Event ‘A but not B

● Complementary Event
Complementary event to A='not A'
Example: If event A= Event of getting odd number in throw of a die, that is
1, 3, 5 Then, Complementary event to A= Event of getting even number in
throw of a die, that is 2, 4, 6

A'=ω:ω  S and  A  S  A (Where S is the Sample Space)

● Event (A or B):
A  B is known as the union of two sets A and B , it contains all those elements
which are present in either of the two sets.

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If the sets A and B correspond to two events in a sample space, then ‘A  B’ is
the event ‘either A or B or both’. This event ‘A B’ is also called ‘A or B’
Event

● Event 'A and B' :


A  B is known as the intersection of two sets A and B , it contains all those
elements which are common in both the two sets. i.e., which belong to both
‘A and B’ . If A and B are two events, then the set A A  B denotes the event
‘A and B’ .
Thus, A  B = {ω : ω  A and ω  B}

● Event 'A but not B'


A–B is the set of all those elements which are in A but not in B . Therefore, the
set A–B may denote the event ‘ A but not B ’.

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A – B = A  B'

● Mutually exclusive events


Events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive if the occurrence of one of
them precludes the occurrence of the other, i.e., if they can't happen at the same
time.
A die is thrown, for example. All even outcomes is event A , and all odd outcomes
is event B . Then A and B are mutually exclusive events, and they cannot happen
at the same time.
A sample space's simple events are always mutually exclusive.

● Exhaustive events:
Sample space contains lot of events together.
Example: A die is thrown.
Event A= All even outcome and event B= All odd outcome. Even A & B
together forms exhaustive events as it forms Sample Space.

● Axiomatic Approach to Probability:


Another way of explaining probability by using axioms are rules is called the
Axiomatic approach.
Let S be sample space of a random experiment. The probability P is a real

Class XI Maths www.vedantu.com 5


valued function whose domain is the power set of S and range is the interval  0,1
satisfying the following axioms
I. For any event E, P  E   0

II. P S  1

III. If E and F are mutually exclusive events, then P  E  F  P  E   P  F

It follows from (III) that P    =0 . Let F= and E= be two disjoint events,

 P  E     P  E   P    or P  E   P  E  +P    i.e P    =0

Let S be a sample space containing outcomes 1 , 2 ,....n i.e., S  1 , 2 ....., n 


then
I. 0  P  i   1 for each ωi  S

II. P  1   P  2   ....  P  n   1

III. For any event E,P  E    P  i  , i  A

IV. P     0

● Probabilities of equally likely outcomes:


1
Let P  ωi  = p , for all ωi  S where 0  p  1 , then p  where n= number of
n
elements.
Let S be a sample space and E be an event, such that n  S =n and n  E   m . If
m
each outcome is equally likely, then it follows that P  E  =
n
Number of outcomes favourable to E

Total possible outcomes

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● Probability of the event ‘ A or B’ :
P(A  B) = P  A  + P  B - P  A  B

● Probability of the event ‘A and B’ :


P  A  B = P  A  + P  B - P  A  B 

● Probability of the event ‘Not A ’


P  A'  = P  not A  = 1 – P  A 

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