Unit2 Notes

Forms of Technical Communication:
Technical Report: Definition & importance; Thesis/Project writing: structure & importance; synopsis writing: Methods;
Technical research Paper writing: Methods & style; Seminar & Conference paper writing; Expert Technical Lecture: Theme
clarity; Analysis & Findings; 7 Cs of effective business writing: concreteness, completeness, clarity, conciseness, courtesy,
correctness, consideration, C.V./Resume writing; Technical Proposal: Types, Structure & Draft.
1.0 Technical Reports

Technical report also known as the scientific report is a technical document that describes
the process, program or the outcomes of any technical / scientific / workplace related,
research / activity or event / happening in a holistic, relevant, clear, concise manner. A
technical report may also include conclusion & future scope clearly indicating the need of
specific research or related activity in the particular domain. They may serve as an
accountability document specially for the funding requirement. Technical reports are
widely utilised in the fields of research and technology. The report may be written by a
single person or by a group, which is often assembled for the purpose. It simply gathers
information on a process, be it the development of an organisation, a strategy, or an activity.
It could come in the form of survey or study findings. The format is specified for
publication in journals or conference proceedings. The editorial board or referees examine
and modify the technical papers or publications. Reports are often intended for evaluation.
Sometimes the financing organisation makes it necessary. Large organisations and
government agencies occasionally release reports for the general public's and stakeholders'
benefit.
There may be several sorts of reports depending on the aims. There are several distinct sorts
of reports, including those on laboratories, health and safety, research, progress, case
studies, field surveys, cost analyses, proposals, technical reports, and financial reports.
Identifying the project's advantages and disadvantages is another goal of report. Reports
might be about the description of material objects, process analysis, testing, lab work, and
design. Technical reports can cover construction, working, unique characteristics, and
market potential of a new product. Proposal reports are particularly thorough ones,
containing feasibility analysis, literature study, etc. Reports can also cover instructions for
an activity or piece of equipment, a feasibility report for determining the viability of a
project, and primary research reports regarding experimentation and survey. An investor-
focused report is a business prospectus.
2.0 Categorisation of the reports
The reports can be classified a number of ways. One can be on the basis of length /
volume. There can be short, medium, long & very long reports. Other way can be on the
basis of discipline say Production report, financial report, sales report etc. We may
classify on the basis of circulation. The reports can be external or internal. Reports can be
categorised on the basis of function also. They can be trouble shooting report, Pathology
report, Feasibility report etc.
Let us focus here on two categories first on the basis of function & second on the basis of
circulation.
The reports, on the basis of function, can be listed as under:
a. Feasibility report
b. Background report
c. Business plan
d. Technical specification
e. Organisational policies & procedures report
f. Recommendation report
g. Research report
However the list is not claimed to be exhaustive.
Feasibility report: A feasibility study is required if a new product is being developed, an

existing product is to be modified with a technological advances, a model is to be updated,
or a new production process is being proposed. The prototype may be exposed to some
experimentation, other techniques may be investigated, various methodologies may be
examined, and numerous model updates may be evaluated. In rare circumstances, data from
other employees and the organisation may be acquired. It is possible to conduct a demand
and supply market survey. The result of an experiment, analysis, research, or survey is what
is anticipated. The report may support or refute the new method, approach, technology, or
product. The rationale might be based on the awareness of cutting-edge technology, and
general awareness, the availability of specialized personnel, facilities, and resources, as
well as infrastructure and funds.
Background report: Technical descriptions like this one provide background information
on subjects like solar power, climate changes, robotic process technology, etc. The other
technical articles could be written with students, professors, or the general public in mind.
The intended audience in this case is broad. A technical background report is often written
for a particular audience. Government, semi-government, and commercial organisations
may provide background information on the necessity when soliciting bids for hospitals,
engineering institutes, technical surveys, etc. The proposers may frequently be mild to
moderate intellectual or people with unrelated fields of expertise. Such a technical
explanation may aid them in comprehending the needs of the issue or problem that has to
be solved. These reports are typically given upon request and may cost money to publish.
Business plans: The businessman or entrepreneur needs the help of other individuals in
order to establish a new business, extend that as well, or specialize it. Private investors,
state and federal governments, privately owned or authorised financial organisations,
banks, etc., might support the aforementioned activities. The blueprint for the company
strategy must be created by the businessman or entrepreneur. The commercial activity
should be thoroughly explained, the market potential should be established, the capabilities
of other manufacturers or businesspeople should be examined, the import and export issues
should be addressed, and a comprehensive strategy for a fully fledged activity should be
prepared. The demands for facilities, manpower, etc., should be investigated and reported.
A phase-wise strategy for five or 10 years may be suggested in specific circumstances. It
might not be profitable right away. The breakeven point and level of profitability should be
predicted using future prediction.
There may be many sorts of activity, depending on the category. It's hard to generalise
about all of them. The intended audience and situation also affect the report's character. It
is important to understand who the product's consumers are, what kind of information they
need, and how the knowledge will benefit them.
Technical specification: Two different sorts of manuals are utilised while promoting the
product. The general information and cost aspect are described in commercial manual. The
product's comprehensive specs are covered in the technical documentation. Construction,
materials, size, weight, measurements, functionalities, operating characteristics, and unique
features are all included. Additionally, it could discuss market possibilities. There is a
substantial amount of alphanumeric data, tables, graphs, and images involved. The focus is
not on the language's quality, but rather on the facts and numbers that demonstrate the
product's performance and excellence. It aims to persuade the customer. Smaller consumer
items could have a straightforward presenting style. The target audience for significant,
expensive commodities may be marketing managers or purchase officials. It would be
preferable to present in a better way.
Organisational policies & procedures report: Additionally, a committee inside the

organisation may be chosen to oversee the implementation of a new policy. If all executive
officers or academics were to receive laptops, the review process would take into account
the number of laptops needed, the models that are available, the overall cost, and the
influence on working productivity. Both a qualitative and quantitative evaluation may be
done. The management uses the assessment committee's report to assist them make
decisions. Similar to how a committee might be constituted and submit a report on a
curriculum change, assessment plan, result analysis, ragging, student disciplinary, proposal
for additional courses, etc.
Recommendation report: The offers are carefully examined by the expert committee
when a government, semi-government, or private entity receives several bids from various
people, agencies, or organisations for a certain task. It is possible to provide the parties the
chance to present and demonstrate. Following this exercise, the committee draughts and
delivers a report recommending the acceptance of a certain good, process, technology,
choice, or offer made by a specific party. The capacity of the proposer and financial factors
may be taken into account while making the choice. Negotiations and reductions are also
beneficial in a buying committee proposal.
Research report: It could not be connected to a unique piece of work. In addition to

conducting a supporting survey, various experiments may be conducted internally or at an
outside institution. Data is generated during testing and survey work, which is then analysed
to develop conclusions. The experimentation, tools, infrastructure, hardware, software, and
background information on the issue may all be covered in the report, along with the study's
ultimate findings. It can be a primary research or secondary research depending on the
situation.
Relying on the circulation mode whether the report is intended for multiple offices in an
organisation or be circulated in the multiple organisation(s), the reports are said as informal/
less formal (former case) and formal (later case).
Informal or less formal report can be Progress/ status reports, Field Trip reports, Equipment
evaluation reports, Laboratory report, Summary report, Inspection report, Investigation report
etc. Formal reports are basically intended for external circulation. The examples may include
project appraisal for funding purpose, proposals etc.
Some of the informal reports are discussed here.
Blank or pre-formatted report: It is the simplest form of the report. Resembles fill
in the blanks / multiple choice questions where the organisation tailor the report as per
the information required by them. Figure below shows a typical report.
Figure 1 Sample Blank Report
Inter office memorandums: They are usually called only ‘memos’. They are
generally used to share the routine messages which are single page long. The length
may be extended to half page more in some cases. Usually shares the complete
information along with conclusion & recommendations. The most common is the
documentary memo mainly used for conveying information, such as to remind, to
announce, to give instructions, to explain a policy or procedure , to a peer or superior
to make a request or routine recommendation, or to confirm an agreement. A
congratulatory memo are also used to give credit to employees of an organization
for the outstanding work they have accomplished. Least desirable is the disciplinary
memos issued when employees violate the rules or breach the code of conduct in an
organization, they will be served either with a severe warning or any other
punishment as decided by the management.
Standard memos are divided into five main segments:
i. Heading
ii. Opening
iii. Discussion
iv. Closing
v. Signature
 Necessary Attachments (optional)
 Distribution (optional)
Figure below shows a typical organisation’s memo.
Figure 2 Structure of Interoffice Figure 3 Sample Interoffice Memorandum

Memorandum
Letter report: If the information exceeds one page better to use a letter report. A letter
report and memo differ slightly. Firstly letter report generally extends in length.
Secondly, We can make use of tables, charts, graphs to make our point understand
through a letter report but memo is usually running text. Lastly, a letter report can be
used for both internal and external circulation whereas a memo is used for internal
circulation within one office/ department or multiple offices / departments in the same
organisation. Some stylistic latitude can be exercised in private correspondence.
Individual styles might differ greatly from one another. Letters are increasingly
significant in business, official communication, and technical communication. This
kind of letter must be written in a certain style. Although there may be some
modification depending on the recipient, the purpose, the business, and the office, the
letter's overall format may not change. Depending on the relationship between the
communicators, there may be certain linguistic latitude in personal letters. Love letters
may be full of fantasy, utilise ornate language, have a goal of praising one another, and
include a lot of promises. The formal correspondence and business letters in this
reference are written in black and white. It cannot be made colourful. It could be
supported by data and facts. The goal of the letter must be stated in the heading exactly
and clearly. Essays in business letters may not be of interest to everybody.
Business and official letters may have varied purposes, and as a result, they may take
many distinct forms. An inquiry letter for the acquisition of equipment, hardware,
software, stationery, material, or a service contract, an invitation letter, a request letter,
a letter to a supplier, purchaser, or service provider, and a leave letter are all examples
of letters that may be written. In technical educational institutions, letters to university
authorities, examiners, the Indian Society for Technical Education and the All India
Council of Technical Education, the government off, and others may be required.
Admission letters, attendance monitoring letters to students and guardians, permission
letters to industries for technical visits, project and training letters to industries for
placement of students, request letters to industries for job placement of students, and
letters to these organisations may also be required. Most of the business letters have the
following features.
(i) Sender’s block (ii) Date block (iii) Receiver’s block (iv) Optional block indicating
mode of transmission (v)Subject block (vi) Salutation block (vii) Greeting block (viii)
Main body (opening, mid paragraphs & concluding blocks) (ix) Closing block (x)
Enclosure(optional) (xi) Outward number block (xii) Circulation block.
The majority of workplaces have printed letterheads for formal correspondence. In this
instance, the institute's name and address, together with phone numbers and an email
address, are in bold type at the top of the letter. In this instance, the writer's name,
position, and brief address may be adequate. The date should come after it. Following
the sender's information and the date, come the recipient's details. On the left side of
the page, this section is written. It includes the recipient's name, title within the
organisation, and complete postal address, including pin code. Sometimes the name of
the individual in question is unknown. When it's unclear whether the same person is on
that post or not, it's possible to avoid using their name. It may include designation and
other information. In both instances, the first line begins with the term "To," followed
by the recipient's information. Addressing a person through his name / surname adds a
personal touch and make them happy. It is suggested to write this block in pen as it
indicates the personal care. The next part of the letter, consisting of one or more
paragraphs, forms the core of the letter. It covers the main theme of the letter. Finally
the letter is closed by expressing due courtesy as ‘Regards’ , ‘Sincerely’ ‘Faithfully’
etc. In business letters, particularly in government and official communications, there
is a tradition of assigning a number to the letter. It is called an outward number of the
letter. It is useful in case of the future communication on either side. While typing the
letter, at the left top corner the outward number is written as follows:
NO. GLBITM/BTECH/CSE/CONF/ 34
The characters after No. indicate the origin of the letter. Here, GLBITM indicates the
institute, BTECH indicates the program, CSE indicates the department, and CONF
indicates that the letter is written in connection with a national conference, 34 is the
letter number. In case of a job application, some documents are necessary. They are
attached to the application. At the end of the application, after the signature part, at the
lowest left corner, list of enclosures is mentioned. In an official communication also, at
times it is necessary to attach some enclosures in support of the letter or a proposal.
These enclosures are numbered and arranged in a sequence mentioned in the list of
enclosures. Circulation block includes the individuals, offices to whom it has to be sent
additionally. There are a variety of letters so the sample letter of each case is difficult
to be given. Figure below gives you one sample letter. With the advancement of
technology most of the communication is done through e mails which will be discussed
separately.
Figure 4 Sample letter report
Field trip reports are frequently used in the businesses and industry to preserve the
site details in real time. They can be formal and informal both depending who are the
evaluators and whom is being evaluated. It can gather the holistic information
(subjected to the scope) as safety practices, facility details damage status etc,
occupational health of employees etc. Major components of this report are:
i. Why? (Objective of the visit)

ii. Where? (Location full address)
iii. What? ( investigation / observation)
iv. Findings & Results.
v. Conclusions & Recommendations.
Progress / Status report gives us the real time details of an ongoing process / project.
The major objective of the report is to communicate the project problems and ensure
the timely fixation of the gaps regarding cost, resources, penalty, scheduling and other
parts so as to prevent the rippling effect. Main parts of the report are:
i. Summary of the project

ii. Work already done.
iii. Work in process
iv. Work pending
v. Recommendations
Periodic reports allow the management to track the ongoing operations on the regular
basis. Depending on the nature of the process it can be daily, weekly, monthly,
quarterly, semi-annually, yearly or some other suitable period. Audit reports fall into
this category.
Trouble shooting report is mainly used by the technicians / engineers / executives to

convey the information regarding analysis & correction of the fault. The main
components of the report are:
i. What? (The problem / fault description)

ii. Where? (Location of the fault / problem)
iii. How? (rectification)
iv. Final recommendation
3.0 Characteristics of the report
Size and Format: The report may be 8 to 10 pages long however there is no restriction on
it , typed or printed in the correct font (type, size & face) margin and spacing. The larger
report size is a function of time, effort, and resources. Shorten it if required to meet the
specifications.
Content: The reports should be simple to read and understand for non-technical or non-
specialist readers. Although the appropriate technical information may be presented, too
much technical detail should be avoided.
Facts: The facts and numbers should be provided in accordance with the report's goal and
the needs of the target audience set out by the hiring organisation. The appropriate factual
elaboration should not be neglected.
Sources: The material in the technical report is compiled from a variety of sources,
including articles published in journals and publications, technical brochures, oral and
written conversations with specialists, site visits, surveys, etc. The information's sources
have to be trustworthy.
Documentation: As previously noted, the report's data was gathered from a variety of
sources. The practise of citing sources as references or in other formats is customary. The
original authors will appreciate this honesty. All of the facts, figures, and views should be
thoroughly documented.
Intended readers: The report may occasionally be written by a committee assembled
specifically for the job. Therefore, it needs to be particular. In other instances, it's preferable
that the report is targeted to a particular audience in order to live up to their expectations.
Titles and subtitles: The report may touch on a variety of work-related topics. They might
be given some headings or titles. If the report is comprehensive, there may be a lot of
substance under each heading. It might also be broken up into subtitles. The names and
subtitles aid readers in differentiating between different topics, aspects, and subtopics. On
the writer's end, it aids in correct report organisation and concentration, and on the user's
end, it aids in effective report comprehension. Someone can refer to the report in question
if they are interested in a particular section of it.
Physical Setup: Typing and printing are involved in the report's physical presentation. It's
possible that computer or machine printing won't accurately copy the visual or pictorial
information. It's best to copy or scan photos. It is neither remarkable or long-lasting to have
a loose report, a strip binding, or a spiral binding. Binding using sturdy paper is advised.
Graphics: Reports may include graphs, line diagrams, pictures, histograms, tables, pie
charts, bar charts, line graphs, flow charts, block diagrams, and other visual representations
in addition to alphabetic descriptions. The report is easier to understand, more illustrative,
and more authentic with graphics. Using visuals to make a report impressive is a skill.
4.0 Structure of the report
Any report has got three distinctive major sections which may be further split up
depending on the nature.
a. Preliminary /Prefatory
b. Main body / Core
c. Supplementary part
Here we are going to focus on project report / Thesis, research paper writing and
technical description & proposal.
5.0 Project report / Thesis

Prefatory or preliminary part include
1. Cover page 2. Title page 3. Acknowledgement

4. Certificate 5. Preface / Cover 6. Table of Contents
memorandum/ Letter of
transmittal
7. List of figures, Draft contract (in case of Abstract &
graphs, symbols, technical proposal) Keywords (in case
tables etc. of research paper)
(separately)
Cover page / Title page: Spiral binding, strip binding, or hard paper binding are all options
depending on the volume of pages. White plain sheets of the standard A4 size are used.
Reports prepared by hand are not encouraged. Typically, the cover page or title page of the
report comes first. The report's title, the organisation, person, or group that submitted it, as
well as their full address and contact information, are all listed on the cover page. It should
also state which organisation it is being sent to. It is possible to print the actual date of
submission, the signatory's signature, the signatory's stamp, and the due date. Many
individuals recommend certain government, semi-government, or private reports. They are
distributed just like books. It is a publication of pricing. In some circumstances, they could
receive an ISBN categorization number.
Figure 5 Sample Cover Page Figure 6 Sample Title Page

Abstract / Summary: The report summary may be covered on the page(s) after the cover
page. It provides some insight into the aim and scope of the report. This is the second most
crucial part of the formal report. The major objectives of the summary are to provide the
reader the quick review, basic understanding of the report.
Certificate: Sometimes the submission of the report is a partial fulfilment towards the
award of the degree / diploma then in that case we need a certificate.
Figure 7 Sample Certificate

Acknowledgement: It is the document expressing the feeling of gratitude towards the
individual(s) who have contributed towards the completion of the report.
Figure 8 Sample Acknowledgement

Cover Memorandum / Preface / Letter of transmittal: This document supplies the
readers the major objective of preparing the report. In case of a text book it informs the
constitution of the book as well as how it differs from the earlier editions of the same title.
What new additions have been done and what things were removed and why. In case of
internally circulated document it is called a cover memorandum, whereas in case of
externally circulated document it is termed as preface or letter of transmittal.
Index / Table of Contents: It would be ideal to have a page-by-page index or table of
contents. It provides a precise picture of the information included in the report. The index
aids in locating certain sections of the report if it is particularly long, much like a book. It
is possible to refer to specific pages if someone is interested in a certain process or method.
It can be directed appropriately if someone is solely interested in the findings or
conclusions. List all headings in the order they appear in the main body of the report. Pages
are listed directly across from the headings. Mention the first page and not the range or the
last page. It is useful for the reader to locate the topic quickly, comprehend the scope of the
report and know about the report’s organisation. Figure on the next page gives you a sample
.
Figure 9 Sample Index Figure 10 Sample Index
Main body of the report: Main body of the report include
1. Introduction(background 2. Existing knowledge 3. Proposed work /

defence, gap body / Literature Research
identification & attack review methodology.
plan)
4. Data ( collection, 5. Results, Discussion 6. Conclusion &
cleaning, editing, & Recommendation future scope of
presentation, analysis, work
Interpretation)
Introduction: The introduction is followed by the report's main body. Explaining the real
issue is crucial if the report is about research or an experiment. Why was it required to do
the relevant research? It may be vital to do systematic study if a disease or epidemic is hard
to manage, is causing a lot of preventable deaths, and is posing significant socioeconomic
and political issues for the government. What the real issue is for the research or inquiry
should be stated in the beginning since it establishes the parameters of the study. What was
the type of inquiry or experimentation that was conducted? These details are given here.
As a result, it outlines the context, which details the technological, economic, social,
political, and legal circumstances that made the research or inquiry essential. It starts by
attempting to pinpoint the issue. What are the genuine symptoms of the problem and how
did it start? Qualitative, quantitative, or a mix of the two symptoms may be present. If the
problematic occurrence was a singular occurrence, when and how were they both
experienced? What are the causes of the problem in the case of a reoccurring issue? The
precise moment the reoccurrence is desired to be known. The time frame aids in locating
other contributing aspects. If the issue has a geographical component, it should be taken
into account. The section or department of origin is taken into account in cases of
organisational issues. If the issue is equipment-related, the problematic portion has to be
identified. Typically, the team is referenced while doing research or an inquiry. The lead
investigator and his colleagues make up the team. The study or investigation group
approaches the topic using a certain technique or procedure. If any hardware, software,
experiments, or analyses are conducted, they should be thoroughly reported. The precise
steps used should be detailed in detail in a survey report or legal investigation. Tools and
procedures are essentially the focus of this section. Algorithms and flowcharts could be
discussed in the event of a software-based issue.
Existing knowledge / Literature review: The existing knowledge plays an important role
in the gap identification. This gap becomes the very source of our project work. The title
of the thesis should be designed carefully and aim at fully or partially filling the gap such
identified. It is highly suggested to cite the latest (last three years) work published any
where. You can add up two more years citing any rare topic or work. Older works may be
considered for citation if they are really game changers and nothing significant has been
done in that domain till date. It is suggested to cite the works published / presented through
a reputed platform as Roulette, Taylor & Francis, Elsevier etc. High impact factor rating
journals are preferred. Secondary sources can be journals, conference proceedings,
magazine, newspaper, thesis, online documents, edited / authored books, TV shows,
personal discussion etc. The nature of the project may call for the primary data collection.
The data can be gathered face to face discussion, survey opinion, and online surveys, can
be outsourced to external body as survey monkey.
Proposed work & research methodology: This section aims at detailed discussion on
how you plan to fix the gap identified. The concrete plan should be discussed giving the
chronological approach of gathering the data. In case of survey you should clearly state the
hypothesis, sampling plan, sample size, margin of error, confidence interval etc.
Data (collection, cleaning, editing, presentation, analysis, Interpretation): After
carefully gathering the data it is essential to check it and get rid of the ambiguous / fake
data. This may distort your calculations and hence final result. There can be instances where
the data is true but incomplete. Then it becomes ethical to edit the data carefully. Tabular /
pictorial / graphical presentation of the data make the project attractive. The presentation
matters a lot. It is simply like having coffee at café coffee day or Barista. In variety of cases
some specific tools are applicable that should be considered. Carefully presented data aids
in authentic analysis hence accurate interpretation.
Results, Discussion & Recommendation: Results are generated in technical and scientific
study based on studies. A lot of alphanumeric data is typically included in observation
tables along with the results. The outcomes are tallied. Some graphs and histograms are
made using the observations. The means, standard deviations, and errors are discovered.
Waveforms are saved in electronics. The study or research is carried out with a specific
goal in mind. The results are analysed when the research or inquiry is finished. The work
has several conclusions. Recommendations are made for the next step in the process using
the conclusion. Clinical trials are conducted whenever a new medication is created. Clinical
trial outcomes provide some insight. If a medication has a high success rate for curing a
certain ailment, regular manufacture of the medication may be started. It is advised for
commercial production/use if a diagnostic instrument is created that has nearly 100%
sensitivity and specificity. The study may be suggested for a Ph.D., a patent, or other
intellectual property rights (IPR) if the research is original and the findings are satisfactory.
If the study yields positive results for a new technique, procedure, or substance, then it is
advised for use in everyday practise.
Conclusion & future scope of work: Numerous statistical analyses are conducted when
the findings are obtained. Numerous appropriate samples are collected in appropriate
settings in order to reach useful conclusions. The technique may result in an incorrect
conclusion if the conditions are improper, the sample size is inadequate, and the samples
are not suitable. Further it is ethically suggested what future researchers can do which you
could not attend due to some constraints. This trend is for the benefit of the society and
budding entrepreneurs / investigators can quickly get a future glimpse.
Supplementary part: Supplementary part of the report include
1. Glossary of the 2. Appendices 3. References /

terms used. Bibliography
Glossary: A glossary, sometimes referred to as a vocabulary or clavis, is an alphabetical

collection of terms in a specific field of expertise / report / thesis. A glossary often occurs
at the conclusion of a book and lists terminology that are either important, newly
introduced, unusual, or specialised within that book. While glossaries are often found in
non-fiction publications, they occasionally appear in fiction literature as a reference guide
for new words. A glossary may include the references in the form of page numbers the term
appears, short definition, meaning etc. A glossary helps in easy and faster location of a
particular topic.
Appendices: The researcher or investigator has a boatload of data at their disposal when
they write the report. He makes an effort to arrange the information in a logical order. The
report's flow and content should be simple to read and understand. To ensure the report's
authenticity, some information, especially factual data, is required during this phase. The
flow is not smooth if the main body contains all the information. Such information is often
included as appendices at the conclusion. The reference is made in the text as Appendix I,
Appendix II, etc. Appendix can include the vital mathematical & statistical tables,
abbreviations, greek / latin alphabets, other details which a reader / evaluator may need
while going through it.
References / Bibliography: There are numerous papers from conferences and publications
that may be found for every study project. Certain of the background information could
also be found in some recent real books. Research is typically an expansion of previous
work. The researcher picks up a lot of knowledge about different tools and approaches
through other people's failures and successes. He could come up with some fresh ideas
during this procedure. He can learn some fresh methods. In the fields of science and
technology, it is customary to thank other writers and researchers by referencing their
works in a manner that is predetermined. The internet and websites have led to an explosion
in information these days. The ability to pick from a wide number of references is a skill.
There are variety of format available for citations as APA, MLA, IEEE, Harvard etc. The
researchers are advised to stick to the format as desired by the concerned entity.
6.0 Research paper writing: Writing a research paper is somewhat similar to the project
report as discussed above. Prefatory part includes the title page, Abstract / summary with
keywords only. Main body of the report remains the same. Supplementary part may have
only references / bibliography. Glossary and appendices are optional.
7.0 Technical Proposal: The wellbeing of the state or the nation is a concern for the
government. It must consider the people's social, economic, educational, administrative,
legal, and security needs, among others. The government engages in certain activities and
acts, and in some circumstances, its only function is to supervise. Industry, agriculture,
health, education, business, banking, infrastructure development, law and order—all of
these factors have a role in the prosperity and well-being of the society, either directly or
indirectly. Numerous government agencies are working on the problems. Some of the
activities are carried out directly by the government, while others are promoted and given
to private and semi-government organisations. These organisations operate on a self-
financing basis, according to local, state, and federal laws and regulations, and may receive
government grants or, in some circumstances, only approval. In terms of education, the
government assumes responsibility up to a certain point for some sectors while allowing
private educational institutions in other areas where they must first submit
recommendations to the government for approval. Earlier licencing was rigorous for
industry. Although it is more permissive now, the sector still needs some government
approval. Government funds are used to create roads, bridges, dams, railroads, water supply
systems, and government buildings, while private contractors carry out the actual
construction. State electrical commissions are governed by the state. In each of these
situations, government, semi-government, or commercial bodies request proposals in order
to undertake various projects or activities, purchase materials, or provide services. The
interested organisations offer their recommendations. Technical, commercial, financial,
and viability considerations are used to evaluate the ideas. Considerations are made on the
proposers' experience, knowledge, financial stability, market status, sincere objectives, etc.
The proposers are asked to defend their recommendations in front of the committee, which
is made up of government officials, technical, legal, and financial specialists, after it has
undergone preliminary examination. The proposal's strengths and shortcomings are taken
into account before being approved or rejected. If the necessary knowledge is not there or
if the plan requires a sophisticated finish and greatness, the task may be given to a private
consultant at a firm, agency, or institute. The practise of contracting assignments is now
widely used. A national or international level agency, or a person with such reputation, may
develop the proposal for large projects on both a national and worldwide level. The
technical proposals ought to be familiar to engineering students.
A technical proposal is defined as a formal written proposal to perform a task with agreed-
upon terms from both parties in lieu of payment. One agency needs some supplies, some
services, some software, some development, or some study. It advertises in a daily, online,
or by any other means, stating the type of services or products needed, as well as the terms,
time range, and thorough description of the activity. The interested parties submit their
technologically-based business offers. Therefore, a technical proposal is a written or printed
document that expresses an organization's interest in delivering a service under the
circumstances provided; in procuring materials or equipment that meet certain criteria; in
developing software that meets certain criteria while keeping in mind certain constraints;
in creating a building, road, bridge, railway line or station, dam, or power plant that meets
certain criteria; or in conducting research to address a specific issue. The proposal includes
information on expected costs as well as other details, such as payment plan and terms of
payment.
A proposal can be for opening the institute / university, accreditation process, for making
a TV show, construction of dam / bridge / road, sales, services, HR policy, training &
development, research proposals etc.
Business Proposals include providing services for transportation, washing, catering,
safety, security, insurance, firefighting, training, consultation, recruitment, maintenance,
etc.; purchasing equipment, hardware, software, stationary, etc.; and the construction of
roads, buildings, railways, a garden, a bridge, a dam, a party plot, a parking lot, etc. One
party needs resources like materials, equipment, or labour; another needs a particular
service; yet another needs the construction of infrastructure or utilities. Although this first
party seems to have the finances, it lacks the necessary facilities to design and produce the
aforementioned item internally, or its temporary demand exceeds its manufacturing
capacity, it lacks the qualified personnel to develop the aforementioned hardware or
software or to offer internal training, or the demand is urgent and the organisation is unable
to devote the necessary time to it or wait, or, in some cases, the internally developed
solution is not affordable or the organiser is unable to diversify. There is no other choice in
this situation than to enlist the assistance of other parties or individuals. There are set
parameters for the services, including the type of services needed, their duration, their
urgency or priority, their quality, their quantity, their liability on both sides, etc. The specs
are chosen for the machinery. Technical specifics for the hardware and software are chosen.
When it comes to a project or challenge, it is clearly defined.
After the requirement is complete, the inquiry could be sent out there to solicit proposals.
Large numbers of proposers respond to requests for proposals(solicited proposal). On the
part of the starting organisation, they often outline the proposal's structure, the quality
standards for the supplies, and the equipment requirements. On the side of the proposer,
there is fierce rivalry,
There may be an internal or external call for research projects. The research efforts are
supported by public and private organisations, private businesses, and educational
institutions. Research is necessary for the nation's technical development as well as for the
industries to survive in a global market. At both the national and international levels, there
are specific financing organisations sponsoring research. Some of the government
organisations that support science and technology research include the Central Scientific
and Industrial Research Organization (CSIR), the Defence Research and Development
Organization (DRDO), the University Grants Commission (UGC), and the All India
Council for Technical Education (AICTE). They occasionally request research suggestions
on their chosen fields and other topics as well. There are several government agencies that
are specifically designed to do full-time research in particular areas that have already been
recognised or that may be discovered in the future. Scientists and engineers are often
engaged to do research at the Space Application Centre (SAC), Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO), National Physical Research Laboratories (NPRL), Institute of
Plasma Research (IPR), etc. They also contract out some of their research issues to other
scientists, engineers, professionals, academic institutions, and other organisations. They
work together with others to complete tasks in a timely manner, get around issues with
staffing shortages, and inspire the next generation of researchers to team up for difficult
tasks.
There are two ways to request research proposal submissions. In one instance, the
research has a set annual budget. It might be distributed across other development regions.
For specialised research, the researchers may be asked to submit study ideas in a variety of
fields. The invitation to submit a research proposal may be published in national
newspapers, university bulletins, reputable engineering institute circulars, or on the
organization's website. The format and other specifications might not be covered in the
advertising or circular. All of the information on the research grant and the entire format
for submitting the proposal may be found on the internet or in the paper copy of the
application form. In certain academic institutions, a professor or the department head may
submit research ideas. In second instance the personal reputation of the professor and the
research projects carried out under his direction in the past are used to attract research
proposals. The study topic should be interesting right now, and a solid research team should
be assembled with the management's experience and infrastructural backing.
A typical research proposal is very tough to be demonstrated as there is a highest level of
customisation. But we may have certain points to make the things understand. As stated
earlier any technical document has three parts prefatory, main body, supplementary.
Prefatory part include

a. Cover page (As discussed above)
b. Title page (As discussed above)
c. Table of contents (As discussed above)
d. Letter of transmittal (As discussed above)
e. List of tables / figures (As discussed above)
f. Draft contract
g. Executive summary (As discussed above)
Draft contract is an effort to legalise the matter upon acceptation of the proposal after proper
scrutiny and defense. This is a holistic document illustrating scope, nature, payment terms, civil
and criminal liability, penalty clause etc.
Body of the proposal talks of
a. Introduction (As discussed above)

i. Problem Statement
ii. Objectives or purpose
iii. Need / Significance
iv. Scope and limitations
v. Background
b. Technical procedures (Akin to research methodology as discussed above)
i. Methods and sources
ii. Plan of attack
c. Managerial procedure
i. Sequence of activities (Scheduling also)
ii. Personnel qualifications (CV of Principal investigator & co investigators)
iii. Equipment, facilities, Products ( Comprehensive details)
iv. Cost estimate ( realistic details as well as projections)
v. Conclusion ( As discussed above)
Supplementary part
a. Glossary of terms (Optional) & (As discussed above)

b. Appendices (As discussed above)
c. References (As discussed above)
8.0 Curriculum Vitae (CV) & Resumê
A resumê or curriculum vitae is submitted with the appropriate application form when
someone applies for a job or admittance to a higher education programme. The curriculum
vitae (CV), in contrast to the resume, is often more longer and more thorough. It has
numerous pages and contains a great deal of information. It also includes experience and
personal information. Your background, abilities, and accomplishments are not merely on
your resume. Your personality should come through in it to guarantee an interview call.
Fast screening by the scrutinizer is achievable if the resumê is confined to one or two pages
and has diverse titles. It ought to prioritise covering vital information.
A CV and resume are similar in that they’re both documents that summarize your
professional history, education, skills and achievements. They’re also both documents you
might provide an employer for consideration for an open position. It is important to note
that in the United States and most of Europe, resumes and CVs are not interchangeable. A
resume is a shorter-form document that provides a concise overview of your previous roles,
skills and details about your education. (The French word résumé translates to “abstract”
or “summary.”) A CV, on the other hand, is typically a longer, more detailed document
focused largely on academic coursework and research. There are a few exceptions,
however. In India, South Africa and Australia, the terms CV and resume are
interchangeable. A curriculum vitae, often shortened to CV, is a Latin term meaning
“course of life.” A CV is a detailed professional document highlighting a person’s
experience and accomplishments. Employers often require a CV when considering
applications. This document shares an overview of your career history, education, relevant
awards and honors, scholarships, grants, research, projects and publications. A CV may
also include professional references, as well as coursework, fieldwork, hobbies and
interests relevant to your profession. You might also choose to add a personal profile that
lists your skills and positive attributes to ensure employers havea well-rounded view of
your personality and achievements.
Your CV should include the following:
a. Contact information: Include your full name, address, phone number and email
address.
b. Academic history: List all schooling from high school through postdoctoral (if
applicable). Include the title of the degree you earned, the year you graduated and
the name of the school.
c. Professional experience: Include the organization where you worked, the job title,
the dates you were employed and a summary of your experience and achievements.
d. Qualifications and skills: List a combination of hard and soft skills you’ve
developed throughout your career.
e. Awards and honours: For each award, add the name, year received, the
organization that gave you the award and any pertinent details (such as how often
it’s presented).
f. Publications and presentations: For publications, provide a full citation including
your co-authors, date, summary, volume, page, DOI number. For presentations,
provide the title, date and venue where you presented.
g. Professional associations: List the organization’s name, location or chapter and
the dates of active membership.
h. Grants and scholarships: Provide the name of the grant or scholarship, date
awarded and the institution that provided the award.
i. Licenses and certifications: Include the name of the license or certificate, the date
you earned it and the institution that awarded it.
There are three structures for making a CV.
a. Chronological: This is the most common type of CV. For a chronological CV,
list your academic history and professional experience first after your contact
information. This type of CV focuses largely on your academic and professional
experience. A chronological CV is best if you have consistent employment
within the same industry, and your work experience displays advancement
within your field. Following sections should be included exactly in the same
order:
✔ Contact information
✔ Academic history
✔ Professional experience
✔ Qualifications and skills
✔ Awards and honors

✔ Publications and presentations
✔ Grants and scholarships
✔ Licenses and certifications
✔ Professional associations
b. Functional: This CV format places more emphasis on your skills, awards and
honors. If you are writing a functional CV, you should place your relevant skills
near the top under your contact information. In a functional CV, you will
allocate more space to your qualifications, skills, awards and honors and less
space to your professional experience. A functional CV may be the right choice
if you have recently graduated and are entering the job market for the first time,
have multiple gaps in employment or you’re changing careers. Following
sections should be included exactly in the same order:
✔ Contact information
✔ Qualifications and skills
✔ Awards and honors
✔ Academic history
✔ Professional experience
✔ Publications and presentations
✔ Grants and scholarships
✔ Licenses and certifications

✔ Professional associations
c. Combination: This CV type is a hybrid of the chronological and functional
formats and allows adequate space for details about both your professional and
educational history, as well as your skills and accomplishments. The elements
you place first depend on your experience, career goals and what you believe is
most relevant to the types of positions you’re seeking. For example, if you’re
hoping to earn a teaching position at a university and you’ve spent the past ten
years as an educator, you should list your professional background first.
9.0 Formatting a CV
a. Choose the right font type and size It’s critical your CV is legible and easy to
follow. To improve readability, be sure to choose the proper font type and size.
The two primary font categories are serif and sans-serif. Serif fonts (Times New
Roman, Courier, Georgia) have small, decorative flourishes while sans-serif
(Helvetica, Arial, Geneva) fonts do not. It’s best to choose a sans-serif font
because, in most cases, they’re easier to read. Additionally, keep your text
between 10–12 points. While it can be tempting to reduce your font size to
reduce the number of pages, you should never sacrifice readability for length.
b. Check your margins: Be sure to check your CV margin size. Margins that are
too large will leave too much white space on each page while margins that are
too small can make the page seem over-filled. A good rule is to keep your
margins between 1–1.5 inches.
c. Utilize your space effectively: CVs can become lengthy, especially if you’ve
been in your industry for several years and have amassed a great deal of
experience. To ensure you’re using space effectively and your CV is easy to
read, consider using the following techniques:
d. Bulleted lists: Make lists, (such as your collection of skills or awards) easier to
consume by adding small bullets.
e. Section headers: Distinguish section headers from the rest of your CV content
by making them bolder, larger or underlined.
f. Bolded words: In addition to section headers, consider bolding other important
words, such as your name and job titles, to set them apart.
g. Proofread: Before you send your CV to employers, always take time to check
your spelling, grammar and syntax. A clean, error-free CV increases readability
and demonstrates professionalism. A well-composed CV shares all the most
essential information employers need when considering you for job
opportunities. By making sure your CV is comprehensive, correctly formatted
and easy to read, you’re one step closer to landing the job you want.
10.0 Basic Tips while making a CV
Section: Heading
a. Don’t write CV, curriculum vitae or resume at the top. The recruiter can see what it is.
b. Write your name in 14 or 14 + point bold type so they can find you quickly in a stack
of CVs.
c. Don’t use non english characters like Ʃ etc.
d. Use the English name for your city if there is one – Munich instead of München.
e. Use the (+) sign instead of 00 before the country code for Germany (+ 49) International
access codes differ.
f. Use a serious email address: badboy@gmail.com isn’t the image you want
g. Include your nationality. If you already have permission to work or study in the country,
say so. abcIndia@gmail.com.
h. Do not include your date of birth or age unless specifically requested.
i. Do not include a photo unless you are applying for a job where appearance matters such
as acting or modelling.
Section: Objective
a. Also enter ‘career objective’ ‘job objective’ or ‘purpose’. It’s optional for CVs sent in
response to a job opening because the objective should be this particular job.
b. An Objective can be helpful if you are applying to a company that interests you, but not
in response to a particular job opening.
c. It isn’t necessary to write a full sentence. Make it short and specific. A vague, general
objective (‘I want to contribute my outstanding communication and interpersonal skills
and further develop them in a global company that is a leader in its field.’) wastes space
and the reader’s time.
Section: Key Skills & Experience
a. A very brief summary of your most relevant skills and experience. Employers or
admissions officers scan CVs for 30 seconds or less before deciding if they want to read
further. What should they know about you?
b. Customize! For example, use ‘Key Marketing Skills & Experience’ for a marketing
position.
c. Use phrases instead of full sentences. Capitalize the first letter in each new bullet point
d. Many companies and universities use computers to search for skills and experience that
match their requirements. This is a good opportunity to include key words and phrases
that the computer is looking for.
Section: Education
a. As a current student or recent graduate, you will probably want to put the education
section next. Applicants who have a lot of work experience place that section before
education in their CVs.
b. Starting with your most recent education, list
✔ Your university degree or expected degree
✔ The full name of the university in English, location - city and country
✔ The period of time you have been there – month and year
✔ Main subject ( major / minor)
✔ Expected graduation date

c. If you are close to graduation and are quite sure of your final grade, you may want to
include it here.
✔ Do not include grades unless they are above average
✔ You can list the grade in your main subject if it is higher
✔ Use standard English translations of degree titles, courses or exams.

✔ At the end of the education section, list any additional training or
courses that are relevant to the job or to understanding where you developed
particular skills.
✔ If you have received any academic honors, include them after this section
Section: Experience
a. Using ‘Experience’ instead of ‘Work Experience’ enables you to include paid, and non-
paid work, internships, volunteer work, and other experience that has helped develop
your skill set. Employers care more that you have the experience rather than where you
got it.
b. Identify the employer or organization, the dates of employment (month/year), your
position and your key responsibilities and accomplishments.
c. Use reverse chronological order: Start with your most recent experience and work
backwards.
d. Use the present tense for current positions and the past tense for work you are no longer
doing.
e. Use action verbs to describe your responsibilities and accomplishments.(A list of
suggested action verbs has been given in the end.)
f. Include any work-related recognition you have received at the end of this section.
Section: Additional Skills

a. List language skills starting with your native language(s), then in order of proficiency.
b. Computer skills should be added.
c. Any other relevant skill.
d. Skills that are particularly relevant for this job application should also be listed under
Key Skills and Experience.
Section: Interests
a. When work experience is limited, interests and activities can provide a way to show
you’ve gained skills that relate to the position you are seeking.
b. What you include also paints a picture of the kind of person you are.
c. Volunteer activities are especially valued.
d. Just writing a list of your activities doesn’t reveal much.
e. Are any of your interests or activities particularly relevant to the job?

f. Do any activities highlight your leadership, demonstrate responsibility and
organizational ability or show long-term commitment?
g. Sports imply good health and an active lifestyle and can also demonstrate teamwork
and leadership skills.
h. Memberships and your roles in organizations can be included in this section.
i. Do not include religious or political activities. For example, if you do volunteer work
for your church or bhajan sandhya, write about the activity – ‘Volunteer football coach
for 9 &10 year-old boys’, ‘Led wilderness excursions for teen-age girls for three years’.
j. The term ‘hobbies’ doesn’t sound professional. Avoid it as a section title.
k. Avoid ‘loner’ activities such as reading unless related to the job. The ever popular
‘Meeting with friends’ may create a mental picture of clubbing and parties, prompting
the recruiter to do a Facebook search.
Section: References
a. ‘References Available upon request’ is optional. It is understood that you will provide
them when asked to do so.
11.0 Suggested action Verbs / Words ( as per the skill area)
a. Creativity: Adapted, Authored, Brainstormed, Built, Composed, Constructed, Created,
Designed, Developed, Engineered, Envisioned, Illustrated, Improvised, Innovated,
Invented, Made, Manufactured, Produced, Played, Revised, Shaped, Visualised.
b. Initiative: Accelerated, Accomplished, Achieved, Acted, Advanced, Applied,
Attended, Created, Coordinated, Established, Founded, Generated, Handled,
Implemented, Improvised, Initiated, Instituted, Introduced, Launched, Proposed,
Rejuvenated, Played, Revamped, Reviewed, Revitalized, Solicited, Spearheaded,
Utilized.
c. Leadership: Administered, Advised, Allocated, Anticipated, Appointed, Approved,
Assigned, Authorized, Chaired, Decided, Delegated, Directed, Empowered, Enabled,
Encouraged, Endorsed, Enforced, Financed, Fostered, Guided, Headed, Hired,
Influenced, Instructed, Interviewed, Led, Maintained, Managed, Monitored, Motivated,
Officiated, Oversaw, Piloted, Recruited, Sanctioned, Selected, Sponsored, Supervised,
Trained, Unified.
d. Problem Solving: Aided, Alleviated, Ameliorated, Augmented, Customized,
Expanded, Extended, Finalized, Fulfilled, Generated, Identified, Improved, Increased,
Polished, Reconciled, Rectified, Reduced, Refined, Reformed, Remedied, Remodelled,
Repaired, Restored, Saved, Solved, Streamlined, Strengthened, Supplemented,
Transformed, Troubleshot, Updated, Upgraded.
e. Teamwork: Accommodated, Assisted, Balanced, Collaborated, Consulted,
Contributed, Cooperated, Facilitated, Harmonized, Helped, Integrated, Mediated,
Negotiated, Participated, Partnered, Related, Respected, Shared.
Figure below gives you some more skill domain based action verbs.
Figure 11 Skill domain based action verbs.

(Source: www.extension.harvard.edu/resources/career-academic-resource-center)
12.0 E mailing and E mail Etiquettes
Some of the e mail etiquettes are given below:
a. Use a clear professional crispy & catchy subject line.
b. Prepare the content before entering recipients e addresses.
c. Make sure the e addresses of the recipients are correct. Check it multiple times.
d. Proofread every email multiple times to make it free of spelling, grammar,
punctuation and other errors.
e. Do not use cheap, vulgar, threatening / warning language / vocabulary.
f. Ensure all courtesy copy (Cc) and blind courtesy copy (bcc) are correct and
relevant.
g. Reply to the mails sent to you swiftly. Be cautious while sending the reply. You do
not need to reply all every time.
h. Always include signature block.
i. Appropriate level of formality is required.
j. The email should be short and objective.
k. Proper formatting is required so that the mail is readable.
l. In case of longer content of the mail, better use attachment(preferably pdf)
m. While forwarding any mail make sure the mail is not sent in duplicate. It is irritating.
n. Do not make use of all caps lock or bold or italics or underline text as it can be
annoying and indicates warning / threatening.
o. Limit the use of acronyms and emoticons. Forbid discussing confidential matters.
13.0 7 C’s of effective business Writing
1. Completeness: Every communication must be complete and adequate.
Incomplete messages keep the receiver guessing, create misunderstanding and
delay action. Every person should therefore, be provided with all the required
facts and figures. E.g. when the factory supervisor instructs workers to
produce, he must specify the exact size, shape, quality and cost of the product.
2. Conciseness: It means that in business communication you should be brief and
be able to say whatever you have to say in fewest possible words.
3. Clarity: The message must be put in simple terms to ensure clarity. Words must
mean the same thing to the receiver as they do to the sender.
4. Correctness: The term correctness as applied to business messages means
bright level of language and accuracy of facts, figures and words. If the
information is not correctly conveyed the sender will lose credibility.
5. Consideration: Consideration means preparing the message with the intended
receiver in the mind. In order to communicate effectively, the sender should
think and look from the receiver’s angle, i.e. adopting a humane approach and
understanding the emotions and sentiments of the receiver.
6. Concreteness: It means be specific, definite and vivid (clear) rather than vague
(not clear) and general. In oral communication, we can’t draw the tables,
diagrams and graphs to make our statement vivid which is relevant with facts
and figures.
7. Courtesy: Courtesy and politeness stems from a sincere youth attitude. It is not
merely politeness with mechanical insertions of please and thank you. Although
applying socially accepted manner. Rather, it is politeness that grows out of
respect and concern for other.
Practice Questions
1. Discuss the various types of reports. Give an example of each.

2. How are letters, memos, and emails different from each other? Do they also
have any similarity? Explain.
3. Emails are very fast means of communication, but have some drawbacks.
Discuss.
4. Discuss the important points to be considered while drafting a cover letter to
accompany a resumê.
5. As the Purchase Manager of Satyam Computers, 9 Naidu Road, Hyderabad-
500007, you had ordered two dozen Personal Computers from Hindustan
Computers Limited (HCL), 140 M.G. Road, Bangalore- 500001. When the
consignment arrived, you found some of the pieces in the damaged condition.
a. Write a complaint letter to the Sales Manager of the company asking
for repair, replacement, or compensation.
b. As the Sales Manager of HCL, draft a suitable reply.
6. What are reports? Discuss the types of report.
7. Explain memos. Where they find the uses? How they differ from letter?
8. Discuss 7c’s of effective business writing.
9. Discuss the basic tips for making a CV.
10. What do you mean by E mail etiquettes? Explain.
11. Suddenly you have to visit your home town. You need to inform your Head of
the department through e mail. Draft an ethical e mail. Invent relevant details
wherever required.
12. Responding to an e mail from the Head of the department asking to explain
unsuitable behaviour in the lecture. Draft a suitable e mail reply.
___________________________________________________________________________

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Forms of Technical Communication:

1.0 Technical Reports

However the list is not claimed to be exhaustive.

Feasibility report: A feasibility study is required if a new product is being developed, an

Organisational policies & procedures report: Additionally, a committee inside the

Research report: It could not be connected to a unique piece of work. In addition to

Some of the informal reports are discussed here.

Figure 1 Sample Blank Report

Standard memos are divided into five main segments:

Figure below shows a typical organisation’s memo.

Figure 2 Structure of Interoffice Figure 3 Sample Interoffice Memorandum

Figure 4 Sample letter report

i. Why? (Objective of the visit)

i. Summary of the project

Trouble shooting report is mainly used by the technicians / engineers / executives to

i. What? (The problem / fault description)

5.0 Project report / Thesis

1. Cover page 2. Title page 3. Acknowledgement

Figure 5 Sample Cover Page Figure 6 Sample Title Page

Figure 7 Sample Certificate

Figure 8 Sample Acknowledgement

Figure 9 Sample Index Figure 10 Sample Index

Main body of the report: Main body of the report include

1. Introduction(background 2. Existing knowledge 3. Proposed work /

1. Glossary of the 2. Appendices 3. References /

Glossary: A glossary, sometimes referred to as a vocabulary or clavis, is an alphabetical

Prefatory part include

Body of the proposal talks of

a. Introduction (As discussed above)

a. Glossary of terms (Optional) & (As discussed above)

There are three structures for making a CV.

✔ Qualifications and skills

✔ Awards and honors

✔ Grants and scholarships

✔ Licenses and certifications

✔ Qualifications and skills

✔ Awards and honors

✔ Publications and presentations

✔ Grants and scholarships

✔ Licenses and certifications

Section: Key Skills & Experience

✔ Main subject ( major / minor)

✔ Expected graduation date

✔ You can list the grade in your main subject if it is higher

✔ Use standard English translations of degree titles, courses or exams.

Section: Additional Skills

e. Are any of your interests or activities particularly relevant to the job?

Figure 11 Skill domain based action verbs.

1. Discuss the various types of reports. Give an example of each.

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