A

SEMINAR

ON
“SOIL STABILIZATION”

Prepared By
Banda Gowtham
(Roll No. P19SM011)

Supervisor
Dr. (Prof.) C.H. Solanki

(2020 – 2021)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

S. V. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SURAT – 395 007
 Certificate
This is to certify that Seminar- entitled

“SOIL STABILIZATION”
Submitted by

Banda Gowtham (P19SM011)

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Masters in
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering from Sardar
Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat is the record of
his own work carried out by him under the guidance of
Dr.(Prof.)C.H. Solanki (Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
SVNIT)

Dr. (Prof.) C.H. Solanki

(Supervisor)

Head, Civil Engineering Dept.

 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat

Banda Gowtham, registered in Civil Engineering Department of S.V.N.I.T. Surat

having Roll No. P19SM011 has successfully presented his Seminar on -
__________ at _____P.M. The seminar is presented before the following
members of the Committee.
Sign Date
1) Examiner-1 _________ ____ _____________

2) Examiner-2 _________ ____ _____________

The Seminar entitled “SOIL STABILIZATION” is submitted to the Head (CED)

along with this certificate.

Place: Surat
Date: _________
(Dr. (Prof.) C.H. Solanki)
Supervisor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. (Prof.) C.H. Solanki,

Professor, Department of Civil engineering, S.V. National institute of Technology
Surat for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision
throughout the course of this work.

Banda Gowtham
P19SM011
 ABSTRACT

Soil stabilization is a very common process for soils of

expansive/problematic nature. Broadly, all types of soil stabilization can be
classified into two groups, i.e. mechanical stabilization and chemical stabilization.
In mechanical stabilization, the grading of a soil is changed by mixing it with other
types of soils of different grades. By doing so, a compacted soil mass can be
achieved. On the other hand, chemical stabilization is associated with the
modification of soil properties by the addition of chemically active materials. In
soil stabilization, it is very important to understand the material properties involved
in the mixture and the outcome after mixing. Moreover, it is important to find out
how the material is going to perform after stabilization. At the same time the
effects of the process on the nearby structures and surrounding conditions need to
be evaluated. Accordingly, decisions can be taken on the selection of materials and
the corresponding doses.
In this study, Soil stabilization has been explained in various
aspects. When the productivity of the stabilization has been compromised by
developing new expansive minerals, methods to be adopted then has been tried to
explain in this study.
 SOIL STABILIZATION

I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

II ABSTRACT

III CONTENTS

IV LIST OF FIGURES

V LIST OF TABLES

III - CONTENTS:
CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION-SOIL STABILIZATION 06
1.1 Introduction 06
1.2 Background 06
1.3 Problems of expansive soils 06
1.4 Identification of expansive soils 07
1.4.1 Mineral composition 07
1.4.2 Based on properties 08
1.4.3 Swelling potential and swell pressure 09
1.5 Types of stabilization 10
1.5.1 Calcium based stabilization 10
1.5.2 Excavation and replacement 10
1.5.3 Compaction (density and moisture control) 10
1.5.4 Electrical stabilization 11
1.5.5 Thermal stabilization 12
1.5.6 Bituminous stabilization 12

2 MECHANISM OF STABILIZATION 13

3 CALCIUM BASED STABILIZATION 15

3.1 Using cement 15

3.2 Using lime 16

4 STABILIZATION USING SOLID WASTE 18

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CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.

4.1 Stabilization of black cotton soils 18

4.2 Using reclaimed asphalt pavement and waste crushed glass 19

4.3 Using agro based waste 21

4.3.1 Using only agro based waste 22
4.3.2 Using chemical /mineral waste 24
4.3.3 Using both agro based and chemical/mineral
Waste 26

5 STABILIZATION WITH CNS LAYER 28

6 CONCLUSION 32

REFERENCES 33

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IV - LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
Title
No. No.

1.1 Data for estimating probable volume change 8

1.2 Degree of expansion based on shrinkage index 8

1.3 Degree of expansion based on plasticity index of

whole sample 9

3.1 Compressive strength of different soils treated with

10% of cement 16

4.1 Properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement used 19

4.2 Properties of waste crushed glass used 20

4.3 Combinations of additives with soil 20

4.4 Stability comparison of Pre-Post stabilized soil

using agro based wastes (part 1) 22

4.5 Stability comparison of Pre-Post stabilized soil

using agro based wastes (part 2) 23

4.6 Stability comparison of Pre-Post stabilized soil

using chemical/mineral based wastes 24

4.7 Stability comparison of Pre-Post stabilized soil

using both agro & chemical/mineral wastes (part 1) 26

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Table Page
Title
No. No.

4.8 Stability comparison of Pre-Post stabilized soil

using both agro & chemical/mineral wastes

(part 2) 27

5.1 Specifications of grain size analysis and consistency

limits for soil to be considered as CNS material 30

5.2 Specifications of clay mineral, shear strength and

swelling pressure for soil to be considered as

CNS material 30

5.3 Thickness of CNS layer needed to nullify the effect

of swelling pressure of expansive soil 31

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V - LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
Title Page No.
No.

1.1 Density versus water content (compactive effort) 11

2.1 Mechanism of stabilization 13

5.1 Representation of CNS soil layer 28

5.2 Thickness vs Swelling deformation 31

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION – SOIL STABILIZATION

Soil stabilization is a method of improving soil properties

by blending and mixing other materials. Improvements include increasing the dry unit weight,
bearing capabilities, volume changes, the performance of in situ subsoils, sands, and other waste
materials in order to strengthen road surfaces and other geotechnical applications.

1.1 - INTRODUCTION:

Foundation materials that exhibit volume change from change in soil

moisture are referred to as expansive or swelling clay soils. Characteristic expansive or swelling
materials are highly plastic clays and clay shales that often contain colloidal clay minerals such
as the montmorillonite. Soils that exhibit greatest volume changes from dry to wet state usually
possess a considerable percentage of montmorillonite. Since expansive soils have a tendency to
change their volume to a large extent, they cause heavy distress to engineering constructions.
The lightweight structures are severely affected due to high swelling pressure exerted by these
soils. Such type of large scale distress, due to expansive shrinking nature of expansive soil, can
be prevented by either obstructing the soil movement and reducing the swelling pressure of soil
or making the structure sufficiently resistant to damage from soil movement.

1.2 - BACKGROUND:

The concept of stabilization is 5000 years old. McDowell indicated that

stabilized earth roads were used in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and that the Greeks and
Romans used lime as a stabilizer. History tells us that stabilized earth roads were used in ancient
Egypt and Mesopotamia and that the Greeks and Romans used lime as a stabilizer.

1.3 - PROBLEMS OF EXPANSIVE SOILS:

Expansive soil in the foundation is a

hidden disaster for almost all the types of civil engineering structures. The effects can be
disastrous if expansive soils supporting structures we allowed to become too wet or too dry.

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Expansive soil expands and contracts due to changes in moisture content of the soil, causing
structural problems through differential movement of the structure. If the moisture content and/or
soil type differs at various locations under the foundation, localized or non-uniform movement
may occur in the structure. This isolated movement of sections of the structure can cause damage
the foundation and framing, evidenced by cracking in the exterior or interior wall covering
indicating movement of the framing, uneven floors and/or misaligned doors and windows.

Moisture can move from outside to under the

foundation due to thermal gradient. Water as well as water vapor can move horizontally through
the soils under the foundation. Water vapor at a temperature higher than its surroundings will
migrate towards the cooler area to equalize the thermal energy of the two areas. When water
reaches the cooler area, generally the covered area beneath the structure, condensation takes
place and initiates swelling. Shrinking and swelling soil motions can lead to damaging the
foundation. Uniform changes in soil moisture are less damaging to the structure than localized
changes.

The pattern of moisture migration also

depends on geological failures, climatic conditions, topographical features, soil types, ground
water level etc. Moisture movement in soil takes place both in the liquid phase and in the vapor
phase.

1.4 - IDENTIFICATION OF EXPANSIVE SOILS:

Expansive soils can be identified by various

characteristics of them like as follows:

1.4.1 - Mineral composition:

The degree of volume change experienced by an expansive

soil depends to a great extent on its mineralogical composition. The three basic groups of clay
mineral are montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite. Expansive soils are usually composed of these
clay minerals. The presence of montmorillonite, which has an expanding lattice contributes most
to swelling, while that of illite contributes a little less clearly indicating the degree of
expansiveness of a clay soil. Kaolinities on the other hand are non-expansive in nature.

The various techniques employed to

determine the mineralogical composition arc X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, dye
absorption, chemical analysis and electron microscope resolution. The X-ray diffraction
technique gives the proportions us the various minerals present in the colloidal clay fraction, and
the electron microscope resolution helps to determine the texture and internal structure of the
mineral.

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1.4.2 - Based on properties:

Table 1.1 : Data for estimating probable volume change (HOLTZ, 1969)

S.NO: Colloidal Plasticity index Shrinkage Degree of expansion

content Limit
(%)
(% - 1 µm) (%)

1. >28 >35 <11 VERY HIGH

2. 20-31 25-41 7-12 HIGH

3. 13-23 15-28 10-16 MEDIUM

4. <15 <18 >15 LOW

Table1.2 : Degree of expansion based on shrinkage index ( Ranganatham and

satyanarayana, 1965)

S.NO: SHRINKAGE INDEX SWELLING DEGREE OF

(%) POTENTIAL (%) EXPANSION
UNDER A SURCHARGE
OF 6.9KPa

1. <20 <10 LOW

2. 20-30 20-30 MEDIUM

3. 30-60 20-30 HIGH

4. >60 >30 VERY HIGH

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Table1.3 : Degree of expansion based on plasticity index of whole sample (WILLIAMS and
DONALDSON)

S.NO: Plasticity index of whole sample Degree of expansion

1. >32 VERY HIGH

2. 24-32 HIGH

3. 12-24 MEDIUM

4. <12 LOW

1.4.3 : Swelling potential and Swell pressure:

The term swelling potential is generally

used to indicate axial strain produced under a surcharge. This strain is expressed as a percent.

Previous investigators used different

values for surcharge but these values varied within a narrow range lying close to 0.7 t/m 2.
However, at present there is a tendency to standardize the surcharge at 0.7 t/m 2. Also sample
dimensions varied in tests conducted by previous investigators. The present tendency appears to
be standardizing sample height to 25 mm and sample diameter to 100 mm.

The swelling pressure is defined as the

vertical pressure needed to be applied to a sample is maintained to its initial value when it is
permitted to imbibe water. But the usual pressure measuring devices, viz., proving rings, load
cells, etc. Allow a certain change in the vertical dimension resulting in volume change of the
sample.

The actual change in volume permitted

depends upon the flexibility of the particular measuring device used. Such a change in the
volume of the sample during the swelling pressure measurements is commonly neglected as
being insignificant and swelling pressure test results are invariably reported without indicating
the volume change permitted during the measurements. Such practice should be stopped

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forthwith and the results of swelling potential and swelling pressure should always be reported
with respect to pertinent information.

1.5 - TYPES OF STABILIZATION:

There are numerous types of soil stabilization and lot more under research work going on
presently.

Namely,

1.5.1. Calcium based stabilization.

1.5.2 Excavation and replacement.
1.5.3 Compaction i.e., density and moisture control.
1.5.4 Electrical stabilization.
1.5.5 Thermal stabilization
1.5.6 Bituminous stabilization.

Out of all these, Calcium based stabilization methods are most commonly used stabilization
method.

1.5.1- CALCIUM BASED STABILIZATION :

This is the most common method of
stabilization adapted widely for pavement construction purposes. Detailed view of this
stabilization is explained later in this paper.

1.5.2- EXCAVATION AND REPLACEMENT:

Excavation and replacement is the
most simple in concept and reliable technique if employed properly. Soil replacement involves
excavating the soil that needs to be improved and replacing it. The excavated soil can sometimes
be re-compacted to a satisfactory state or it may be treated with admixtures and then be replaced
in a controlled manner. It can also be replaced with a different soil with more suitable properties
for the proposed application. Soft soil, mostly soft clay or highly organic clay under or near the
expected structure is removed and replaced by a good quality foreign material up to the extent
required to maintain stability or to avoid unfavorable settlement of the structure.

1.5.3- COMPACTION (DENSITY AND MOISTURE CONTROL) :

Compaction
is a process that brings about an increase in soil density or unit weight, accompanied by

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 SOIL STABILIZATION

a decrease in air volume. There is usually no change in water content. The degree of compaction
is measured by dry unit weight and depends on the water content and compactive effort (weight
of hammer, number of impacts, weight of roller, number of passes). For a given compactive
effort, the maximum dry unit weight occurs at an optimum water content.

Compaction is a process of increasing soil density and removing air, usually by

mechanical means. The size of the individual soil particles does not change, neither is water
removed. Purposeful compaction is intended to improve the strength and stiffness of soil.
Consequential (or accidental) compaction, and thus settlement, can occur due to vibration
(piling, traffic, etc.) or self-weight of loose fill.

Figure 1.1: Density vs water content (compactive effort)

1.5.4-ELECTRICAL STABILIZATION:

Another expensive form of soil

stabilization that isn’t used as often is electrical stabilization. This is almost exclusively used in
clay-like soils and can also be referred to as electroosmosis.

Electrical stabilization of soil works by

inserting metal electrodes into the earth. Then, a direct current is run through them and water
moves towards one of the electrodes, most often the cathode. As water is removed from the soil,

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it is better able to be compacted which allows it to provide a more sturdy foundation for
construction vehicles.

1.5.5- THERMAL STABILIZATION:

Thermal stabilization is divided into two

groups of heating and freezing. Event at the ordinary temperature under the sunshine, properties
of fine grained soils are improved by desiccation.

This is often found as a dry crust formed

at the surface of reclaimed sludge. When the reclamation process is very slow, the thickness of
desiccated layer becomes several meters (Katagiri et al, 1996). The artificial heating is naturally
much more effective and the application of heating the soil up to 300 to 1,000 degree Celsius has
been reported.

1.5.6- BITUMINOUS STABILIZATION:

Bituminous stabilization is the method

of stabilization in which we blend soil with bituminous particles to improve soil strength
characteristics. The type of material we used will depend upon the type of soil in which we are
blending bituminous particles.

Two examples of bituminous

materials are tar and asphalt. These help the soil cohere, which improves stability and reduces
water absorption. In turn, these things keep soil from eroding away.

The four stabilization methods used with bitumen are:

• Soil bitumen stabilization

• Sand bitumen stabilization
• Oiled earth
• Water-proofed mechanical stabilization

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CHAPTER 2
MECHANISM OF STABILIZATION

EXCHANGE OF FLOCCULATION END

POZZOLONIC
CATIONS B/W PARTICLES CARBONATION REACTION

Figure2.1 : Mechanism of stabilization

 Cation exchange: sodium, magnesium, and other cations are replaced by the calcium
cations from the available calcium hydroxide.
 Flocculation and agglomeration: flocculation of the clay particles increases the effective
grain size and reduces plasticity, thus increasing the strength of the matrix.
 Pozzolanic reaction: the high pH environment created by the available calcium hydroxide
solubilizes silicates and aluminates at the clay surface, which in turn react with calcium
ions to form cementitious products that are composed primarily of calcium silicate
hydrates or calcium aluminate hydrates, or both.
 Carbonate cementation: calcium oxide reacts with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to
form calcium carbonate precipitates, which cement the soil particles.

Soil stabilization deals with the physical, physio-chemical

and chemical methods to ensure that the stabilized soil serves its intended purpose as
construction component material. The basic principlkes of soil stabilization may be stated
as:

 Evaluating the properties of given soil and assessing the deficient property due to which
the soil is considered as weak.

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 SOIL STABILIZATION

 Deciding the appropriate method of supplementing the deficient property by an effective

and economical method of stabilization.
 Designing the stabilized soil mix for the intended stability and durability values.
 Resorting to suitable construction procedure including addition of selected stabilizers,
mixing, spreading and by adequate compaction.

Thereby soil stabilization may result in any one or

more of the following changes:

 Increase in the strength characteristics.

 Modification in some of the undesirable properties of the soil, such as high plasticity,
swelling, etc.
 Change in chemical properties.
 Retaining desired minimum strength even after subjecting the stabilized soil to soaked
condition.

Based on above principles, the various

techniques of soil stabilization are evolved using both conventional and non-conventional
construction materials.

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 SOIL STABILIZATION

CHAPTER 3
CALCIUM BASED STABILIZATION

CALCIUM BASED STABILIZATION:

A number of chemicals have been used in treating
expansive soils, either as primary or secondary additives. Effectiveness of a chemical
used depends on many factors including soil type, the soil property to be stabilized, type
and amount of chemical added, effectiveness of mixing, curing period, curing
temperature, moisture content of the mix, etc. However, most extensively used chemicals
are lime and cement, with or without additives. It is to be noted that stabilization with
lime or cement is mainly used in road construction. In situ treatment of foundations by
chemicals is very much limited.

3.1 - USING CEMENT:

 The interaction between soil and cement is a complex phenomenon and is not fully
understood.
 Suitable for inorganic soils. If it is blended with organic soil, organic content interferes
with hydration of cement and hence weakens the soil cement bond.
 The permissible limit of organic content for soils use cement as stabilizing material is
2%.
 Unlike in Lime stabilization, with increase in cement soil strength increases. But
economy point of view we can’t increase cement content.
 For silty loams, clay loams, sandy loams and silts: for 2 to 6 hours in delay of
compaction, the moisture content should be 2-4% above optimum moisture content.
 For fine grained soils: for 2 to 6 hours in delay of compaction, the moisture content
should be 2-4% above OMC.
 Very long period of mixing results in lower strength. So, optimum mixing time is
required.
 Effect of ageing on strength and durability can be reduced if compacting moisture content
is somewhat higher than the OMC obtained from the proctor density test with zero ageing
period.

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Table3.1 : Compressive strength of different soils treated with 10 % of cement

SOIL TYPE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

(t/m2)

Clays, organic soils <35

Silts, silty clays, very poorly graded sands & slightly organic 35-100
clays

Silty clays, sandy clays, poorly graded sand and gravels 70-160

Silty sands, sandy clays, poorly graded sand and gravels 160-320

graded sandy clays or gravel-sand-clay 150-1000

Mixtures and sands and gravels even higher

3.2 - USING LIME:

 Two reactions occur when lime is used as stabilized material.

 First one is, rapid reaction within an hour or two resulting in reduction of liquid limit and
plasticity index as well as increase in plastic limit and shrinkage limit. Thus shrinkage
/swell characteristics are greatly reduced.
 The clay particles are flocculated and agglomerated into coarser ones like size of silt and
sand particles. This is result of cationic exchange process.
 Second one is, slow and take sufficient time (weeks) causing cementing and hardening
process called as pozzolonic activity (Silicious and aluminous at regular temperatures
combined with calcium hydroxide to form cementious compounds).
 Also there is optimum lime content upto which strength increases there after declines.

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 Optimum lime content increases with curing period. For 21-28 days of curing period,
OLC will be 6-9% for most of the expansive soils.

There may be lot of advantages with

this calcium based stabilization. But, with some soils this type of stabilization will have
its own detrimental effects. When expansive soils containing sulfates are treated with
calcium-based stabilizers, the calcium from the stabilizer reacts with soil sulfates and
alumina to form the expansive mineral ettringite.
So, this is against the productivity of soil stabilization resulting in the need of
development of new methods in soil stabilization.

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CHAPTER 4
STABILIZATION USING SOILID WASTE

4.1 - STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOILS:

The design foundation on black
cotton soil (expansive soil) has always been a difficult task for the engineers as the
structure resting on black cotton soil cracks without any warning. Black cotton soil is
found in M.P., Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh in our country. Soil
proportion changes depending upon their constituents, i.e. water content, density, bulk
density, angle of friction, shear strength etc. The properties of black cotton soil can be
modified by stabilizing the soil can be modified by stabilizing the soil with the use of
additives or by mechanical means.
 Black cotton soils are also known as Indian regurs.
 They are rich in calcium, Magnesium and potash & deficit in Phosphoric acid, Nitrogen
and organic matter.
 In India,
Black cotton soils constitute about 18%
Red soils – 18%
Alluvial soils – 43%
 So, it is difficult to replace problematic soils with red soils. Hence there is a rise of
alternative methods to replace conventional calcium based methods ahead of their
limitations.
 Using solid waste for stabilizing the problematic soils are proved to be effective.

From stabilization point of view, the following are

the main problems in case of BC soils:

 It is very difficult to pulverize the soil as the dry lumps are difficult to break due to high
dry strength and the wet soil is too sticky and unmanageable.
 There is a excessive variation in volume and stability with variation in water content.
 There is considerable shrinkage on drying, resulting in the formation of extensive cracks.
BC soils compacted at optimum moisture content will shrink further when dried as
shrinkage limit is much lower than optimum moisture content.
 Black cotton soils exert high swelling pressure from below on being soaked.
 Conventional construction materials like hard aggregate may be available within easy
reach.

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4.2 - USING RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT AND WASTE CRUSHED

GLASS:

 Reclaimed asphalt pavement:

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) refers to
the removed and reprocessed pavement materials containing aggregates and
asphalt. These materials are obtained when asphalt pavements are removed
for resurfacing, reconstruction or to obtain access to buried utilities and,
hence treated as waste and dispose anywhere in the land. When properly
crushed and screened, well graded and high-quality aggregates coated by
liquid asphalt is obtained.
The properties of used reclaimed asphalt
pavement are as follows:

Table 4.1: Properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement used in this study

S.No: Description For Compaction For CBR test

test

<12.5 mm <12.54 mm
1. Size
>4.75 mm >4.75 mm

2. Specific Gravity 2.63 2.63

 Waste crushed glass:

Waste glass containers are usually used in making
new glass containers. The small glass pieces, or “fines”, are unsuitable for
manufacturing new glasses, so these are washed, crushed and graded
(sometimes mixed in with other compounds) as Recycled Crushed Glass.
Due to the presence of a wide range of debris and different colored glass, the
recycled crushed glass cannot be used in the production of bottles. So, this
waste crushed glass was used as one of the stabilizers.

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The various properties of waste crushed glass used

in this study are as follows:

Table 4.2: Properties of waste crushed glass used in this study

S.No: Description: For Compaction test: For CBR test:

1. Size <4.75 mm >4.75 mm

2. Specific Gravity 2.51 2.51

The pulverization of the soil was carried out to

break the lumps and then the soil was air-dried. The particle size distribution of the
properly pulverized and dried soil was done. In the same manner Reclaimed Asphalt
Pavement (RAP) was pulverized and air-dried. 5 % of Waste Crushed Glass (WCG) was
used for mixing with RAP-soil mixture. To study the properties of blended mix, a number
of soil- RAP- WCG combinations are used.
The various combinations of reclaimed asphalt
pavement and waste crushed glass used in this study are as follows:

Table 4.3: Combinations of additive with soil

S.No: Soil RAP WCG

1. 65% 30% 5%

2. 45% 50% 5%

3. 40% 55% 5%

4. 35% 60% 5%

5. 30% 65% 5%

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 For Black cotton soils:

After trying out various combinations of RAP and WCG, Authors finally came
to the conclusion consists of two combinations.
 55% RAP and 5% WCG :
With this combination Maximum dry density increases to 12.52% which is
almost equal to red soil.
 65% RAP and 5% WCG:
In this Optimum moisture content decreases 46.6% and matches almost
equal to red soil. CBR value increases from 2.71% to 9.682%, which is 3.57%
more than red soil.

 For Loam soils:

 50% RAP and 5% WCG:
MDD increases to 2.03 g/cc from 1.913 g/cc. After increase in % rather
than this, MDD tends to decrease. CBR value increases from 6.149% to 17.13%.

 65% RAP and 5% WCG:

OMC decreases from 11.885% to 4.383%. (for red soil- 9.786%).

By observing all the above results, the proposed method shows the efficiency to use these
waste materials for soil stabilization of pavement roads in villages.

4.3 USING AGROBASED SOLID WASTE:

The wastes produced by agricultural industry

can be used as additives in the soil stabilization methods as mentioned by so many authors and
researchers are as follows:

 Baggasse ash is the by-product and residue extracted by burning the sugar cane fiber after
squeezing sugar cane juice of sugar industry.
 As bagasse ash contain fiber and silica content, it will effect the strength of black cotton
soil.
 With the addition of 6% of bagasse ash will increase Dry density (5.8%),CBR (41.52%)
and UCC (43.58%).

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 Hence it shows that the addition of bagasse ash will improve the strength characteristics
if expansive and problematic soils.

4.3.1 - USING ONLY AGROBASED WASTES:

Table 4.4: Stability comparison of Pre-Post stabilized soils using Agro based solid waste
(part1)

S.N Author Materials Proportions/ Major Result of Result of

o: used as combination stabilization virgin soil treated soil
additives/ s property
stabilizers investigated

UCC 180 KN/m2 287.25

KN/m2 @
1 M.Moh Jute or coir 0.25,0.50,0.7 1%
an et al., fiber 5 & 1.0 %
CBR 1.91 % 6.87% @
1%
UCC 138.58 245.65
KN/m2 KN/m2 @ 28
days of
2 Amit S. Bagasse ash 3,6,9 & 12% curing
Kharade
et al., CBR 12.88% 22.04%
Swell index 4.50 Kg/cm 0.80 Kg/cm2
2

3 Mousa Burned olive 0, 2.5, 5 & @ 2.5%

F. waste 7.5%
Attom UCC 175 KPa 215 KPa @
et al., 2.5%
Dry density 1.29 Mg/m3 1.40 Mg/m3
@ 20 %
4 Shahra Palm oil fuel 10, 20, 30 & OMC 29% 27 % @
m ash 40% 20%
Pourakb UCC 90 KPa 170KPa @
ar et al., 20%

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Table 4.5: Stability comparison of Pre-Post stabilized soils using Agro based solid waste
(part2)

S.No: Author Materials Proportions/ Major Result Result

used as Combinations stabilization of virgin of
additives/ property soil treated
stabilizers investigated soil
1 J.james et Egg shell 10,20,30 & 304
al., 40% KN/m2
UCC 215
Tamarind 2,4 & 8% KN/m2 64
kernel KN/m2
powder
Wheat CBR 7.8% 29.33 @
husk ash 3,5,7,9 & 11% 7%
2 Maninder add combinedly
singh et w.r.t weight of
al., Sugarcane dry soil UCC 180 357.65
straw ash KN/m2 KN/m2
@ 7%
Energy 10.0162 37.8462
absorbtion KJ/m3 KJ/m3 @
3%

3 Ali Firat Xantham 0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0 UCC 396 KPa 852.18

Calabar et gum & 3.0 % w.rt KPa @
al., weight of dry 3%
soil
Cohesion 69.6 103.90
KPa KPa
@3%
4 Rahmat Bagasse 0,4,8 & 12 % Uplift 9.02 psi 4.72 psi
Ali et al., ash pressure of @ 12 %
soil
1204
5 G.V. Rice husk 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 & UCS 70 Kpa KPa @
Rama ash 12 % soil +
Subba 4% FA
Rao +4%
RHA +6
%L

From the above summary of tables, by using

only agro based wastes as soil stabilizing material, it is realized that most of the

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agricultural wastes are having pozzolanic property that was naturally inbuilt with the
compounds such as silica, Ferric oxide, Calcium oxide and aluminum oxide, which are
considered as the main agents for stabilization. By using the agro based waste in soil
stabilization as a cementitious material or in the form of additive, the engineering
property of expansive soil such as consistency index, durability, strength and grain size of
particles get enhanced for large extent. It is also noted that the adoption of agro waste in
the form of stabilizer is helpful to control the rate of environmental pollution related with
disposal of waste and fix the scarcity of land fill material. While adding the larger
percentage of agro waste the ratio of free swell gets decreased. When compared to
traditional cementing materials, the soil treated with agro-waste shows that the test values
of UCC/UCS is in good range and from the CBR value in soaked condition it was proved
that the soil become to withstand seasonal alteration of saturation.

4.3.2 - USING ONLY CHEMICAL/MINERAL BASED WASTES:

Table 4.6: Stability comparison of Pre-Post stabilized soils using chemical/mineral

wastes

S.No: Author Materials Proportions/ Major Result Result

used as Combinations stabilization of of
additives/ property virgin treated
stabilizers investigated soil soil
1 Kasinatha Phospogypsum 0.25, 0.5, 1, &
Pandiyan & lime 2% of PG UCC 115.8 2251.07
et al., 3, 5.5 & 7 % KPa KPa
of lime upon
1% PG
adding
to 7%
lime
2 Rahamat Marble dust 0, 4, 8, & 12 Uplift 9.02 5.56 psi
Ali et al., % pressure of psi @ 12 %
soil
3 G.V. Fly ash 2, 4 & 6% UCS 70 KPa 1120
Rama KPa @
subba rao soil +
et al., 4% L
4 Hadi 3 types of 5, 10 & 15 % Compressive 210 957
Bahodari volcanic ash strength @ KPa KPa
et al., (Chichest, 28 days
Mamaloo &
Qizkorpi)

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By using only chemical/mineral based

wastes/additives as soil stabilizing material for augmenting the condition of weak expansive soil
was found as cost effective and sustainable technique. The utilization of chemical/mineral
additives in soil stabilization provides good positive impacts in the soil properties. It was noted
that only by the duration of curing, the UCS value of chemical/mineral based stabilized soil gets
improved and not by the percentage of additives. Hence, the curing is the main phenomenon
that decided the strength of stabilized soil. But in the value of CBR, it was depended by both the
percentage of additive and duration of curing which means that when the value of both
parameters gets increases the CBR value also increases. An additional important parameter that
was found through this study was that most of the chemical/mineral additives are mostly
modified the property of soil and rarely contribute in its improvement.

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4.3.3 – USING BOTH CHEMICAL AND MINERAL BASED WASTES :

Apart from these, the different agro based
waste products along with chemical/ mineral additives are summarized as follows:

Table 4.7: Stability comparison of Pre-Post stabilized soils using Combined Agro and
chemical/Mineral based solid waste (part 1)
S.No Author Materials used as Proportions / Major Result Result
additives/stabilizers Combinations stabilizatio of of
n virgin treated
properties soil soil
investigate
d
Press mud with lime 2%,4%,6% & 1465.16
8% of press KN/m2
mud and 5.5% @ 6% of
& 7 % of lime press
mud
1. J.James UCC 343.8
et al., KN/m2

Ceramic dust with 2%,4%,6% & 2294.22

cement 8% of ceramic KN/m2
dust and @ 8% of
1%,2%,3% & CD
4% of cement

2. Aditya Fly ash, Rice husk Each additive 17.74%

kumar ash, Baggase ash & add separately CBR 11.87 @ 28
anupan Rice straw ash in the range of % days of
et al., 5%-35% curing
of RSA
3. V.Nive Silica gel and 5%, 15% & 135
tha et Bamboo slag 20% of SG UCC 110 KN/m2
al., and 5% of BS KN/m2 @ 15%
4. J.James Jaggery : Chebula : 1:1:1 w.r.t
et al., Lime weight of dry 335
soil KN/m2
UCC 215
3:1:2 w.r.t KN/m2
weight of dry 410
soil KN/m2

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Table 4.8: Stability comparison of Pre-Post stabilized soils using Combined Agro and
chemical/Mineral based solid waste (part 2)

S.No: Author Materials Proportions / Major Result Result of

used as combinations stabilization of virgin treated
additives/ properties soil soil
stabilizers investigated
1. Sooraj p. Areca fiber 0,0.5,1 & 1.5 Split tensile 20 KPa 840 KPa
et al., & bottom % of areca @ 1.5%
ash fiber and of AF
bottom ash is
fixed @ 30% UCS 500 KPa 1610 KPa
w.r.t weight of @ 1.5%
dry soil of AF
2. P.K Coir waste 0.5,1,1.5,2,2.5
Jayashree & 3% in the 58% @
et al., form of coir 3% of
pith Volumetric fiber
shrinkage 75%
using 3D test
0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 55% @
& 1.0% in the 1% of
form of short fiber
fibers
3. R.Sanjay Rice husk CBR 3.12 4.45
Kumar et ash, GGBS 10%,20% & Kg/cm2 Kg/cm2
al., & Coconut 30%
coir fiber UCS 1.21 1.47
Kg/cm2 Kg/cm2
4. Srija Wood ash 8.44% @
Valluru et with silica 3%,5% & 7% CBR 3.85% 5%
al., fume

In this summary, due to the property difference of each material, the soil undergoes
serious changes and become impulsive. Moreover, the usage of these combined additives,
which directly act as an alternative stabilizing material instead of cement and lime. Apart
from soil stabilization, through this combined usage of wastes in the form of detoxified
material had several good advantages on environment and helps to preserve the natural
resources. The development of strength was caused due to agglomeration of particles by
means of exchanging ion particles between the combined form of wastes and the soil.
Due to the presence of varying Cementous material in combined form of waste the rate of
reaction of alumino-silicate compounds, hence it increases the strength and mechanical
parameters of the soil between the particles attain more rapidly. Usually these from of
combined wastes has high content.

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CHAPTER 5

STABILIZATION WITH CNS LAYER:

Out of all these stabilization methods mentioned in

previous chapters, Provision of CNS soil layer has been found to be very effective in
counteracting shrink-swell characteristics and retaining shear strength of expansive soils. CNS
soil layer noted as above refers to cohesive – non – swelling soil layer. Hence in recent years it
has been widely used in civil engineering construction activities in expansive soil regions viz.
canals, roads, dams etc. It has been found to be much more economical and simpler than the
other methods of stabilization.

Fig 5.1 : Representation of CNS Soil layer

It has been observed that canals could be constructed in expansive

soils or can be made out of expansive soil with only a limited thickness of around 1m of
CNS layer lining would be needed to eliminate detrimental effects of expansive soils. If
roads are to be constructed on expansive soils a provision of a layer of non-expansive soil
below the usual sub-base/base course would be very effective in eliminating detrimental
effects of expansive soils. In dams expansive soils can be used as hearting material. But
this hearting has to be surrounded by CNS soil layer of appropriate thickness. For
buildings in expansive soil regions, shallow foundation can be laid on expansive soil
through a layer of CNS soil.

Various studies and experiments lead to the following points about

the characteristics of the CNS layer:

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 Cohesion remaining constant of CNS soil layer, the heave of the underlying expansive
soil reduced rapidly with increase in the thickness of CNS soil layer, and attained a
volume of no heave with limited thickness of CNS layer, generally around 1m. Decrease
in heave with increase in thickness of CNS layer is not linear but exponential in nature.
 Thickness of CNS layer needed to resist a prevalent swelling pressure of the underlying
expansive soil varies with cohesion. Normally increase in cohesion reduces thickness but
the relation may not be linear.
 Shear strength of the underlying expansive soil with the interface with the CNS layer and
attains a shear strength value nearly equal to that at no volume change conditions,
prevents a whole system from upward heave. The increase in shear strength is not linear.

Thus the cohesion of CNS layer and its thickness are the governing
criteria in counter acting swelling and swelling pressure of expansive soils.

Murum locally available in the area of expansive soil often can be used
as CNS soil. In many cases, soil underlying the expansive black cotton soil, it is found to
be CNS type. The basic requirement of CNS soil is that it should be clayey soil, with
certain cohesion but having no expansive characteristics.
The thickness of CNS layer required to practically eliminate swelling
pressure effects of expansive soil can only be arrived by laboratory investigation. In
absence of such results and data the following values and characteristics can be used.

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Table 5.1 :Specifications of grain size analysis and consistency limits for soil to be considered
as CNS material

S.NO: PROPERTY SPECIFICATION RANGE

1. Grain size analysis

 Clay  15-25%
 Silt  35-50%
 Sand  30-40%
 Gravel  ≤ 10%

2. Consistency limits

 Liquid Limit  30-50%

 Plastic Limit  20-25%
 Plasticity index  10-25%
 Shrinkage limit  15% and above

Table5.2 :Specifications of clay mineral, shear strength and swelling pressure for soil
to be considered as CNS material

S.NO: PROPERTY SPECIFICATION

RANGE

1. Clay mineral Kaolinite and Illite

2. Shear strength of compacted sample (MDD and OMC)

 From unconfined compression (cu)  0.15-0.35 kg/cm2

 From consolidated undrained direct shear test
 ccu  0.1-0.3 kg/cm2
 φcu  8o-15o

3. Swelling Pressure

 With MDD and zero initial moisture content  >0.1 kg/cm2

 With MDD and OMC  >0.05 kg/cm2

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Table5.3 : Thickness of CNS layer needed to nullify the effect of swelling pressure of
expansive soils

S.NO: Swelling pressure (kg/cm2) Thickness of CNS layer (cm)

1. 1.0-1.5 75-85

2. 2.0-3.0 90-100

3. 3.5-5.0 105-115

Figure5.2 : Thickness versus swelling deformation

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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

From all the above chapters of this report, hereby

concluding that :

 Soil stabilization in its broad sense, may be defined as the method adopted to alter any
one or more of the soil properties so as to improve the desire performance of the soil.
 Identifying an expansive/problematic soil is necessary by mineralogical composition or
by some of their index/engineering properties.
 In case of expansive soil, stabilization is mainly adopted to increase its strength and to
decrease its shrink swell characteristics.
 Most common used methods of stabilization are calcium based stabilization apart from
regular compaction techniques.
 There arise a problem with expansive soils which contain sulphates resulting to the
production expansive mineral ettringite when comes in contact with lime/cement.
 Hence there is a need of rise to develop new methods in the soil stabilization by keeping
productivity and environmental aspects in mind.
 So, utilization of solid waste in soil stabilization comes into picture where it is yielding
productive outcomes.
 Various solid wastes from industries are used and lots of researchers are under work in
this area. (including agro waste)
 There are productive results when agro-based wastes and mineral/chemical wastes are
used as stabilizing material individually.
 But when both agro and mineral wastes are used proportionally, the outcome i8s much
better in improving soil stability and strength characteristics.
 Now days, Cohesive swelling layer has become a more popular one with its easiest mode
of material availability and economic point of view.
 CNS soil layer should be of non-expansive and can be mostly locally available soil.
 A CNS soil layer of thickness around 1m can be sufficient to counteract the shrink-swell
characteristics of expansive/problematic soil.
 If swelling deformation increases in the initial laboratory observations, the thickness
should also be increased accordingly.

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REFERENCES:
 Foundation design manual by Narayan V. Nayak.

 Highway Engineering by C.E.G Gusto, S.K. Khanna and A. Veeraraghavan.

 Fundamentals of soil stabilization - Ali Akbar Firoozi, C. Guney Olgun, Ali

Asghar Firoozi and Mojtaba Shojaei Baghini.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-017-0064-9

 Review paper on study of cohesive non-swelling soil layer- Rohit Tumane,

Sanniv Shome, Nikita Janbandhu, Rupali Ramteke, Pooja Gadekar, Sandhya
Suryawanshi.
www.jeitr.org (ISSN-2349-5162)

 Effect of Solid waste based stabilizing material for strengthening of

Expansive soil- A review by D.S.Vijayan, D.Parthiban.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101108

 Stabilization of black cotton soil and loam soil using reclaimed asphalt
pavement and waste crushed glass – C.Rajesh Kumar, Renuka sai gadekari,
Dr. G.Vani, Mini K.M.
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings (24 (2020) 379–387)

 Effect of Lime Stabilized Soil Cushion on Strength behaviour of Expansive

Soil - Jagadish Prasad Sahoo, Pradip Kumar Pradhan.
DOI 10.1007/s10706-010-9332-6

 CNS soil layer – Katti, 1979 (IIT BOMBAY)

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