∞

≤ ∀
f(t) f(t)

t t
0 0

f(t)

t
0 t0
 0 t 0
1(t) = 
1 t 0
1(t)
1

t
0 t0
≥ 1(t – t 0)
1
0 t  t0
1(t − t0) = 
1 t  t0 0 t0
t
 ∃ ≠ f(t)

t
0

0 t 0 1(t)
1(t).f(t) =  1
 f(t) t  0
t
0 t0
1(t)f(t)

t
0
 +


− pt
F ( p) = f (t )e dt (1)
0

↔
 + + − pt + +
e 1 1
) dt =  e dt = −
F (p) =  1(te − pt − pt
= − pt = .
0 0 p 0
pe 0 p
1
1(t) ⎯⎯ → .
p
+ +
1
 ee e
t − pt −(p−1)t
F (p) = dt = dt = .
0 0 p−1
1
et
⎯⎯
→ .
p−1
 +

 te
− pt
F (p) = dt
0
u=t  du = dt
e− pt − pt
v= −  dv = e dt
p
+
− pt + 1
1 − pt = − t 1

te + 2 = 2
F (p) = − +  e dt pt
p 0
p0 pe 0 p p
1
t ⎯⎯
→ 2
.
p
n!
tn
⎯⎯
→ n +1
.
p
 1
1(t) ⎯⎯
→
p
a
 f(t) = a ⎯⎯
→
p
 1  p
a  0, f(at)⎯⎯
→ F   (2)
a a
1
f(t) = et
⎯⎯
→
p−1
1 1 1
f(at) = e ⎯⎯
at
→ . =
−1 p−a
a p
1 a
e ⎯⎯
at
→ (3)
p−a
 cos(t) = (e + e )
1 jt − jt
2

1 1 1  p
F (p) =  +  = 2
2  p − j p + j  p +  2

p
cos(t) ⎯⎯
→
p2 +  2
 1 jt − jt
i t) =
sn(
2j
(e −e )

1 1 1  
 F (p) =  −  = 2
2j p − j p + j  p +  2

sin(t) ⎯⎯
→
p2 +  2
 eat.f(t) ⎯⎯
→ F (p − a) (4)

1
g(t) = cos3t.cos5t = ( cos8t + cos2t)
2
1 p p 
g(t) = cos3t.cos5t ⎯⎯ → G (p) =  2 + 2
2  p + 64 p + 4 
f(t) = e4t.(
g t) ⎯⎯
→ F (p) = G (p − 4)
1  1 1 
= (p − 4) + 
2  (p − 4)2
+ 64 (p − 4)2
+ 4 
p − 4 1 1 
= + 2
2  p − 8p + 80 p − 8p + 20 
 2
 − pt0
1(t − t0)f(t − t0) ⎯⎯
→ e .F (p) (5)

0, t  t0
1(t − t0) = 
1, t  t0
 p
h(t) = cost ⎯⎯
→ H (p) = 2
p +1
p−2 p−2
g(t) = e cost ⎯⎯
2t
→ G (p) = H (p − 2) = = 2
(p − 2) + 1 p − 4p + 5
2

−2p −2p p−2

 f(t) = 1(t − 2)g(t − 2) ⎯⎯
→ F (p) = e G (p) = e . 2
p − 4p + 5
 f'(t) ⎯⎯
→ pF (p)− f(0)
f"(t) ⎯⎯
→ p F (p)− pf(0)− f'(0)
2

f (t) ⎯⎯
(3)
→ p F (p)− p f(0)− pf'(0)− f''(0)
3 2

n −1
→ pnF (p)−  pn −i−1f(i)(0)
f(n)(t) ⎯⎯ (6)
i=0
 tf(t) ⎯⎯
→ − F '(p)

t f(t) ⎯⎯
2
→ F ''(p)

t n f (t ) ⎯→ (−1) n F ( n ) ( p) (7)

t
F (p)
 f( )d
0
⎯⎯
→
p
(8)


f(t)
t
⎯⎯
→  F (sds
p
) (9)
 t
f(t)* g(t) =  f( )g(t −  )d (10)
0

f(t)* g(t) = g(t)* f(t)

 1  e jt − (1+ j ) t e − jt − (1− j ) t  1  e jt e − jt 
f (t ) * g (t ) =  − e − e  − − − 
2  1+ j 1− j  2  1+ j 1− j 

1  e−t e − t  1  e jt e − jt 
= − −  −  − −
2  1+ j 1− j  2  1+ j 1− j   = −
1
4
( 2e −t
− 2cos t − 2sin t )

= ( −e−t + cost + sin t)

1
2
f(t) ⎯⎯
→ F (p) g(t) ⎯⎯
→ G (p)

pF (p)G (p)⎯⎯
→ f'(t)* g(t)+ f(0).(
g t)

pF (p)G (p)⎯⎯
→ g'(t)* f(t)+ g(0).f(t)
 N
f(t) =  
R
i=1
esF (p).
e pt
,pi

2p
a) F (p) =
(p − a)3
p
b) F (p) = 2
(p − 4)2
 2p
a)F (p) =
(p − a)3
F (p) =   (p − a)3 = 0  p = a (m = 3)
''
1  3 2pe.  pt
 pt

 f(t) = R esF (p)e ,a = lim (p − a) 
(3 − 1)!p→a  (p − a)3 
1 pt '' 1 pt '
= lim 2pe  = lim 2e + 2pte 
pt

2!p→a 2 p→a
1
= lim 2te + 2te + 2pte 
 pt pt 2 pt

2 p→a
= te + te + ate = ( 2t + at ) e
at at 2 at 2 at
 p
b) F ( p ) =
( p 2 − 4) 2
 p1 = 2 m1 = 2
(p − 4) = 0
2
F (p) =   2

 p2 = −2 m2 = 2

 f(t) = R esF ( p) ept,p1 = 2 + R esF ( p) ept,p2 = −2

'
 pt

R esF ( p) e ,p1 = 2
pt 1 p.e
= lim ( p − 2) 2

(2 − 1)! p→2  ( p − 2) 2 .( p + 2) 2 

e2t + 3te2t 3e2t 1 2t −2t

= − = − (e − e )
16 32 32
 '
 pt

R esF ( p) e ,p2 = −2
1 p.e
pt = lim ( p + 2) 2

(2 − 1)! →−2 
p ( p − 2) 2 .( p + 2) 2 

1 −2t te−2t e−2t − te−2t e−2t

= e − = −
32 16 16 32

 f(t) = − (e − e ) + ( 3e2t − e−2t )

1 2t −2t 1
32 16
 h(p)
F (p) =
q(p)
 a1 a2 an
F (p) = + ++ (1)
p − p1 p − p2 p − pn

p − p1 p − p1
( p − p1 ) F (p) = a1 + a2 +  + an (2)
p − p2 p − pn

a1 = lim ( p − p1 ) F (p) .

p→ p1
 ai = lim ( p − pi ) F ( p )  , i = 1,..., n (3)
p → pi

 a1 a2 an 
f (t ) = −1
 F ( p) = −1
 + + ... + 
 p − p1 p − p2 p − pn 

= a1e + a2 e
p1t p2t
+ ... + an e pn t
 1
F (p) = .
(p + 1)(p + 2)(p + 3)

a1 a2 a3
F (p) = + +
p+1 p+2 p+3

 1  1 1
a1 = lim  ( p + 1) F ( p)  = lim ( p + 1)  = lim =
p →−1 p →−1
 ( p + 1)( p + 2)( p + 3)  p →−1 ( p + 2)( p + 3) 2

 1  1
a2 = lim  ( p + 2) F ( p )  = lim ( p + 2)  = lim = −1
p →−2 p →−2
 ( p + 1)( p + 2)( p + 3)  p →−2 ( p + 1)( p + 3)
  1  1 1
a3 = lim  ( p + 3) F ( p)  = lim ( p + 3)  = lim =
p →−3 p →−3
 ( p + 1)( p + 2)( p + 3)  p →−3 ( p + 1)( p + 2) 2

1 − t −2t 1 −3t
 f (t ) = e − e + e .
2 2
 h( p ) A1 A2 An
F ( p) = = + + + + r ( p) (4)
q ( p ) p − p0 ( p − p0 ) 2
( p − p0 ) n

( p − p0 )n F ( p) = A1 ( p − p0 ) n −1 + A2 ( p − p0 ) n −2 +  + An−1 ( p − p0 ) + An + r ( p)( p − p0 ) n (5)

An = lim ( p − p0 ) n F ( p )  . (6)

p → p0
 1 dk 1 (k )
An − k = lim k ( p − p0 ) F ( p )  = lim ( p − p0 ) F ( p) 
n n
(7)
k ! p → p0 dp k ! p → p0

h( p ) A1 A2 An
F ( p) = = + + .. . + + r ( p)
q ( p ) p − p0 ( p − p0 ) 2
( p − p0 ) n

A1 A2 1! A3 2! An (n − 1)!
= + + +  + + r ( p)
p − p0 1! ( p − p0 ) 2
2! ( p − p0 ) 3
( n − 1)! ( p − p0 ) n

A2 p0t A3 2 p0t An n −1 p0t  A2 A3 2 An n −1  p0t

A1e p0t
+ te + t e + + t e =  A1 + t + t + + t e (8)
1! 2! (n − 1)!  1! 2! (n − 1)! 
 p
F ( p) =
( p + 2) 2 ( p 2 − 9)

a1 a2 A1 A2
F ( p) = + + +
p − 3 p + 3 p + 2 ( p + 2) 2

 p  p 1
a1 = lim  ( p − 3) F ( p)  = lim ( p − 3)  = lim =
p →3 p →3
 ( p + 2) ( p − 3)( p + 3)  p →3 ( p + 2) ( p + 3) 50
2 2

 p  p 1
a2 = lim  ( p + 3) F ( p)  = lim ( p + 3) = =
 p →−3 ( p + 2) 2 ( p − 3) 2
lim
p →−3 p →−3
 ( p + 2) 2
( p − 3)( p + 3) 
  p  p 2
A2 = lim ( p + 2) F ( p)  = lim ( p + 2)
2 2
= =
 p →−2 ( p − 3)( p + 3) 5
lim
p →−2 p →−2
 ( p + 2) 2
( p − 3)( p + 3) 

1 d d  p  − p 2
−9 13
A1 = lim 

2

( p + 2) F ( p)  = lim   = lim 2 =−
1! p →−2 dp p →−2 dp  ( p + 3)( p − 3)  p →− 2 ( p − 9) 2
25

1 3t 1 −3t  13 2  −2t
f (t ) = −1
 F ( p) = e + e +  − + t  e
50 2  25 5 
 p0 = a + j.b

p0 = a − j.b

h(p) g(p) a1 a2
F (p) = = = + + r(p)
q(p) (p − a) + b
2 2
p − p0 p − p0
  g ( p)  g ( p) g ( p0 )
a1 = lim  ( p − p0 ) F ( p)  = lim ( p − p0 )  = lim =
p → p0 p → p0
 ( p − p0 )( p − p0 )  p → p0 p − p0 2 jb
 g ( p)  g ( p ) g ( p0 )
 
a2 = lim ( p − p0 ) F ( p)  = lim ( p − p0 )  = lim =
p → p0 p → p0
 ( p − p0 )( p − p0 )  p → p0 p − p0 −2 jb
 g(p0) = g(p0)

g(p0) = A + jB g(p0) = A − jB

A + jB ( a + jb )t A − jB ( a − jb )t B − jA at jbt B + jA at − jbt
a1e p0t
+ a2 e p0t
= e + e = e e + e e
2 jb −2 jb 2b 2b
e at
= ( B − jA)(cos bt + j sin bt ) + ( B + jA)(cos bt − j sin bt ) 
2b
e at e at
=  2 B cos bt + 2 A sin bt  =  A sin bt + B cos bt  (9)
2b b
 8p − 3
F (p) = .
(p + 1)(p + 4p + 13)
2 2

8p − 3
F (p) = .
(p + 1) (p + 2) + 3 
2 2 2

p2 = −2 + 3j p2 = −2 − 3j.

a1 a2
+
p + 1 (p + 1)2

8p −3 11
a2 = lim ( p + 1) F ( p)  = lim 2
2
=− ,
p →−1 p →−1 p + 4 p + 13 10
1 d d  8 p − 3  51
a1 = lim ( p + 1) F ( p)  = lim
2
 2 = .
1! p →−1 dp p →−1 dp  p + 4 p + 13  50
 8p − 3
g(p) = .
(p + 1)2

2 153
g(p2) = g(−2 + 3j) = −j = A + jB
25 50

2 153
A = B =−
25 50

e−2t  2 153 
 sin 3t − cos3t
3  25 50 

−2t
 51 11  −t e  2 153 
f(t) =  − t e +  sin 3t − cos3t
 50 10  3  25 50 
x(t )  X ( p)
x(t )  pX ( p ) − x(0)
x(t )  p 2 X ( p ) − px(0) − x(0)
x(t )  p 3 X ( p ) − p 2 x(0) − px(0) − x(0)

x ( n ) (t )  p n X ( p ) − p n −1 x(0) − p n − 2 x(0) − − x ( n −1) (0)

  
2 x (t ) + 3 x (t ) + x(t ) = 10e 3t x(0) = 1, x(0) = 2

x(t )  X ( p)
x(t )  pX ( p ) − 1
x(t )  p 2 X ( p ) − p − 2
10
10e 3t

p −3
 2 x(t ) + 3 x(t ) + x(t ) = 10e3t
10
→ 2  p X ( p ) − p − 2  + 3  pX ( p) − 1 + X ( p) =
2

p −3
10
X ( p )  2 p + 3 p + 1 =
2
+2p +7
p −3
10 2p +7 2 p 3 + p − 11
X ( p) = + =
( p − 3) ( 2 p + 3 p + 1) ( 2 p + 3 p + 1) ( p − 3) ( 2 p + 3 p + 1)
2 2 2

a b c 44 1 5 1 5 1
= + + =  −  + 
2 p + 1 p + 1 p − 3 7 2 p + 1 2 p + 1 14 p − 3
 22 1 5 1 5 1
X ( p) =  −  + 
7 p+ 1 2 p + 1 14 p − 3
2
1
−
22 2 t 5 − t 5 3t
 X (t ) =  e −  e +  e
7 2 14
 x(t )  X ( p)

 x(t ) + 2 y (t ) = et

 y (t ) + 2 x (t ) = 3e 2t

x(0) = 0, y (0) = 1

x(t )  X ( p ) y (t )  Y ( p )
x(t )  pX ( p ) y(t )  pY ( p ) − 1
  1
 pX ( p ) + 2Y ( p ) =
 x(t ) + 2 y (t ) = e t
 p −1
 
 y(t ) + 2 x(t ) = 3e
2t
 pY ( p ) − 1 + 2 X ( p ) = 3
 p−2
 1
 pX ( p ) + 2Y ( p ) = p − 1


2 X ( p ) + pY ( p ) = 3 + 1 = p + 1
 p−2 p−2
 p 2
= = p2 − 4
2 p
1
2
p −1 p 2( p + 1)
1 = = −
p +1 p −1 p−2
p
p−2
1
p
p − 1 p ( p + 1) 2
2 = = −
p +1 p−2 p −1
2
p−2
 1 p 2( p + 1)
X ( p) = = −  x(t )
 ( p − 1)( p − 4) ( p − 2)( p − 4)
2 2

2 p ( p + 1) 2
Y ( p) = = −  y (t )
 ( p − 2)( p − 4) ( p − 1)( p − 4)
2 2