1 D4 Mfy 0.0.0

Team 0:0:0
Multi Family Housing for Savvy Infrastructures Pvt Ltd

Final Design Report | April 2021
Contents
1.0 Executive Summary 1
2.0 Team Summary 2
2.1 Team Name 2
2.2 Division 2
2.3 Team 2
2.4 Institute - CEPT University 2
2.5 Faculty Lead - Prof. (Dr.) Minu Agarwal 2
2.6 Industry Partners 2
3.0 Project Summary 3
3.1 Project Name 3
3.2 Project Partner 3
3.3 Project Description 3
3.4 Special Requirements of Project Partner 3
3.5 Context and Market Analysis 3
3.6 Site & Building Program 4
4.0 Project Specifications 5
5.0 Goals 6
6.0 Documentation of Design Process 7
6.1 Case Studies 8
6.2 Challenges and Responses 9
6.3 Design Process - 5 Step Optimization 10
7.0 Ten Contests 11
7.1 Energy 11
7.2 Architectural Design 16
7.3 Comfort and Environmental Quality 20
7.4 Water 23
7.5 Resilience 25
7.6 Innovation 28
7.7 Affordability 31
7.8 Scalability and Market Potential 33
7.9 Engineering Design and Operations 35
8.0 Pitch to the Project Partner 38
9.0 References 40
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List of Tables
Table 1 Developmental Norms 4
Table 2 Performance specifications for the project 5
Table 3 Case Studies for Different Aspects of the Project 8
Table 4 Process, parameters and tools used to conduct five-step optimization 10
Table 5 Thermal properties of the envelope 14
Table 6 Cost and capacity of on-site photovoltaic plant 15
Table 7 Material reflectance used to evaluate daylight propagation 22
Table 8 Summary of Water Tanks 23
Table 9 Capital cost components 24
Table 10 Water tank requirements for 3 day water autonomy 27
Table 11 Analysis of evaporative cooling system in comparison with split-DX and shared VRFs 28
Table 12 Annual cash flows for RESCO 29
Table 13 Monthly expenses of each unit reduced by 54% in comparison to the base case 31
Table 14 Variation in units offered to increase options in terms of space and costs 32
Table 15 Technical feasibility of prefab panels evaluated through verification of length
(max = 12m), height (max = 4m) and weight (max = 8 Tons). Financial feasibility
verified if panel is manufactured at least 100 times. 34
Table 16 Summary of Equipment and Lighting Power Densities for the Project 35
Table 17 Distribution of different types of units in the project based on results of post-
design survey 36
Table 18 Prospective buyers surveyed showed a willingness to pay extra for the balcony 38
Table 19 Project costs split between Savvy and a RESCO (third-party investor) 39
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List of Figures
Fig. 1 a) CEPT University, b) Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB) on campus 2
Fig. 2 Site Location a) with respect to Sabarmati River, b) within Gota, Ahmedabad
(Source: Google Maps) 3
Fig. 3 Understanding the project through densities (Persons per hectare (pph)) (Dwellings
per hectare (dw/h)a 4
Fig. 4 Goals for the project based on competition guidelines 6

Fig. 5 Design process timeline with internal and external reviews 7
Fig. 6 Potential passive strategies determined through evaluation of climate of Ahmedabad 11
Fig. 7 Parametric study for massing optimization Top) all possible options, Middle)
shortlist based on maximum irradiation on roof, minimum irradiation on walls,
widest floor plate and least number of towers, Bottom) Top 4 massing options
shortlisted 12
Fig. 8 Simulation considerations and iterations 12
Fig. 9 Operational schedule for windows, ceiling fans and air-conditioning 13
Fig. 10 Reduction in EPI with ECMs 14
Fig. 11 Variation in on-site generation across the year (Simulated using System Adviser
Model)2 15
Fig. 12 Site layout 16

Fig. 13 Site plan 17
Fig. 14 Different apartments within the projects have different shading requirements. This
has been verified through shading mask analysis for apartments on different floors
on each facade. The extreme cases have been illustrated here. 18
Fig. 15 Proposed shading system 18
Fig. 16 Points of high visibility on facade translated into open spaces to ensure privacy of
units and safety of open spaces 19
Fig. 17 Possible alterations to interior layouts with change in family structure to increase
tenure time 19
Fig. 18 Comfort band expanded based on recommendations from IMAC and LECaVIR 20
Fig. 19 Methodology developed for quantification of views based on cone of vision and
distance to view 20
Fig. 21 Points of evaluation for all 4 massing schemes were scored as shown in Fig. 19.
A higher score implies a better quality of view. For comparison between the four
schemes, median values for all points were calculated and considered 21
Fig. 20 Visualization of points used for analysis of views 21
Fig. 22 Scores top 4 massing options for View Quality 21
Fig. 23 The effectiveness of the window design has been tested through thermal autonomy
simulations with a) shutters closed and b) shutters open 22
Fig. 24 Daylight levels evaluated to test window design 22
Fig. 25 Reduction in Fresh water demand 23
Fig. 26 Water cycle 24
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Fig. 27 Capital and operational costs of water saving strategies 24
Fig. 30 Envelope specifications for window and external walls 25
Fig. 28 Occurrence of heatwaves in Ahmedabad 25
Fig. 29 Reduced heat gains for proposed case due to efficient insulation 25
Fig. 33 Reinforcement of soft storeys with shear walls 26
Fig. 31 Base case and proposed case simulated using a future weather file for 2050 26
Fig. 32 Vertical shading incorporated as window shutter to avoid additional dead weights 26
Fig. 34 Proposed mechanism for on-site waste segregation, handling and disposal 27
Fig. 35 Layout of VRF system with common outdoor units (ODUs) 29
Fig. 36 Operational model proposed for CaaS and PV 30
Fig. 37 Survey responses that show people's willingness to adopt the Cooling as a Service
(CaaS) model 30
Fig. 38 Summary of proposed costs with respect to base case costs 31
Fig. 39 Post-design survey conducted in person 32
Fig. 40 Respondent profile for post-design survey 32
Fig. 41 Need to have access to roof understood through results of occupant survey 33
Fig. 42 Kit of parts for each unit (optimized for prefabrication) 34
Fig. 43 Locations of load-bearing prefab panels on a typical floor plan 35
Fig. 44 Different delivery models proposed to encourage buyer participation and increase
marketability; Option 2 selected for detailed development based on discussion
with the Project Partner 36
Fig. 45 Post-occupancy app interface 37
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1.0 Executive Summary
A net zero energy, multi-family housing project is a relatively less explored area in the building
industry. A net zero energy and water design are even more so. Team 0:0:0 from CEPT University
upgraded the Savvy multifamily housing project located in Ahmedabad to triple zero design, that
has net-zero energy and water, and has minimal waste thrown out from the system. The design
process was developed with a data driven, integrated design approach by a multidisciplinary team
from building science, architecture and engineering disciplines along with the technical support of
industry partners.
The project was envisaged by the Savvy group of Ahmedabad to fill an important housing gap in
the local residential market - compact, affordable 1-bedroom units for the middle-income group.
The density of this project (2144pph) is much higher than other affordable housing projects like
Aranya in Indore (300pph) and Tara Apartments in Delhi (375 pph). Achieving net-zero status for a
high population density site within the scope of the affordable housing sector, shows the scope for
net zero status for other residential scenarios.
Energy and water use in residential buildings is driven to a large degree by building occupants. Data
was gathered regarding the prospective building occupants for this project from multiple sources
(e.g., Google search volume trends, publicly available demographic data and a bespoke survey
especially designed for this project). The survey (240 respondents) gave us insights into potential
conflicts between occupant’s expectations from their personal living environment and the goals of
the project. For example, explicit provision has been made in our design proposal to give access to
at least one open to sky terrace to all occupants which would have otherwise been used to install a
larger PV array. This led to creating a user-oriented design where needs and interest of the occupants
are given importance.
With careful considerations to principles of building science, affordability of users, market forces
and user's desire to upgrade their lifestyle, a Renewable Energy Service Company (RESCO) model
has been adopted for solar photovoltaic systems. The model has also been extended to making
active cooling systems accessible to all occupants as a service, which, if purchased and operated
individually, would be beyond the financial means of the occupants of the intended income group.
A total number of 530 dwelling units that have an EPI of 22.1kWh/m2-yr are provided. The rooftop
array helps attain net positive energy target by generating 23.1kWh/m2-yr of energy. Net water
is attained by reducing water usage by efficient fixtures, rainwater harvesting and wastewater
treatment. The waste generation is limited by reusing the waste for energy production. The resulting
design achieved full FSI with an incremental cost of almost Rs. 3.2 crores and an annual operational
savings of Rs. 10,560 for every apartment in terms of their electricity bills.
SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 1

2.0 Team Summary
2.1 Team Name 0:0:0 (Zero is to Zero is to Zero)
2.2 Division Multi-Family Housing
2.3 Team
Mili Amar Jayati Dhruvi Urvi Ayushi Archie Uma Roota

Jain Agrawal Chopra Gami Shah Mishra Parakh P Trivedi
2.4 Institute - CEPT University

CEPT University is recognized internationally
for high quality research and practical
experience in energy efficiency and net-
zero energy buildings. As part of the M.Tech
program in Building Energy Performance,
students learn to assess building energy
performance using simulation tools.
They tackle complex technical problems
and participate in a multidisciplinary
environment. Research work done at Center
for Advanced Research in Building Science
and Energy (CARBSE) at CEPT, learning at a
net-zero-energy building, and the array (a) (b)
of testing and metering equipment, Fig. 1 a) CEPT University, b) Net-Zero Energy Building
allow students to be extremely hands-on. (NZEB) on campus
2.5 Faculty Lead - Prof. (Dr.) Minu Agarwal

Adjunct Assistant Professor, Faculty of Technology, CEPT University Prof. Agarwal is a
researcher in the field of performance driven building design. She is an experienced
LEED consultant who has worked through 3 generations of the LEED rating system with
developers, architects and mechanical engineers. She was also a key contributor to first
successful Living Building Challenge project.
2.6 Industry Partners
Water Water Photovoltaic Prefab Biogas Sustainability

Dipen Mehta Naimish Karan Shabbir Ashish Vardan Soi
Aqua Utility Mehta Dangayach Lokhandwala Vaishnav
Designs and CoLead LLP
Technogas Shashwat Slabs Gangotree
Management Systems Pvt Cleantech Engineering Energy Projects
Pvt Ltd Pvt Ltd Pvt Ltd
Ltd

3.0 Project Summary
3.1 Project Name - Savvy Studioz
3.2 Project Partner - Savvy Infrastructures Pvt. Ltd.
The Savvy group was established by Mr. Jaxay Shah, Mr. Sameer Sinha and Mr. Jigish Shah in 1996 as
a professional construction group to satisfy the needs of the discerning customer interested in prime
commercial or residential space. Savvy is well known for its integrated design & construction and
they take extra efforts to ensure energy efficiency, water & waste management and user's comfort
using latest innovative technologies across all their residential projects.
The 0:0:0 team is working closely with Mr. Sameer Sinha, MD of Savvy group and Chairman, CII-
Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) and Ms. Ruchi Gandhi, Project Manager at Savvy group, who
has led the ‘Savvy Studioz’ project right from the initial planning stages.
3.3 Project Description

Situated in the hot and dry climate of Ahmedabad, the project is meant to provide affordable, 1-BHK
starter homes to the young working class. The project is currently under-construction and anticipates
occupancy by August 2022. The project has a build-sell-operate model as per requirements of
Gujarat RERA. The Savvy group will lead formulation of the RWA that will undertake maintenance of
the common infrastructure after the first 5 years.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2 Site Location a) with respect to Sabarmati River, b) within Gota, Ahmedabad (Source: Google Maps)
3.4 Special Requirements of Project Partner

• The developer has purchased extra FSI to ensure profitability on the project. A minimum FSI of
2.7 is to be achieved for the site. This gives the project its high density.
• No substantial increase in costs can be currently incorporated.
3.5 Context and Market Analysis

Provision of housing is a basic human necessity. With the increasing population, high land values
and higher rates of under and unemployment, affordable housing is means for people to have a roof
over their heads and create a motivation to strive for better living. Net-zero energy, water and waste
design will help communities and people to attain comfortable living with minimal stress on their
finances. Additionally, Net zero building is generally expected to be an expensive investment which
has not seen its application much on the housing sector. Hence provision of net zero building in the
affordable housing sector will be a game changer to most of the population while being sensitive to
the environment around us.
The population density on site is 81% more than the Pol areas (old city) of Ahmedabad and 89%
more than the entire city of Ahmedabad. Achieving net-zero status for a high population density
site in the affordable housing sector shows scope for net-zero status for other residential
scenarios. The design when compared to many of the known cities in the country and the world
aims to work towards housing sufficiency to the ever-increasing population while being considerate
the environment.

Fig. 3 Understanding the project through densities (Persons per hectare (pph)) (Dwellings per hectare (dw/h)a
3.6 Site & Building Program

The building area program has been defined by the Project Partner. Additional FSI purchased by
them has increased the site FSI to 2.7. The project also has about 1,500 sqm of area that includes
ancillary activities like Aanganwadi, Temple and Community Hall. While this area will be considered
in the architectural design and site planning interventions, it is out of scope of all net-zero targets
and related interventions.
Table 1 Developmental Norms
Information Area(sqm) Notes
Plot area 8,934 As received from Project Partner
Build-able Area (For FSI=1.8) 16,081 As per General Development Control Regulations
(GDCR), Gujarat
Additional Build-able Area 8,041 Bought by the Project Partner
(Purchased FSI=0.9)
Total Build-able Area 24,121 FSI = 1.8+0.9
Total Built Area 22,197 As per Table 15
Remaining Area 1,925 Additional Area
a Praja Foundation. Housing, FSI, Crowding and Densities - Handbook Vol I (S. B. Patel (ed.); Vol. 1). Praja Foundation.

4.0 Project Specifications
As per the climatic zone classification, Ahmedabad qualifies as Hot and Dry. The climate is
characterized by high temperatures in summer and low temperatures in the winter. Low humidity
levels are observed throughout the year.
Table 2 Performance specifications for the project
Parameter Values
Envelope (U-Values) Wall 0.8 W/m2K

Roof 0.8 W/m2K
Glazing Specification U-Value 2.7 W/m2K
SHGC 0.75
VLT 0.8
HVAC System System type Shared VRF system (Cooling as
a Service)
Condenser Air cooled
Cooling Capacity 344.5 kW
COP 3.3
Annual Unmet Hours 234 hrs
Conditioned Areaa 4294 m2
Unconditioned Area 17905 m2
Lighting LPD 3.1 W/m2
Equipment EPD (Residential)b 35.7 W/m2
Installed Equipment (Common) 1240 W
On-Site Consumption EPI 22.1 kWh/m2-yr
On-Site Generation Type Photovoltaic panels
Installed Capacity 297.4 kWp
Efficiency 21%
Total Energy Generation 478,235 kWh
Water required for maintenance 3 liters/ panel / week
Water Systems Total water demand (Liters per day) 172 kLPD
Rainwater storage tank 600 m3
Recycled water 98 m3
Waste system Waste generation 965 kg per day
Hot water produced 42k liters per day for winter
using 530kg of organic waste
a (Mishra et al. (2021) (Under review)) showed that 35% of the households have 1 air conditioner and 72% of them are installed in the
bedroom area hence the project considers one AC per unit leading to a conditioned area of 4294 m2
b To establish consistency in the use of occupancy, lighting, and equipment schedules were developed using the high-resolution
stochastic model for residential buildings called CREST developed by the Loughborough University, UK.
5.0 Goals
The team name “0:0:0” is representative of the three major goals for the project; Net-Zero Energy,
Net-Zero Water and Net-Zero Waste.
Net Zero Energy - The amount of energy generated by on-site renewable energy sources will be
equal to (or greater than) the amount of energy used by the building annually.
Net-Zero Water - As per United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), achieving Net Zero
Water means limiting the consumption of water resources and returning it to the same watershed
so as not to deplete the resources of that region in quantity or quality over the course of the year.
Near-Zero Waste - Project aims to reduce, reuse, and recover waste streams by converting them
into valuable resources along with ensuring proper measures for the safe disposal of hazardous/
toxic waste.
Fig. 4 Goals for the project based on competition guidelines

6.0 Documentation of Design Process
Fig. 5 Design process timeline with internal and external reviews

6.1 Case Studies
Based on a preliminary objectives, appropriate case studies were identified and explored. A macro
and a micro level study has been conducted on the areas mentioned in Figure 4. At the macro
level, study has been segregated into five broad categories which further branches out to specific
technologies, materials and design approaches.
Table 3 Case Studies for Different Aspects of the Project
Innovative technologies
Architectural Design
Water Conservation
Renewable energy
Passive strategies
and Materials
Resilience
systems
(Stack and Buoyancy)
MIVAN Construction
Façade systems and
Unit level approach
Natural Ventilation
Earthquake safe
Solar Hot water

BAPV & BIPV
construction
Name
harvesting
Rain water
Biomass
systems
balcony
Aranya Housing, Indore √ √

Tara Housing, New Delhi √ √
LIC Housing, Ahmedabad √ √
Tel Aviv Arcades, Israel √
Solstice on the Park, Chicago √
Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano,
√
Medellin
CH2 Melbourne City Council House,
√
Melbourne
IFFCO Township, Kalol, Gujarat √ √
MLDL, Chennai √
ACC Greens Village √
Bursagaz, office building, Turkey √
The General, Mixed use residential,
√
Melbourne
DEWA, R&D Centre, Dubai √
Suvidha Housing Society, Bangalore √
Oricon Scorpio, Pune √ √ √
Sucheta community, Bangalore √
Aparna Sarovar Zenith, Hyderabad √

6.2 Challenges and Responses
Challenge 1 - Insufficient open spaces for cultural activities like Makar Sakranti and Garba for
the given FSI and on-site energy generation targets.
Provide open areas @ 1.5 Usable Terrace Area (atleast Provision of open area
sqm/personb 15% of Roof Space) within 30m of every unit
Challenge 2 - Reducing electrical consumption to be able to meet EPI goals without utilizing
the entire terrace
Hours with need for Possibility to reduce heat Wall and window insulation
refrigerant-based gains in summer with tested to perform during
mechanical cooling < 1000 flexibility in effective WWR heatwaves
hours for every apartment (12% to 30%)
Challenge 3 - Ensuring implementation of proposed Strategies
Considering impact of poor Promote use of BEE 5-star Affordability of air-

AQI on natural ventilation as rated equipment to reduce conditioning system
a strategy consumption due to ensured through RESCO-
equipment by 50%c based operational model
b Need for safe, accessible open areas is crucial, now more than ever (Considering the on-going pandemic). (https://www.downtoearth.
org.in/blog/urbanisation/covid-19-and-green-open-spaces-what-is-going-to-be-our-new-normal--71501)
c A recent survey of affordable homes revealed that the energy usage of naturally ventilated affordable homes was much more closely
related to the total wattage of the home appliances owned by a household than the design related factors such as orientation, window etc.
(https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-study-to-focus-on-thermal-comfort-and-energy-use-in-affordable-houses-6118460/ )

6.3 Design Process - 5 Step Optimization
Understanding the project brief and requirements led to explorations on five different scales of the
project. The strategies used for the different scale were selected based on the targets set for the
project. For instance, irradiation of walls was minimized to reduce heat gain at the massing level.
The unit was iteratively fed into the massing script as it got more and more optimized for prefab
construction. This helped in increasing robustness and reliability of the top options for each scale.
Table 4 Process, parameters and tools used to conduct five-step optimization
Optimization Strategies / Process Parameters Tools
Massing • Minimized irradiation on Number of Grasshopper

walls Towers with Ladybug
• Maximized irradiation on Orientation
roofs
Number of Floors
• Maximize Views (Horizontal
Angle angle and Layers of
Environment)d
Floor Plate • Placement of Open Areas Aspect Ratio Grasshopper

within Mass (Tower Widths) with Ladybug
• Low discomfort hours in free Design Builder
running model (50% window
open)
• Minimize cooling loads
Unit • Maximize daylight (depth and Internal Layouts Design Builder

time of penetration)
Module Sizes
• Optimization of module
elements (size and weight)
for prefab construction
Envelope • Shoe-box Modeling WFR Design Builder

• Variation in provisions of U-Values
balcony
• Performance of envelope in
2050
Shading • Use of horizontal and vertical Response to Design Builder

shading elements as per Winter Sun vs
Sun Path -
orientation and location in Summer Sun
Andrew Marsh
terms of height
Material Toolse
• Window design for vision, Quantities
light and ventilation panels
d Views quantified as per recommendations of IES-LM-83 and EN 17037

e http://andrewmarsh.com/apps/staging/sunpath3d.html

7.0 Ten Contests
7.1 Energy
7.1.1 Climate Analysis and Passive Strategies
Implementation of passive design strategies is the first stepping stone on the path to design net
zero energy building. Passive design strategies are features that guide to the form and design of a
building that channelize available natural resources to ensure thermal comfort. These climate specific
approaches based on sun, wind, light and micro-climatic considerations help in designing net zero
energy buildings. The decisions about building form, orientation, shading, and ventilation, taken
during the early design stage have the most significant impact on the energy use of the building.
Proposed Passive design strategies aim at reducing cooling requirements during the summer and
heating in the winter through appropriate orientation, external shading, appropriate amount of
glazing, and natural ventilation.
Fig. 6 Potential passive strategies determined through evaluation of climate of Ahmedabad
7.1.2 Massing Optimization

The building area program opens a range of possibilities for master planning on the site. The
geometric possibilities of design on the site were tested with a fixed ground (30%) and maximum
height (45m/14 floors). The parametric inputs selected for this exercise were number of towers,
orientation, aspect ratio and number of floors. The outputs generated from this parametric exercise
were more than 500 in number (as illustrated in Fig. 7).
Minimum irradiation on walls and maximum irradiation on the roof were used to shortlist the options
to almost 80. Further on, fewer towers and wider floor plates were given preference to maximize
area served by a circulation core. This lead to 4 massing options that were detailed for floor plate and
unit configurations. The third filter considered was a quantitative analysis of views as detailed in the
Section on Comfort and Environmental Quality.

Height of Towers
(Short to High)
(Singly Loaded
(Singly Loaded
Walls (Median
Tower Width
Radiation on
Orientation
for All Walls)

Radiation on
Roofs (Short
to Doubly
to Doubly
Corridor)
Corridor)
Loaded
Loaded
Number of
to High)
Towers
(2 to 8)
Fig. 7 Parametric study for massing optimization Top) all possible options, Middle) shortlist based on
maximum irradiation on roof, minimum irradiation on walls, widest floor plate and least number of towers,
Bottom) Top 4 massing options shortlisted
Fig. 8 Simulation considerations and iterations

Floor Plate Optimization
Using the derived floor plate depth and building height, a shoe-box model was simulated to decide
the floor plate layout, WFR, and shading type. The parameters of the study and outputs analyzed have
been illustrated in Fig. 8. The inputs and considerations of the shoe-box are elaborated in Appendix.
Simulation results of the design shows that the Option B design with a WFR of 30 with 0.6m shading
is the option that can be taken forward for the architectural design. The option has the least cooling
load while providing a daylight factor greater than 2% in all the rooms (analyzed at 1m from the

darkest wall). Daylight factor greater than 2% hints towards availability of daylight in a room under
an overcast sky condition. The compact design of Option C has 17% less discomfort hours in the
southwest unit living room compared to the living room in benchmark typology with the same WFR
as the walls and fenestration have lesser exposed surfaces and hence lower heat gains.
7.1.3 Shading Optimization
The indoor temperature and relative humidity of the apartments simulated in the shoe-box model
have been plotted in Fig. 9. Based on the comfort bands recommendations, a potential scheduled
was developed for natural ventilation, ceiling fans and an active cooling (or air-conditioning) system.
This developed schedule has been used in further energy simulations. The window design has also
been developed in tandem to support thermal comfort in the varied conditions that may occur.
• Based on the Indian Adaptive thermal comfort model (IMAC) 90% acceptability limit and PM 2.5
and PM levels, the schedule of window operation is derived taking into account the occupant
behaviour.
• The PM levels are referred from CPCB standards and the levels which fall below moderate levels
are considered as good air quality
• The potential of ceiling fans to reduce the hours of active cooling (hours which fall above IMAC
MM upper band ) is offset by 1.8 C at 0.9m/s (as per LECaVIR report)
• The hours which fall above the ceiling fan band requires active cooling.
Fig. 9 Operational schedule for windows, ceiling fans and air-conditioning

7.1.4 Envelope Optimization
The envelope U value was decided through a parametric analysis of the possible combinations and
its impact on the cooling loads and the total energy use. The best options were then analyzed over
its cost implication. The transmittance of the wall is reduced with the use of Insulation. The roof and
window transmittance is reduced by providing an air cavity. The details of the envelope selected
are presented in the table below. Costs of the envelope have been determined as part of the costs
of the prefabricated panels.
Table 5 Thermal properties of the envelope
Base Case Proposed Case
U Value(W/m2-K) Assembly U Value (W/m2-K) Assembly
Wall 2.5 15mm plaster + 200mm 0.8 75mm concrete +30mm
brick+ 15mm plaster XPS + 75mm concrete
Window 5.8 4mm clear glass 2.7 4mm clear glass + 13mm
air gap + 3mm clear glass
Roof 4.3 15mm plaster + 130mm 0.84 60mm concrete + 30mm
concrete+ 15mm plaster air gap + 60mm concrete
7.1.5 Energy Performance Index (EPI)

Energy performance index depicts the annual energy consumed per unit area of the built space. The
access the energy consumed and its reduction on the implementation of the energy conservation
measures, a base case is developed. To establish consistency in the use of occupancy, lighting, and
equipment schedules were developed using the high-resolution stochastic model for residential
buildings called CREST1 developed by the Loughborough University, UK. The HVAC and window
opening schedules used is as shown in section 2.2.2.
• The base case is the design created by the project partner. The base case has 5 towers forming
a shape E in plan. Each of the towers has 12 floors accommodating 536 dwelling units. The
envelope was considered to be a simple 230mm brick wall with plaster on either side with a
single pane glass and concrete floor slab. The HVAC considered was a split unit air conditioning
system. This design attained an EPI of 52.6 kWh/m2-yr.
Base Case Optimized Shading Wall & Roof Window 5-Star 5-Star CaaS
(Proposed by Massing (Fixed Shade) Insulation (DGU) Lighting Equipment
Project Partner (4 Towers)
Fig. 10 Reduction in EPI with ECMs

1 Barton J., Thomson M., Sandwell P., Mellor A. (2020) A Domestic Demand Model for India. In: Singh S., Ramadesigan V. (eds) Advances in
Energy Research, Vol. 1., pp 743-753 Springer Proceedings in Energy. Springer, Singapore, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2666-4_70

• The massing was optimized to ensure minimal solar exposure on walls, maximum sun exposure
on roof and optimal tower height, through a detailed solar radiation study. The shoe box allowed
the selection of unit type, window size etc. This led to a reduced EPI of 48.6 kWh/m2-yr.
• Next a detailed study of the sun movement and shading mask, led to the design of shading
devices on the different facades of the building, reducing the EPI to 48.5 kWh/m2-yr by reducing
solar heat gains.
• The other element of the building construction that influences heat gains are the walls and roof.
Using envelope of lower U value (Table 5), the EPI was reduced to 44.3 kWh/m2-yr. With use of
double-glazed windows (Table 5), the EPI was further reduced to 42.1 kWh/m2-yr.
• The use of efficient lighting and equipment (as detailed in the appendix) further reduced the EPI
to 25.3 kWh/m2-yr.
• Finally, the HVAC system was changes from a split to a shared VRF system with separate indoor
units, leading to a CAAS model. The helped achieve the target EPI of 22.1 kWh/m2-yr.
7.1.6 On-Site Renewable - Photovoltaics (PV)
A PV plant is proposed to be set up on
85% the roof of the building. 15% of the
roof area is kept free of PV and open to
the residents. The PV power generation
potential is estimated on the System
Advisor Model (SAM) developed by NREL
(Fig. 11). The tool considers inputs like the
panel orientation, and inverters. It also
takes into account losses due to cloud
cover, module mismatch, wiring defects,
soiling etc. The specifications for the
Solar Panel considered were based on Fig. 11 Variation in on-site generation across the year
recommendations of the Industry Partner (Simulated using System Adviser Model)2
(as shown in the appendix).
Table 6 Cost and capacity of on-site photovoltaic plant
Parameter Capacity
Annual Generation 478,235 kWh
EPI attained with Generation 23.1 kWh/m2-yr
EPI of Project 22.1 kWh/m2-yr
Balance (Positive balance attests to Net-Zero status) 1.0 kWh/m2-yr
Water Required for PV Cleaning 3 liters/panel-week
Total Cost of PV Installation (As detailed in Appendix) ₹ 1,22,90,979
State Subsidy in Gujarat3 ₹ 59,48,800
MNRE Subsidy (20%) 4
₹ 24,58,342
Net Cost of PV Installation ₹ 38,83,983
Annual Maintenance Cost of PV (1% of Total Cost) ₹ 1,22,910
Roof Area Covered 2315 m2
2 Blair, Nate, Nicholas DiOrio, Janine Freeman, Paul Gilman, Steven Janzou, Ty Neises, and Michael Wagner. 2018. System Advisor
Model (SAM) General Description (Version 2017.9.5). Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/ TP-6A20-70414. https://
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/70414.pdf.
3 MNRE. (2017, January 24). National Solar Mission - Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Program in India. Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy-Government of India. https://solarrooftop.gov.in/notification/Notification-24012017.pdf
4 MNRE. (2017, August 27). Guidelines on implementation of Phase-II of Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Programme for achieving 40 GW
capacity from Rooftop Solar by the year 2022. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India . https://mnre.gov.in/img/
documents/uploads/7ccd3b4b3bb94a51af516e2ee4fdede3.pdf

7.2 Architectural Design
7.2.1 Site Development
The proposed brief features a basement for parking and a stilt on the ground. Excavation for
basement adds a significant cost to the project. The stilt, as a soft storey, is a hazard in earthquake-
prone Ahmedabad. Therefore, instead of these, a podium is being developed to incorporate the
parking at the ground level. The usable open area is then developed on the top of the podium, and
is free of any vehicular movement.
Fig. 12 Site layout

Fig. 13 Site plan
7.2.2 Facade Optimization
For shading design the building geometry was imported in Andrew Marsh software to understand
areas that requires shading and areas that falls under mutually shaded space. Critical points for
shading on the floors of towers A and D were identified and shading requirements were understood
through a shading mask (Fig. 14). Shading masks for windows in Tower C and Tower B showed a
benefit of mutual shading and a brief, seasonal requirement of vertical shading during evenings.
As the plot is oriented to North West and South East, we aimed at cutting down West sun and South
sun predominantly. Vertical louvers were introduced on East and West side which can be used in
both ways as panels as well as shading element as per the requirement. The lower horizontal louvre
has been designed as in reference to Ahmedabad pol houses to cut down the solar radiation to the
maximum extent.
The modular optimization extends to the window as well. While requirements are different for
different orientations and floors, the flexibility in shading has been provided through operative
elements rather than fixed design. This allows mass production, lowering manufacturing costs of for
the units. The window pane has been divided into three parts to fulfill the different requirements.
Further details are under development.
1. Daylight Panel - A glass, louvered panel in the top that can enable stack ventilation.
2. Vision Panel - A typical vision panel with an opaque shutter. When the shutter is open, it acts as
a vertical louvre.
3. Ventilation Panel - A jaali panel has been proposed below the vision panel. This allows the
possibility of ventilation while maintaining indoor privacy and reducing heat gain. The bottom
hinged shutter, when open, can act as a usable ledge for the house.

Horizontal Horizontal shading not required Shading mask for Shading mask for
shading required due to benefit of mutual shading apartment on south- apartment on north-
east facade west facade
Fig. 14 Different apartments within the projects have different shading requirements. This has been verified
through shading mask analysis for apartments on different floors on each facade. The extreme cases have been
illustrated here.
LEGEND
1. 300mm high, transom

window with frosted
glass at 2100mm sill
level
2. Opaque sliding
folding shutters
3. 300mm high chicken

mesh in ventilation
panel at 600mm sill
height
4. DGU sliding glass

window with 13mm
air gap
5. Bottom hinged
opaque shutters
Fig. 15 Proposed shading system
7.2.3 Open Areas
The high density of the project has a risk of making spaces feel cramped. To avoid crowding on open
spaces on the ground and terrace, open spaces have been spread throughout the built mass to
encourage interaction. (Fig. 16 right) The placement of these open areas has been done strategically
in places on the facade that are visible to most units in the periphery. This helps by ensuring that
these open spaces are safe and also avoids any units that have no privacy due to proximity to other
units. The identification of these spots (Fig. 16 left) was done through the development of cones of
vision in grasshopper and creating a heat map on the facades with areas of maximum visibility.

Fig. 16 Points of high visibility on facade translated into open spaces to ensure privacy of units and safety of
open spaces
7.2.4 Livability
Choosing to live in a net-zero residence does not only mean choosing an energy-efficient space
but also, choosing an energy-efficient lifestyle. When occupants make this choice, it is imperative
that the project offers them flexibility in aspects like furniture layouts and partitioning systems. This
allows them to alter their space as the familial structure changes. It also crucial to simplify occupant-
driven strategies and devise incentives to maintain occupant interest in the net-zero incentive.
Fig. 17 Possible alterations to interior layouts with change in family structure to increase tenure time

7.3 Comfort and Environmental Quality
7.3.1 Thermal Comfort Model
The comfort band has been expanded based on recommendations of IMAC and LECaVIR.
For hours that fall below IMAC MM lower band, the windows are expected to remain closed.
For the hours that fall between IMAC MM upper band and IMAC lower band (90% acceptability
range), the windows remain open for natural ventilation as the hours fall in the comfortable band.
For the hours that fall between ceiling band (offset of 1.8°C at 0.9m/s as per LECaVIR) and IMAC MM
upper band, the ceiling fans help in reducing the temperature by falling in the comfortable band.
For the hours above ceiling band, active cooling is required to get the hours under comfortable
band.
Fig. 18 Comfort band expanded based on recommendations from IMAC and LECaVIR
7.3.2 Indoor Environmental Quality - Views

In a typical affordable housing project, the targets lean towards maximizing sell-able area in the
most space efficient way possible. In such a situation, ensuring quality of views ends up taking a
backseat. For Savvy Studioz, this has been approached through quantification of views based on
recommendations of IES-LM-835 and EN 17037.6
Layer of Environment View Distance Score

Ground 6m 0.8
6m to 13m 0.6
13m to 20m 0.4
20m to 35m 0.2
35m to 50m -1
Landscape 6m -1
6m to 13m 0.2
13m to 20m 0.4
20m to 35m 0.6
35m to 50m 0.8
Sky Score Uninterrupted View 2
Fig. 19 Methodology developed for quantification of views based on cone of vision and distance to view
5 IES. (2012). IES LM-83-12. https://www.stdport.com/standards/ies-lm-83-12.html

6 Standards, B. (2019). Daylight in buildings. https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail?pid=000000000030342286

For the top 4 massing options, the analysis
was done be creating a grid of points. At
each point, 5 cones of vision (of varying sizes)
were set up using Grasshopper (as illustrated
in Fig. 19 (left)). These points of evaluation
were set as per the following criteria
• Height – 1.5m on First Floor
• Distance – 1m from Facade
• Spacing - 5m between points
• Orientation - Facing outward,
perpendicular to the window (Fig. 20)
Fig. 20 Visualization of points used for analysis of views
(a) (b) (c) (d)
0 6 12
Fig. 21 Points of evaluation for all 4 massing schemes were scored as shown in Fig. 19. A higher score implies a
better quality of view. For comparison between the four schemes, median values for all points were calculated and
considered
Scoring of Views
The cones of vision have been intersected with
the three layers of the environment - Ground,
Landscape and Sky. The distance between 90
90
Quality
these three for each point has been evaluated

ViewQuality
80
80
136
and scored as shown in the table in Fig. 19. For 130
example, if the cone of vision hits the landscape 70
70 129 129
forView
within 6m, it scores a negative 1. If the cone of 60

60
Scorefor
vision hits the ground between 13m to 20m, it 50

50
WeightedScore
scores a 0.4. Scores for all points in a massing 40

40
scheme have been aggregated to get a total
30
Weighted
score as shown in Fig. 22. 30

20
20
Option D of the massing scheme scored
10
the highest. Parallel site planning schemes 10
0
developed for the 4 options show that Option 0
A B C D
D also needs the least number of elevators and A B C D
has the maximum parking. Therefore, based on Ground
Ground
Landscape
Landscape
Sky Score
Sky Score
these three considerations, option D has been Fig. 22 Scores top 4 massing options for View Quality
selected as the final massing.

7.3.3 Spatial Distribution of Indoor Operative Temperature
The window design includes operable shutters to cut off the solar radiation on extreme summer days,
to make the space comfortable. To validate this window design, Thermal autonomy7 (Ko WonHee,
et al. 2017) simulation was carried out on proposed unit model facing North-West direction for 18th
May 3:00 pm.
• Case 1 - With shutters closed - The indoor operative temperature recorded for Case 1 is 32.8C,
which falls in the 90% acceptability MM comfort band as calculated from IMAC standard.
• Case 2 - With shutters open - The indoor operative temperature recorded for Case 2 is 33.5C,
which falls out of the 90% acceptability MM comfort band as calculated from IMAC standard.
(a) (b)
Fig. 23 The effectiveness of the window design has been tested through thermal autonomy simulations with a)
shutters closed and b) shutters open
7.3.4 Daylight Distribution and

Autonomy
The proposed unit was simulated for Daylight
analysis. Since there are no daylight standards
for India, requirements of the IES LM 83-12
and IGBC Green Homes were used as proxies.
Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) is a measure
of daylight illuminance sufficiency for a given
area reporting a percentage of floor area
that exceeds a specified illuminance level
of 300 lux for 50% of the annual hours from
8AM-6PM (IES LM-83-12). sDA for the space
is recorded to be 88.5% which as per IES
LM-83-12 can be termed as "favorable" or
"preferred".
Fig. 24 Daylight levels evaluated to test window design
IGBC Green Home Rating System recommends
75% of the regularly occupied spaces in the Table 7 Material reflectance used to evaluate daylight
building achieve daylight illuminance levels propagation
for a minimum of 110 Lux (and a maximum
of 2,200 Lux) in a clear sky condition on 21st Surface Material Reflectance
September at 12 noon, at working plane. On Wall Concrete 50%
simulation more than 75% of the occupied
Floor Tile 40%
spaces records illuminance levels >110 Lux.
7 Ko, Won Hee and Schiavon, Stefano (2017) ‘Balancing Ceiling Plaster 70%
Thermal and Luminous Autonomy in the Assessment of Glass Frosted VLT- 45%
Building Performance’, Proceedings of the 15th IBPSA
Conference - San Francisco, CA, USA, Aug. 7-9, 2017, https:// Glass DGU unit VLT- 45%
doi.org/10.26868/25222708.2017.527

7.4 Water
7.4.1 Proposed case strategies and target saving
As per National building code 2016, Standard case fresh water demand is 135 LPHD (As shown in the
Appendix) for residential buildings. Proposed case aims to achieve a water demand reduction of 37%
i.e., a fresh water demand of 84 LPHD by applying strategies such as using water efficient plumbing
fixtures and behavioral measures. The achieved fresh water demand of 84 LPHD will be catered
by the recycling of the generated black and grey water up to the water quality of 10 Biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) and 10 Total suspended solids (TSS) making the effective demand to be 27
LPHD. A system to cater to the remaining 27 LPHD will be proposed as a future intervention in order
to recycle the grey water up to a level of 0 BOD and 0 TSS to fulfill the bathing, drinking and cooking
water needs on site
Site has a rainwater harvesting potential of 1778 kL annually through roof and hardscape areas and
will be used to meet the potable needs such as bathing, drinking and cooking.
Potable water requirement of 37487 kL will be catered by the municipal supply annually. In order to
achieve a net zero water status, the campus will hold the capability to return the same amount of
water back to the shed and hence an on-site black water treatment plant will be proposed to treat
37487 kL of the black water till 30 BOD 30 TSS quality.
Fig. 25 Reduction in Fresh water demand

7.4.2 Engineering Measures Table 8 Summary of Water Tanks
The U.S.EPA identifies water saving strategies in two
categories i.e. engineering and behavioral. In this case Parameters Capacity
Dual flow aerators are proposed to reduce the water
consumption at the washbasin and kitchen sink by Total water demand 172 kLPD
35%. The fixtures were determined by conducting trial Rainwater storage tank 600 m3
and error to meet target water demand and by fixing
a cost limit to Rs 7000/ unit in fixtures (as shown in the Potable water tank 100 m3
appendix). The base case flushing system had a 3/6 L Non-Potable water tank 80 m3
flushing system which is proposed to be replaced with
a 2/4 L flushing system which will reduce the demand Grey water recycling plant 68 m3
by 33%. Sewage treatment plant size 30 m3
7.4.3 Behavioral measures Water autonomy (3days) 59 kL
Koop et al. (2019) showed that active feedback on water
use leads to a reduction of 8% to 40% as compared to houses getting just a passive feedback at the
month end. An incentive-based water monitoring program is proposed to monitor and send real
time water use details through sub meters at the inlet level. Continuous monitoring systems will
also identify water use patterns and make it easier to identify leakages which could be immediately
treated by a plumber will leading to an overall reduction of 40%. Weekly water management
reminders such as ‘covering vehicles to lower need for daily washing’ would be sent to the occupants.

Fig. 26 Water cycle
7.4.4 Water Treatment - Efficiency and Costs Table 9 Capital cost components
BioMicrobics FAST Nitrification and denitrification system Water saving
is proposed for on-site black water treatment. Plant will Components
Measures
have a capacity of 30 m3 with an efficiency of 85%. The
treated Water is expected to have a quality of at least Low flow Single flow aerator,
30 BOD and 30 TSS so that it can be used for irrigation fixtures Health Faucet, Shower
and ground recharge. The system will be integrated into head (01) and a hand-
a standard septic tank, leading to space savings. The held spray
system also offers higher levels of nitrogen removal (NSF/ Water efficient 2/4 L flushing system
ANSI 245) with an intermittent operation of the blower flushing
reducing electricity usage up to 45%. The system has a
life span of 25 years with low maintenance. A grey water Behavioral Water submetering
treatment system having 85% efficiency catering to 68 m3 measures system
of grey water is proposed on site (As per Table 8). Recycled Grey and Septic tank,
water of 10 TSS and 10 BOD quality will be used to cater black water Nitrification and
to demands such as PV panel cleaning, washing clothes treatment denitrification system,
and utensils. Component of capital costs of the proposed carbon filters
strategies have been detailed in Table 9.
Fig. 27 Capital and operational costs of water saving strategies

7.5 Resilience
7.5.1 Risk of Heatwaves
In the past few decades, occurrence of heat
waves in Ahmedabad has increased by 32%.8
The government has identified three levels of
alerts during heat waves.
• Yellow - Hot Day Advisory - 41.1 to 43 °C
• Orange - Heat Alert Day - 43.1 to 44.9 °C
• Red - Extreme Heat Alert Day - 45°C +
Measures Taken
In the coming years, this occurrence is likely to
increase even further. This makes it important
for the building envelope be able to handle any Fig. 28 Occurrence of heatwaves in Ahmedabad
added heat stress. The building envelop needs
to be robust, in terms of thermal performance
and infiltration (tightness). The thermal
performance of the proposed envelope has
been tested under severe conditions.
As seen in Fig. 29, the proposed envelope
shows a 36% reduction in heat gain through
the windows as compared to the base case.
The results presently show an analysis of the
window areas since windows are typically
the weakest points of a building. Therefore,
windows were given first preference. Other
than this, the pre-fabricated wall panels and
with insulation and roof with the air gap are
making the building robust for future climate Fig. 29 Reduced heat gains for proposed case due to
change. efficient insulation
Fig. 30 Envelope specifications for window and external walls

8 Murari, K. K. et al. (2015) “Intensification of future severe heat waves in India and their effect on heat stress and mortality,” Regional
Environmental Change, 15(4), pp. 569–579

7.5.3 Future Weather Scenario
Typically, the TMY file used for building simulation is
generated from the past years weather data. How the
building performs in the future needs to be tested using
a future weather file. For the TMY file of Ahmedabad,
a future weather file of 2050 for A2 weather scenario,
was generated using CCWeatherGen9. The A2 family of
scenarios is characterized by a world of independently
operating, self-reliant nations, increasing population,
regional economic development & high emissions.
The base case and proposed models have been simulated
for the year 2050. While the base case sees a 5% increase
in EPI, change in the proposed case is almost negligible.
Assuming a constant rate of generation due to the on-
site photovoltaics, the building will continue to be Net
Zero till 2050. Fig. 31 Base case and proposed case
simulated using a future weather file for
7.5.4 Response to Earthquake 2050
As per the vulnerability atlas, Ahmedabad falls
under seismic zone III. This zone is classified as a
Moderate Damage Risk Zone which is liable to MSK VII.
Recommendations of IS 1893 for this zone have been
closely followed for the project. These include
1. Reinforcement of soft storeys with shear walls
2. Avoidance of heavy shading systems by using
wooden shutters for shading
3. Lack of vertical irregularities in the structural system.
The open spaces on the upper floors of the building
have been incorporated without breaking the
structural grid or use of floating columns.
4. Offset in towers B and C detailed as an expansion to
avoid structural pounding during earthquake
Fig. 32 Vertical shading incorporated as
window shutter to avoid additional dead
weights
Fig. 33 Reinforcement of soft storeys with shear walls

9 Jentsch M.F., Bahaj A.S. and James P.A.B. (2008) Climate change future proofing of buildings – Generation and assessment of
building simulation weather files. Energy and Buildings,Volume 40, Issue 12, December 2008, pp 2148-2168.

Water Autonomy Table 10 Water tank requirements for 3 day water autonomy
Water System resilience is critical for

Parameter Capacity
providing the water delivery post
a disaster to support community Potable (Drinking + Cooking + Bathing) 61404 l
resilience. The goal of the proposed water demand (Daily)
water system is to have the ability to
Water required for autonomy (Drinking + 34990 l
restore and continue the potable water
Cooking) (For 3 days)
supply as rapidly as possible in the
case of any disaster. In order to do so, Total potable water to be stored (L) 96394 l
an excess storage of 34990L of potable
water has been proposed to cater to at Underground Potable water Tank Size 100 m3
least 3 days of drinking and cooking
Underground Potable water Tank 6m x 7m x 2.4 m
water demand.
7.5.2 Net-Zero Waste
The project aims to minimize the waste going in the landfills over the course of the year by reducing,
reusing, and recovering waste streams and converting them into valuable resources. The waste-
pickers based collection model as proposed in Pune city, is a non-energy intensive and has a low
carbon footprint, compared with formal and conventional technological approaches, such as
mechanized, centralized waste collection schemes and incineration.10
The different types of waste generated on the site will be treated as follows:
• Dry waste, wet waste and hazardous waste will be segregated at the occupant level. This will be
collected door-to-door by society housekeeping agency.
• The organic waste is converted into Pellets in Biomass Pellet Burner. These pellets are then fed
into Biomass based water heater, which is connected to the overhead tank, as fuel to generate
heat. Outlet tap of the water heater is connected to the bathroom taps of the dwelling units.
• Hazardous waste generated on site will be segregated and disposed safely with the help of a
third-party agency.
Fig. 34 Proposed mechanism for on-site waste segregation, handling and disposal
10 Moora, H. and Barde, H. (2018) ‘Environmental impacts of informal plastic waste management’ , in Emmons, K. (ed.) ‘Closing the Loop:
Innovative partnerships with informal workers to recover plastic waste, in an inclusive circular economy approach – Pune, India case
study’, pp 18-19.

7.6 Innovation
7.6.1 Problem 1 - Achieving Comfort with Low-Energy Cooling Systems in Hot and
Dry Climate
The HVAC schedule developed using computer-based simulations showed the need for active cooling
for 25% hours in the summer time. This is the annual peak condition as well. Once the operational
schedule is finalized, a low-cost, low-energy evaporative cooling system is selected based on the
climate analysis that shows hot, dry summers. Modeling the cooler in Design Builder showed that
the discomfort hours increases by 71% compared to a typical Split DX system. This is because of the
evaporative cooler's inability to provide comfort in Monsoons. Though evaporative coolers come
at low capital and monthly costs, they add almost 10lphd water demand on days that the cooler is
filled. This adds water stress onto the project and is not technically feasible considering the net-zero
water goals of the project.
The second option that was tried is an evaporative cooler with a convention Split DX system. This
model is based on typical situations in Ahmedabad. While this system brings down comfort hours
closer to the acceptable limits, capital costs for two systems and water losses are still higher. For
this project, compromise on discomfort hours and water goals is not accepted. Therefore, a third
option is needed that can cater to diversity in requirements across the year. One option for such a
system is a Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) based cooling system. A summary of the analysis criteria
is presented in Table 11.
Table 11 Analysis of evaporative cooling system in comparison with split-DX and shared VRFs
Annual
Capital Monthly Water
Cooling EPI Discomfort
Proposal Costs Cost Losses
(kWh/m2-yr) Hours (hrs)
(INR/Appt) (INR/Appt) (LPD) (All
Appts)
Base Case (Savvy's 15.4 285 25,000 296 0
Proposal with Split DX
Systems)
Proposed Case with Desert 2.5 1003 9,400 48 9000
Cooler
Proposed Case with Desert 3.1 452 34,400 60 9000
Cooler and Split DX System
Proposed Case with CaaS 3.6 234 60,000 69 0
(Shared VRF)
7.6.2 Problem 2 - Inability of Users to Afford Individual VRF Systems

The post-design survey (Survey form in Appendix) conducted with people of the target income
bracket showed only 11% of respondents owned an air-conditioner. This was in line with the study11
conducted by Mishra et al. (2021) (Under review) wherein only 35% of the sampled occupants had
an AC. Thermal comfort for them is clearly not affordable.
Therefore, a shared model is proposed where outdoor unit (ODU) is shared between 6 units as shown
in Fig. 35. The ODU can be bought by the developer or a third-party. This reduces financial stress as
every unit only needs to purchase an indoor unit, possibly making it cheaper for them than buying a
conventional Split-DX system. In such a shared situation, metering of indoor units becomes necessary
(of refrigerant or consumption) to be able to calculate accurate electricity bills. Individual purchase
of indoor units also opens the possibility of some occupants choosing to have air-conditioning in
the living room as well. The operational model for this system is under development and details can
be seen in Section 6.9.4.
11 Mishra, A. and Agrawal, S., 2021. Evaluating the role of adaptive, non-adaptive, and contextual factors in determining the air
conditioner usage behavior in Indian households. Under review. CEPT University.

Fig. 35 Layout of VRF system with common outdoor units (ODUs)
7.6.3 Problem 3 - Financing of Shared HVAC Table 12 Annual cash flows for RESCO
Systems
Cost of investment -1,61,71,983
The proposed CaaS model consists of two participants
that is RESCO, the service provider and Residents. Year 1 Cashflow 23,12,217
RESCO will be responsible for capital expenditure
Year 2 Cashflow 22,82,567
as well as annual operational and maintenance
expenditure. This means RESCO will install as well as Year 3 Cashflow 22,53,213
maintain solar PV array and cooling equipment.
To avail this service, the residents will have to pay
₹6.2 (prevailing market rate) per unit consumed
that is supplied by RESCO. The parity in the per unit Year 6 Cashflow 21,66,900
electricity rates that consumers will pay to electricity
supplied by RESCO and to electricity supplied by GRID Year 7 Cashflow 21,38,702
will make the proposed CaaS model attractive to the Year 8 Cashflow 21,10,787
residents. Based on the forecasts of annual cash flows
detailed in Table 12, the RESCO will achieve an ROI of Year 9 Cashflow 20,83,151
10.3%. Year 10 Cashflow 20,55,791
In base case, residents pay for purchase and Year 11 Cashflow 20,28,705
maintenance of equipment and electricity which
accounts for ₹16,680 annually. Whereas in the Year 12 Cashflow 20,01,889
proposed CaaS model, RESCO pays for purchase and Year 13 Cashflow 19,75,342
maintenance of equipment and residents pay for
electricity which accounts for ₹5,540. The difference Year 14 Cashflow 19,49,060
between the amounts that the residents pay under Year 15 Cashflow 19,23,041
two scenarios is 66%. The high ROI for RESCO along
with substantial savings for residents makes the Return on Investment 10.3%
business model compelling.

Fig. 36 Operational model proposed for CaaS and PV
7.6.4 Problem 4 - Occupant's Potential Willingness to adopt the System

A post-design survey was conducted to understand people's interest and willingness to adopt a
shared HVAC system. The sample set was chosen in a purposive manner keeping the lower income
group in focus. Through in-person interviews, people were asked for their preferred choice when
presented with the following two options:
A. Individual system - Rs 30,000 (Capital cost) + Rs 400 (Operational cost)
B. Shared system - Rs 25,000 (Capital cost) + Rs250 (Operational cost)
While only 11% of the people surveyed have a AC at their place, 77% of the respondents were
interested in having a shared system.
Fig. 37 Survey responses that show people's willingness to adopt the Cooling as a Service (CaaS) model
7.6.5 Summary
A preliminary business plan has been developed for a RESCO to invest in cooling as a service for the
affordable housing market. The highest potential for implementation potential is in new projects. A
more detailed market analysis can reveal the population group that would be the best fit for such a
system to speed-up and ensure uptake.

7.7 Affordability
7.7.1 Capital Costs
The project costs as per the project partner are Rs 1697/sqft. With Team 0:0:0's interventions, this
cost goes upto Rs 1936/sqft, which is only a 14% increase. The limited increase is owed to two major
aspects. Firstly, there is a reduction in cost due to accommodation of parking on the ground and
lack of a basement. Costs of building a basement are higher than costs of building a podium. There
is also a lack of requirement of plastering and painting due to adoption of exposed concrete finish
in precast panels.
Waste-based Generator
Net-Zero Water Measures
Waste-based Generator Waste-based Generator
CaaS
Net-Zero Water Measures Net-Zero Water Measures
CaaS
PV CaaS
External
PV Development PV
External Development Lift
External Development
Lift Fire fighting Lift
Fire fightingFabrication work Fire fighting
Fabrication work Electric work Fabrication work
Electric work Electric work
Plumbing
Plumbing Plumbing
Flooring
Flooring Flooring
Finishing Finishing Finishing
Masonary work Masonary work Masonary work
RCC RCC RCC
0 200 400
0 600
200 8000
400 1000
200
600 1200
400800 6001000 800 12001000 1200
Costs (Rs/sqft) Costs (Rs/sqft) Costs (Rs/sqft)
Proposed Case Base Case Proposed Case Base Case

Proposed Case Base Case
Fig. 38 Summary of proposed costs with respect to base case costs
7.7.2 Operational Costs

Infrastructure set up in the initial stages needs to be properly maintained to be able to ensure
efficient performance. However, the affordable nature of the project requires operational costs to
be budgeted as well. Therefore, as seen in Table 13, monthly expenses for each unit are calculated as
a percentage of the capital costs. These annual cost is distributed equally to all 536 units that share
the common infrastructure. For this calculation, earnings due to net-metering also split between all
units equally. In practice, this can be split as a function of the monthly consumption of each unit.
Consequently, the monthly expenses of every unit are reduced by 80%. This leads to annual savings
of almost Rs 10,000 for every unit. This increases affordability of the project and widens its market
prospects.
Table 13 Monthly expenses of each unit reduced by 54% in comparison to the base case
Base Case Proposed Case Notes

Monthly Electricity Bill 1019 466 Expenses @Rs 6/kWh
Net-Zero Water Measures 0 19 10% of CapEx Annually
Waste-based Generator 0 47 20% of CapEx Annually
Net Monthly Expenditure 1019 532 Σ Expenses - Σ Earnings
Annual Savings 0 5,844 (1019-532) x 12

7.7.3 Participatory Process
A person looking to buy an affordable 1BHK in Ahmedabad is far from spoilt for choice. Also, the
affordable sector is not made of one number that fits all. It holds a range of budgets as well. To
accommodate this diversity and give users some choices, the design has been given flexibility in
terms of types of balconies. The options provided have been explained in Table 14. There is also
a possibility that the developer chooses to level the field by selling all types at the same cost. The
share of each of these units have been discussed in the section on Design Delivery Model.
Table 14 Variation in units offered to increase options in terms of space and costs
Area (free Total Relative

Area (in Construction
Type from FSI) Area Difference
FSI) (Sqm) Cost (INR)
(Sqm) (sqm) wrt L1 (%)
L1 38.0 0.0 38.0 748250 0
L2 (Standing Balcony) 38.0 2.1 40.1 788617 5
L3 (Half 1.2m-wide Balcony) 40.1 2.1 42.2 829967 11
L4 (Full 1.2m-wide Balcony) 41.9 3.9 45.7 899870 20
7.7.4 Post-Design Survey Results

A survey was conducted with the people of
Ahmedabad to understand the preferences
of typology of various proposed 1 BHK units.
The results are based on 30 survey responses
which were conducted in person keeping the
COVID guidelines in mind. The sample set was
chosen in a purposive manner keeping the
lower income group in focus.
63% of people were interested in buying 1BHK,
those who did not show interest were mainly
the people living in a joint family of more than Fig. 39 Post-design survey conducted in person
3 members. 90% responders were below the
age of 40 years with an average monthly salary
less than 50,000 /-. None of the responders
owned a 4-wheeler, however some of them
had 2-wheelers for general commute.
When asked about the unit typology
preference, 51% of the respondents wanted
to opt for big balcony. The prime reason
appeared to be the possible scope of using
the balcony later for other domestic purposes
or to experience open space. Respondents
were willing to pay an of up to INR 5,00,000/-
for a bigger balcony unit.
When asked about the floor preference and
view from the balcony 58% of the respondents
opted for a garden view and 46% preferred to
stay on 1st to 3rd floor, prime reason for which
were ease of access. A very small segment
opted the units above 8th floor. In terms of
view from the balcony, the most preferred
view is of the garden followed by main road. Fig. 40 Respondent profile for post-design survey

7.8 Scalability and Market Potential
7.8.1 Occupant
Preferences and Concerns
(Pre-Design Survey)
The team conducted an online
survey to understand the
perspective of prospective
occupants towards energy-
efficient buildings (Survey
form can be seen in Appendix).
Results received from almost 240
respondents point us towards
challenges that could emerge
due to energy conservation
measures on a Net-Zero energy
project. As illustrated in Fig. 41,
the results showed that a only
a small fraction of occupants Fig. 41 Need to have access to roof understood through results of
could be willing to trade roof occupant survey
space for PV arrays. Thus, the
incorporation of PV systems must be done in a way that allows the use of the terrace to be able to
maximize the market potential of the project.
7.8.2 Market Potential
The applicable codes and policies in Ahmedabad enumerate guidelines on various aspects that
indicate that the government and industry are pushing for Energy Efficient strategies. Thus, there is
a market for Net-Zero buildings. An analysis of policy interventions in different cities shows similar
trends across the country. This is a positive indicator of the potential of replicability for the project.
An analysis of policy interventions in the various cities can be seen in Appendix.
When choosing between two equally priced projects, a project with a popular green rating is bound
to hold greater interest. The proposed design has been tested against requirements of IGBC Green
Homes and GRIHA for Affordable Housing. With the Project Partner's assurance that the best possible
construction practices will be followed, the project rates IGBC 5 Star and GRIHA 5 Star. This easily
increases buyer's interest in the project, and may even lead to reduction in promotional expenses of
the developer. A detailed evaluation of the rating system is presented in Appendix.
7.8.3 Replication across India under PMAY (Unit Optimization for Prefab)
The unit has been optimized for prefab construction in a way that ensures both, technical and
financial, viability. This has been done without compromising on the resultant quality of space.
Feasibility of prefab constructions comes from two aspects. Firstly, repetitive fabrication of similar
elements. The second aspect looks at the size and weight of the elements that can be fabricated in
most prefab facilities in India.
The unit has been optimized for these constraints based on the calculation of weight of each
element. As per discussions with the Industry Partner, these constraints are boundary dimensions of
12m x 4m and a weight of 8 Tons (Table 15). Therefore, the project can be replicated for similar costs
across India in terms of the construction technology and unit size. An appropriate massing scheme
for any city can be developed using the Grasshopper script used for this project that takes climate
data (EPW weather file) and site boundary as a preliminary input.
While the project has been optimized for prefab, it needs verification of its structure. In seismic
zone 3, like Ahmedabad, a fully precast structure may not be possible. Soil conditions on site may
need a heavier footing design than typical conditions. Two alternate methods are being proposed.

First would be a typical on-site construction system. The second method would involve on-site
construction of the structural elements (columns and slabs), while the wall panels (A to K) can be
prefabricated. The placement of columns for this option would need to be worked out.
Fig. 42 Kit of parts for each unit (optimized for prefabrication)
Table 15 Technical feasibility of prefab panels evaluated through verification of length (max = 12m), height
(max = 4m) and weight (max = 8 Tons). Financial feasibility verified if panel is manufactured at least 100 times.
Number of Weight of Number of

Pieces in Length Thickness Height Volume Each Unit Pieces in
Type Unit (m) (mm) (m) (m3) (Tons) Project
A1* 6.4 150 2.85 1.9 4.79 134
1
A2* 6.4 150 2.85 1.6 4.10 402
B 1 3.4 150 2.85 1.5 3.63 536
C 1 6.5 150 2.85 2.8 6.95 360
D 1 3.1 100 2.85 0.9 2.21 536
E 1 1.75 150 2.85 0.7 1.87 536
F 1 0.85 150 2.85 0.4 0.91 536
G 1 3 100 2.85 0.9 2.14 536
H 1 0.9 100 2.85 0.3 0.64 536
I 1 4.9 150 2.85 2.1 5.24 536
J 1 1.45 100 2.85 0.4 1.03 536
K 1 4.6 150 2.85 2.0 4.92 360
L1# 6.4 150 6.5 6.2 15.60 134
L2# 6.4 150 7.1 6.8 17.04 134
1
L3# 6.4 150 7.7 7.4 18.48 134
L4# 7 150 7.7 8.1 20.21 134
*Volume calculated after subtracting doors and windows. #Weight and Dimension limit is not applicable to slabs (L1 to L4).

7.9 Engineering Design and Operations
7.9.1 Equipment Selection
Equipment selection was done based on the market survey conducted for knowing the wattage
of various equipment used in a small residential unit. A detailed list is available in Appendix. As the
project is supposed to be a net zero building, using energy saving equipment will be encouraged.
Table 16 Summary of Equipment and Lighting Power Densities for the Project
Base Wattage 5-Star Wattage

Equipment Total wattage (W) 4422 1355
for a Unit EPD (W/m ) 2
116.4 35.7
LPD of a Unit Total wattage (W) 189 117
LPD (W/m2) 5.0 3.1
Common Elevator 1200 1200
Equipment Security Camera 40 40
Total EPD of common spaces (W) 1240 1240
7.9.2 Structural Design

The prefabricated structure will be composed of load-bearing concrete walls and flat, hollow concrete
slabs. The hollow concrete slabs help in reducing the dead weight. Joinery details and earthquake-
resilience mechanism are under development.
Fig. 43 Locations of load-bearing prefab panels on a typical floor plan
7.9.3 Design Delivery Model

The design delivery model refers to the process by which the 4 types of units (L1, L2, L3 and L4)
will be selected, constructed and allocated to the buyer. Four possible options for this have been
proposed.
1. Option 1 - Randomized selection by developer/Team 0.0.0. Buyers will be presented a brochure
of options and units will be sold on a first-come-first-serve basis.
2. Option 2 - 1.2m wide balconies in Unit L4 have the maximum self-shading while lack of balconies
in Unit L1 implies no shading. Based on this integrated shading, units with maximum shading
are placed on the upper floors while units with least shading are placed on the lower floors.
Intuitively, this option is likely to have least heat gains.
3. Option 3 - Floor-wise phasing of the project allows maximum flexibility in choice. In the first
phase, the developer can choose a division based on their understanding of the market
requirements. In subsequent phases, the division can be altered based on market interests and

types of units sold.
4. Option 4 - Tower-wise phasing of the project follows the system of Option 3. However, it has a
distinct advantage that tower-wise municipal approvals under RERA are easier to obtain. Floor
wise approvals are challenging.
The design delivery models was presented to the developer and discussions on the RERA approval
process make it clear that Option 3 and 4 have major logistical challenges. Option 1 has high
uncertainty in terms of market interest. Therefore, option 2 was selected to be developed further
and has been used for energy modeling. However, the proportions of the 4 types of units is still not
clear and could not be based on any existing market studies. Therefore, a post-design survey was
conducted in March where people from the expected income bracket were presented the design
and costs in the form of a brochure. Results of that survey have been used to decide the number
of each type of unit as shown in Table 17. The distribution of the units results in a 20% increase in
sellable area. This has further explained in the section on the Pitch to the Project Partner.
Fig. 44 Different delivery models proposed to encourage buyer participation and increase marketability;
Option 2 selected for detailed development based on discussion with the Project Partner
Table 17 Distribution of different types of units in the project based on results of post-design survey
Area Area (free Total Construction Relative Total

Number
Type (in FSI) from FSI) Area Cost / Unit Difference Area in
of Units
(Sqm) (Sqm) (sqm) (INR) wrt L1 (%) FSI
Base Case L1 38.0 0.0 38.0 748250 0 512 19,456
Proposed L1 38.0 0.0 38.0 748250 0 37 1401

Case ( As L2 38.0 2.1 40.1 788617 5 73 2782
per post- L3 40.1 2.1 42.2 829967 11 110 4394
design
L4 41.9 3.9 45.7 899870 20 292 12235
survey
results) Total Area of Project 23,428

7.9.4 Policy to Ensure Use of 5-Star Equipment
The use of inefficient equipment leads to higher rates of consumption. In a residential unit, the major
energy consumers are the refrigerators, geysers, television, fans, washing machines and mixers.
From the energy model we can observe that energy efficient appliances are critical for achieving
net-zero energy use. Similar observations have been made in other studies as well.12
As new home buyers will be occupying the residential units a few clauses can be implemented to
ensure the use of energy efficient appliances and lighting. The first option is to mandate the purchase
of BEE- 5 star rated equipment as a clause in the housing loan purchase. The implementation of this
clause will be during final approval of the loans where the home buyer needs to produce a bill of the
purchased or ordered appliances.
Such clauses could be built into a green financing scheme that Savvy Studioz could be eligible for.
Green financing schemes resulting in lower interest home loans have been facilitated from time to
time by various climate funds. However, while these have been on the horizon in India since 2008,
no significant growth has been seen in this regard (NHB, & Sunref India, 2020).
While green financing is a powerful policy measure, it appears unlikely that it will come to fruition
in the next 5 years given its history in India. Thus, we propose that the developer could potentially
pre-order a list of approved models for equipment and lighting, from which the owners can select
and purchase them. This could be beneficial to both parties as the providing agency can buy or
order the equipment / lighting in bulk; thereby reducing the cost price and the owners can select
the equipment models they like at a discounted rate. For example EESL13, an ESCO has been able to
make several energy efficient appliances affordable and accessible to a wide set of people through
deep discounts via mass purchace order. This will enable profits to both parties while reducing the
overall consumption of energy.
7.9.5 Post Occupancy App
Data access in India is increasingly cheaper and affordable. A post occupancy guidance App has been
proposed to guide the occupants towards a sustainable & healthy lifestyle. The App will be used to
suggest operational changes like opening windows, peak load shaving strategies, guidelines for
waste segregation, reports on water quality, and warnings about heat waves. It will also be used to
increase occupant involvement and interest in the functioning of site-level infrastructure.
Fig. 45 Post-occupancy app interface

12 ENS. (2019, November 14). Gujarat: Study to focus on thermal comfort and energy use in affordable houses | India News,The Indian
Express. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-study-to-focus-on-thermal-comfort-and-energy-use-in-
affordable-houses-6118460/a
13 EESL. (2017). Energy Efficiency Services Limited. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://eeslindia.org/en/home/

8.0 Pitch to the Project Partner
A net zero energy, multi-family housing project is a relatively less explored area in the building
industry. A net zero energy and water design are even more so. Team 0:0:0 from CEPT University
upgraded the Savvy multifamily housing project located in Ahmedabad to triple zero design. The
design process was developed with a data driven, integrated design approach by a multidisciplinary
team from building science, architecture and engineering disciplines along with the technical
support of industry partners. The team's intent can be broken down into the following:
• Net-Zero Energy: The project consumption has been decreased from 52.6 to 22.1 kWh/m2-yr.
This has been brought on by integrating passive design measures, providing an efficient HVAC
system and proposing policies that promote use of energy-efficient equipment. The reduction
in consumption translates to annual savings of almost Rs. 6,000 in every occupant's electricity
bill. This is equivalent to savings of more than Rs 31 lakhs every year for the project.
• Net-Zero Water: Water consumption has been decreased from 135 LPHD to 80 LPHD through
strategies such as Low flow fixtures, water harvesting, Water recycling, and occupant behavioral
measures. An annual potable water requirement of 37487 Kl will be catered by the municipal
supply in return for which the same amount of treated black water will be sent back to the
municipality. The operational cost for the complete water system will be 6 paise/liter.
• Net-Zero Waste: While proper waste management does not translate into direct economic
earnings, it shows commitment towards a low carbon footprint. It also adds an alternate heat
source to the site that helps in managing the hot water requirement.
• 5-Star Rating: The three net-zero measures result in 5 star ratings from both, GRIHA and IGBC
Green Homes. When choosing between two equally priced projects, a project with a popular
green rating is bound to hold greater interest.
• User Interest: To accommodate diversity within the affordable sector and give users some
choices, the design has been given flexibility in terms of types of balconies (Table 14). As shown
in the table below, prospective buyers surveyed have shown a willingness to pay extra for a
balcony.
• Operational Challenges: Any design and technical intervention can fail unless implemented as
intended. This is particularly applicable to window operation and equipment usage. Therefore,
a post-occupancy guidance app has been proposed to allow behavioral monitoring and
recommendation.
• Capitalizing on Policy: The applicable codes and policies in Ahmedabad enumerate guidelines
on various aspects that indicate that the government and industry are pushing for Energy
Efficient strategies. This increases the viability of the project from the point of view of approvals
and legal formalities.
Table 18 Prospective buyers surveyed showed a willingness to pay extra for the balcony
Total Construction Buyer Willingness to Pay

Type of Number Total Total Cost of Extra
Area Cost / Unit
Unit of Units Area Construction
(sqm) (INR) Worst Case Best Case
L1 38 7,48,250 536 20,368 40,10,62,214 0 0
Base
Case
L1 38 7,48,250 39 1,466 2,88,76,479 0 0

Proposed Case
L2 40 7,88,617 77 3,070 6,04,45,881 0 1,00,000

L3 42 8,29,967 115 4,835 9,52,00,560 0 3,00,000
L4 46 8,99,870 306 13,987 27,54,10,478 2,00,000 5,00,000
Total 23,358 45,99,33,398

Costs
The interventions result in an incremental costs of almost 4 crores. It has been proposed that this
cost be split between Savvy and a third party. The third party functions as a Renewable Energy
Service Company (RESCO) to fund and maintain the PV array and CaaS-based HVAC model. The
attractive ROI of 10.3% makes it a lucrative business proposal for any investor.
Table 19 Project costs split between Savvy and a RESCO (third-party investor)
Base Case Proposed Case

Savvy Savvy RESCO - (SPV)
Construction 1697 1662 0
PV 0 0 15
CaaS 0 0 51
Net-Zero Water Measures 0 54 0
Waste-based Generator 0 68 0
Cost / Sqft 1697 1727 66
Relative Difference 5% 4%
Total Construction Cost ₹ 40,52,50,250 ₹ 42,60,69,172 ₹ 1,61,71,983
Land Cost ₹ 45,59,21,753 ₹ 45,59,21,753 ₹0
Total Project Cost ₹ 86,11,72,003 ₹ 88,19,90,925 ₹1,61,71,983
Team 0:0:0's intents lead to two major benefits for Savvy:

1. Brand development of Savvy through positive marketing - The value-additions can lead to media
coverage due to their climate-friendly approach. This not only helps in building up Savvy's brand
value but also provides "free" marketing of its projects.
2. Positive marketing leading to positive sales - Savvy would be least at risk if units are sold before
or during construction. The positive marketing will lead to early sales of the units. Early sales
would reduce the time Savvy needs to pay-off the loans and help saving on interest.

9.0 References
Barton J., Thomson M., Sandwell P., Mellor A. (2020) A Domestic Demand Model for India. In: Singh
S., Ramadesigan V. (eds) Advances in Energy Research, Vol. 1., pp 743-753 Springer Proceedings in
Energy. Springer, Singapore, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2666-4_70
Cook, M., & Rawal, R. (2018). Low energy cooling and ventilation in indian residences. In Science and
Technology for the Built Environment (Vol. 24, Issue 8, p. 819). Taylor and Francis Inc. https://doi.org
/10.1080/23744731.2018.1522144
EESL. (2017). Energy Efficiency Services Limited. Retrieved April 14, 2021, from https://eeslindia.org/
en/home/
ENS. (2019, November 14). Gujarat: Study to focus on thermal comfort and energy use in affordable
houses | India News,The Indian Express. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/
gujarat-study-to-focus-on-thermal-comfort-and-energy-use-in-affordable-houses-6118460/
Freeman, J. M., DiOrio, N. A., Blair, N. J., Neises, T. W., Wagner, M. J., Gilman, P., & Janzou, S. (2018). System
Advisor Model (SAM) General Description (Version 2017.9.5). https://doi.org/10.2172/1440404
GDCR (2017) “Gujarat Comprehensive Development Control Regulations - 2017,” 2017.
IES. (2012). IES LM-83-12. https://www.stdport.com/standards/ies-lm-83-12.html
Jentsch M.F., Bahaj A.S. and James P.A.B. (2008) Climate change future proofing of buildings –
Generation and assessment of building simulation weather files. Energy and Buildings,Volume 40,
Issue 12, December 2008, pp 2148-2168. Joustra, C. M., & Yeh, D. H. (2015). Framework for net-zero
and net-positive building water cycle management. Building Research and Information, 43(1), 121–
132
Khanna, P., Sinha, R., Sen, I., Goswami, G., Mutz, D., Arora, R., Prakash, R., & Sinha, P. (2020). Resource
Flows in Indian Cities: City Profile of the Construction Sector in Ahmedabad. https://www.eu-rei.
com/pdf/publication/GIZ_Ahmedabad City Report_17 Aug.pdf
Ko, H., Schiavon, S., & Ko, W. H. (2017). Balancing Thermal and Luminous Autonomy in the Assessment
of Building Performance . https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7b4909sf
Koop, S. H. A., Van Dorssen, A. J., & Brouwer, S. (2019). Enhancing domestic water conservation
behaviour: A review of empirical studies on influencing tactics. Journal of Environmental
Management, 247(March), 867–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.126
Manu, S., Shukla, Y., Rawal, R., Thomas, L. E., & de Dear, R. (2016). Field studies of thermal comfort
across multiple climate zones for the subcontinent: India Model for Adaptive Comfort (IMAC).
Building and Environment, 98, 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.12.019
MNRE. (2017, January 24). National Solar Mission - Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Program in
India. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy-Government of India. https://solarrooftop.gov.in/
notification/Notification-24012017.pdf
Moora, H. and Barde, H. (2018) ‘Environmental impacts of informal plastic waste management’ , in
Emmons, K. (ed.) ‘Closing the Loop : Innovative partnerships with informal workers to recover plastic
waste, in an inclusive circular economy approach – Pune, India case study’, pp 18-19.
Murari, K. K. et al. (2015) “Intensification of future severe heat waves in India and their effect on heat
stress and mortality,” Regional Environmental Change, 15(4), pp. 569–579
NHB, & Sunref India. (2020). SUNREF-Affordable Green Housing India programme launched by
Agence Française de Développement (AFD), France in partnership with National Housing Bank
(NHB) and support of European Union (EU). https://nhb.org.in/refinance-assistance-from-nhb/
The Daylight Metrics Committee, (2012). ‘IES Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Annual Sunlight
Exposure (ASE)’ , pp 1-3
USEPA 2017, Promoting Sustainability through Net Zero Strategies,<https://www.epa.gov/water-
research/net-zero-concepts-and-definitions>.

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Team 0:0:0

Multi Family Housing for Savvy Infrastructures Pvt Ltd

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 i

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 ii

Fig. 4 Goals for the project based on competition guidelines  6

Fig. 12 Site layout  16

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 iii

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 iv

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 1

Mili Amar Jayati Dhruvi Urvi Ayushi Archie Uma Roota

2.4 Institute - CEPT University

2.5 Faculty Lead - Prof. (Dr.) Minu Agarwal

2.6 Industry Partners

Water Water Photovoltaic Prefab Biogas Sustainability

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 2

3.3 Project Description

3.4 Special Requirements of Project Partner

3.5 Context and Market Analysis

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 3

3.6 Site & Building Program

Information Area(sqm) Notes

Plot area 8,934 As received from Project Partner

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 4

Envelope (U-Values) Wall 0.8 W/m2K

Fig. 4 Goals for the project based on competition guidelines

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 6

Fig. 5 Design process timeline with internal and external reviews

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 7

Table 3 Case Studies for Different Aspects of the Project

Solar Hot water

Aranya Housing, Indore √ √

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 8

Challenge 3 - Ensuring implementation of proposed Strategies

Considering impact of poor Promote use of BEE 5-star Affordability of air-

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 9

Optimization Strategies / Process Parameters Tools

Massing • Minimized irradiation on Number of Grasshopper

Floor Plate • Placement of Open Areas Aspect Ratio Grasshopper

Unit • Maximize daylight (depth and Internal Layouts Design Builder

Envelope • Shoe-box Modeling WFR Design Builder

Shading • Use of horizontal and vertical Response to Design Builder

d Views quantified as per recommendations of IES-LM-83 and EN 17037

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 10

Fig. 6 Potential passive strategies determined through evaluation of climate of Ahmedabad

7.1.2 Massing Optimization

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 11

for All Walls)

Fig. 8 Simulation considerations and iterations

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 12

Fig. 9 Operational schedule for windows, ceiling fans and air-conditioning

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 13

7.1.5 Energy Performance Index (EPI)

Fig. 10 Reduction in EPI with ECMs

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 14

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 15

Fig. 12 Site layout

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 16

SDI | Final Design Report | 0:0:0 17

1. 300mm high, transom

Fig. 4 Goals for the project based on competition guidelines 6

Fig. 12 Site layout 16