Design Hybrid Solar-Wind-Diesel Power Sys
Design Hybrid Solar-Wind-Diesel Power Sys
Design Hybrid Solar-Wind-Diesel Power Sys
ξ
⎛H ⎞
v = vr ⎜ WT ⎟ (3)
⎝ Hr ⎠
⎧ v − vC
⎪ PR ⋅ (vC İ v İ vR )
⎪ v R − vC
⎪⎪
PWT = ⎨ PR (vR İ v İ vF ) (4)
⎪
Fig. 1: Diagram of the stand-alone hybrid system. ⎪
⎪0 (v İ vC and v ı vF )
⎪⎩
2.1 PV Array Performance Model
where σ is the self-discharge rate which depends on the regardless of how much or how little it is used.
accumulated charge and the battery state of health [9]; C’bat
is the battery nominal capacity, Ah. ηbat is the battery Ybat = min (Ybat c , Ybat
, , f ) (9)
charging and discharging efficiency.
The battery floating charge voltage response can be For the studied system, the diesel generator is started at
modeled by the equation-fit method: times when the battery SOC falls below a certain level
(diesel generator starting point), and then the diesel
Vbat = A × ( SOC )3 + B × ( SOC ) 2 + C × SOC + D (6) generator runs at full power (or at a rate not exceeding the
maximum current that batteries are capable of absorbing) to
charge the batteries with any surplus power until the battery
where A, B, C and D are functions of the battery current I:
SOC reach the diesel generator stopping point. Determining
the best value for these set points (diesel generator
⎛ A ⎞ ⎛ a1 a2 a3 ⎞ 2
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎛ I ⎞ starting/stopping point) is the key to achieve an optimum
⎜ B ⎟ = ⎜ b1 b2 b3 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
I (7) operation.
⎜ C ⎟ ⎜ c1 c2 c3 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 1⎟
⎜
⎝ D ⎠ ⎝ d1 d2 d3 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3. ECONOMIC MODEL BASED ON ACS CONCEPT
By fitting the equations to battery performance data, the
parameters a1, a2, a3 …… d1, d2, d3 can be calculated using The economical approach, according to the concept of
Least Squares Fitting method. Annualized Cost of System (ACS), is developed to be the
best benchmark of system cost analysis in this study. The
(3) Battery Lifetime ACS is composed of the annualized capital cost Cacap, the
annualized replacement cost Carep, the annualized
Two independent limitations on the lifetime of battery maintenance cost Camain, and the annualized fuel cost CFuel:
banks (the battery cycle life Ybat,c and the battery float life
Ybat,f) are employed. ACS = Cacap ( PV + Wind + Bat + Tower + DG ) + Carep ( Bat )
+ Camain ( PV + Wind + Bat + Tower + DG ) + CFuel ( DG )
Battery cycle life Ybat,c is the length of time that the battery (10)
will last under normal cycles before it requires
replacement:
3.1 Annualized Capital Cost
1
Ybat c = (8) The annualized capital cost of each component is:
⎛ SOC1i − SOC2i ⎞
,
n
1
∑ ⎜⎜
DODi
⋅ ⎟
C ( DODi ) ⎟⎠
i= ⎝
1
Cacap = Ccap ⋅ CRF ( i, Yproj ) (11)
interest rate i' (the rate at which you could get a loan) and total energy production originating from renewable
the annual inflation rate f by the equation given below. sources:
i′ − f f RE =
PRE
× 100% (17)
i= (13) PRE + PDG
1+ f
where PRE and PDG are the renewable energy and diesel
3.2 The Annualized Replacement Cost
power, kWh.
where Crep is the replacement cost of the component 5. OPTIMUM DESIGN WITH GENETIC ALGORITHM
(battery), US$; Yrep is the component (battery) lifetime,
Year; SFF is the sinking fund facto: Minimization of the objective function (ACS) is
implemented employing Genetic Algorithm (GA). The flow
i
SFF ( i, Yrep ) =
chart of the optimization process to obtain the optimum
Yrep
(15)
(1 + i ) −1 configuration and control strategies is illustrated in Fig. 2.
⎡ Popr ⎤
CFuel = ⎢ F0 + ( FR − F0 ) ⋅ ⎥ ⋅cf
(16)
⎣ PR ⎦
Min ( N PV , N wind , N bat ) ≥ 0 (18) requirement, the optimum configuration and control
strategy can be identified from the set of configurations.
H low ≤ HWT ≤ H high (19)
6. CONCLUSIONS
0 ≤ β ′ ≤ 90 (20)
and Engineering Design. Wiley-IEEE 1997. (9) Guasch, D., Silvestre S. Dynamic battery model for
(7) Zhou W, Yang HX and Fang ZH. A Novel Model for photovoltaic applications. Progress in Photovoltaics:
Photovoltaic Array Performance Prediction. Applied Research and Applications 2003; 11: 193-206.
Energy. 2007 (In press) (10) Skarstein O., Uhlen K. Design considerations with
(8) Paul Gipe. Wind energy comes of age. John Wiley and respect to long-term diesel saving in wind/ diesel
sons. 1995: P536. Wind Engineering 1989; 13: 72-87.