Radar Systems

1L119 Nebo-SVU Russian Early Warning / Target
Acquisition Anti-Stealth Radar

Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Battlefield Surveillance and Reconnaissance Radars > Russia
(RUS) > PRO Iran (Islamic Republic of) > PRO Russian Federation > Land > 1L119 Nebo-SVU
Russian Early Warning / Target Acquisition Anti-Stealth Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Nebo-SVU is part of the Nebo family of Very High Frequency (VHF) 2D and 3D mobile
surveillance radars which also includes the 55G6-1 Nebo 3D radar and 1L13-3 Nebo-SV 2D radar
both deployed in the 1990s. The Nebo-SVU phased array radar is designed to automatically
detect, determine the coordinates and track airborne targets such as rotary- and fixed-wing
aircraft, ballistic missiles, stealth aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, and hypersonic cruise
missiles. Besides, the radar system also provides Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) and detection
of active electronic countermeasures (ECM) capabilities. Advanced digital signal techniques
allow suppressing natural clutter and active jammers. The Nebo-SVU is capable of relying on
target information and air surveillance data to air defense systems and command centers. It
entered service with the Russian Air Force in 2004 and has been exported at least to one
undisclosed customer.
The Nebo-SVU radar comprises antennas and electronic equipment, mounted on a semi-trailer;
and the autonomous electric power plant, based on the ED-2x30-T400-1RA1M4 diesel-engine
power plant, carried by the Kamaz truck. The radar system can operate in various climates with
temperatures ranging from +50 Celsius to -50 Celsius, air humidity of 98%. It can detect a fighter
aircraft with a radar cross-section (RCS) of 2.5 square meters at 50 kilometers flying at 500
meters of altitude, at 250 kilometers flying at 10,000 meters, or at 350 kilometers flying at 20,000
meters. It can detect ballistic targets at altitudes of up to 180 kilometers. Overall, the Nebo-SVU
radar can track in excess of 100 airborne targets simultaneously.
System
Alternate Designation: 1L119 Nebo-SVU
Type: Early Warning / Target Acquisition Anti-Stealth Radar
Manufacturer: Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering (Russian acronym:
NNIIRT)
Mission: Detecting and tracking Very Low Observable (VLO) and Low Observable (LO) aircraft
designs
Characteristics: Solid state phased array with electronic beam-steering in azimuth and elevation,
it is considerably more accurate than its predecessor, it has much better mobility, and
incorporates a wide range of improvements. It retains the VHF element design, but uses vertical
polarization.
Band: VHF
Power Consumption: 30 kPH
Crew: 4 ea
Vehicles: 2 ea
Deployment Time: 20 min
Detection Range: 500 km
Tracking Range: 200 km
Tracking accuracy: 0.5 degrees in azimuth, and 1.5 in elevation, making it suitable as an
acquisition radar for the S-300PMU1/2 and S-400 systems
Detection range for aircraft and ballistic targets with RCS of 1 m2, km:: At 0.5 km altitude, km
65.
At 10 km altitude, km 270.
At 20 km altitude, km 380.
Measurement Accuracy:: Range, 200m.
Azimuth, 30 arc minimum.
Elevation angle, 1.5 (within 3 to 45 deg elevation angle range).
Maximum number of tracks: 100
Mean Time Between Failure: 500 hours
Dimensions
Height of Radar: 6.0 m
Length of Radar: 60 m
Weight: INA
1L13-3 Nebo SV (Box Spring) Russian Mobile 2D Early
Warning Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Russia (RUS) > PRO Russian Federation
> Land > 1L13-3 Nebo SV (Box Spring) Russian Mobile 2D Early Warning Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The 1L13-3 Nebo radar (NATO name: BOX SPRING) is a mobile, 2-D early warning radar operating
in
the A/B Band. The 1L13-3 Nebo radar ECCM features include pulse to pulse frequency agility. It is
designed to reject chaff automatically. The 1L13-3 Nebo radar ECCM features include pulse to
pulse frequency agility. It is designed to reject
chaff automatically.
Capable of being used as part of a radar system to provide a valuable early warning capability
against low observable aircraft. As part of an IADS system, the 1L13 Nebo would be used to cue
the high-power
aperture X-band systems to a small acquisition box in which the VLO aircraft can be found.
System
Alternative Designation: 1L13-3 Nebo SV; NATO: Box Spring
Type: Mobile 2D Early Warning Radar
Chassis: Ural 4320
Crew: INA
Truck-Mounted Antenna Rotating Device: Antenna lifting device from horizontal to vertical
position Phased array tilting device
Cabin Equipment: Transmitter Device:
Mounted in equipment cabin; Two power output amplifiers based on high power; output devices -
endotrones (main and back-up); Broad band power pre-amplifier; Exciter Modulator
Receiver Device, Data Processors and Displays: Mounted in equipment cabin; Cabinets with
receiver units, interference rejection system, radar environmental simulator; Displays
Data processing equipment; IFF transceiver; Digital data processing units
Transmitter Characteristics: Metric (VHF) band of radiated frequencies, Adaptive programmable
and manual frequency agility, Sector radiation mode in azimuth, Shaping of RF pulse by a
complex signal, Shaping of RF pulse by complex signal,Crystal stabilisation of RF oscillator,
Output device of power amplifier : endotron (high power
output device)with liquid cooling.
Frequency: 30-300 MHz (approx)(NATO A/B Band)(IEEE: VHF Band)
Power output: 120-140 kW (peak)
PRF: 300 Hz
Accuracy: 400 m/ 0.67 degrees azimuth
Runup Time: INA
Setup/Stow Time: 45 minutes / 45 minutes
Detection Range (Aircraft) at 500 m Altitude: 60 km
Detection Range (Aircraft) at 10,000 m Altitude: 250 km
Detection Range (Aircraft) at 27,000 m Alititude: 350 km
Dimensions (Chassis: Ural 4320)

Length: 7.37 m
Width: 2.5 m
Height: 4.5 m
Weight, Empty: 8 tons
Antenna Length: 6 m
Antenna Width: 60 m
Antenna Weight: INA
Automotive (Chassis: Ural 4320)

Engine Name: YaMZ-740
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 210 hp
Cruising Range: 1,000 km
Speed, Maximum Road: 85 km/h
Speed, Average Cross: 50 km/h
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious km/h
Gradient: 62 deg
Side Slope: 40 deg
Vertical Step: 0.55 m
Trench: 1.2 m
Fording Depth: 1.75 m
Protection
Armor: INA
Applique Armor: Available to protection against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters
Active Protection System: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: No
NBC Protection: Personal CBRN equipment
Smoke Equipment: No
IR Signature: No
30N6E2 (Tombstone) Russian 3-D Long-Range
Surveillance Radar
(RUS) > Land > PRO Algeria > PRO China > PRO Russian Federation > 30N6E2 (Tombstone)
Russian 3-D Long-Range Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The 64N6 (NATO codename 'Tombstone') 3-D long-range surveillance radar comprises a
hydraulically raised antenna assembly and radar shelter mounted on a common semi-trailer. The
phased-array antenna set has a double-sided antenna aperture. Its 3-D performance is obtained
by rotation of the antenna once every 12 seconds and electronically scanning the antenna beam,
in both azimuth and elevation. Scan sector capability for detecting tactical ballistic missiles is
also provided. This can detect aircraft and cruise missile type targets at a range of up to 300 km
and ballistic missiles with launching ranges of up to 1,000 km using the sector scan facility. An
IFF transponder subsystem is fitted. The radar is used for target detection and tracking in
normal, clutter and severe ECM environments. The data obtained are relayed to the command
post for processing and assessment. The radar can detect targets with speeds of up to 2,788 m/
s (10,000 km/h). The export designation of the system is 83M6E. The S-300PMU-2 system
designation is 83M6E2.
30N6E2 Tombstone Radar
Radar
Name: 30N6E2 Tombstone Radar
Type: Illumination and Guidance Radar
Mission: primarily designed to be used as an engagement radar and to track targets and guide
missiles to impact using a command link channel
NATO Reporting Name: FLAP LID B
NATO Frequency Band: I-J
Target Detection Range: 300 km
Azimuth Detection: 360 deg
Number of Tragets Detection: 100 ea
Simultaneously Engaged Targets: 6 ea
Maximum Target Speed: 30 - 2,800 m/s
Antenna: Antenna RPN 30N6E2 may rise to a special mobile tower 40V6M.
Chassis: The 30N6E2 Tomb stone radar is mounted on the high mobility truck chassis 8x8
MAZ-7910 vehicle derived from the MAZ-543
Missile Control: 72 km
Time Ready to Work: 5 min
Maximum Elevation: +60 deg
Minimum Elevation: -3 deg
Dimensions (MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis)

Length: 11.7 m
Width: 3.07 m
Height: 2.92 m
Maximum Load: 15 tons
Ground Pressure: INA
Automotive (MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis)

Engine Name: D12A-525 38.9-liter Diesel
Engine Type: Diesel
Cruising Range: 650 km
Speed, Average Cross: INA km/h
Configuration: 8x8
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Slope: 40 deg
Trench: 2 m
Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Explosive Reactive Armor: No
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: INA
Camouflage Nets: Yes, Standard
30N6 Flap Lid Russian Ground-Based Target
Acquisition and Tracking Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Russia (RUS) > Land > PRO Russian
Federation > 30N6 Flap Lid Russian Ground-Based Target Acquisition and Tracking Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Flap Lid is a Russian ground-based target acquisition and tracking radar associated with the
SA-10 Grumble ** surface-to-air missile (SAM) system. It uses a phased-array antenna and a
track-via-missile (TVM) tracking and guidance system similar to that of the MIM-104 Patriot /
MPQ-53 system.
Flap Lid can reportedly track six targets and guide two missiles per target simultaneously. The
launch rate is claimed to be three missiles per second. Target elevation coverage may have been
increased from 50 degrees to a maximum of 75 degrees to provide a measure of ballistic missile
defense capa bility. The SA-10B system takes approximately five minutes to deploy.
The trailer-mounted Flap Lid A radar is associated with the SA-10A, while the truck-mounted
(MAZ-7910) Flap Lid B is associated with the SA-10B (S-300P ) system. Although the radar has
few changes, its mounting on a truck allows for rapid deployment and disengagement. Both
options provide 360-degree coverage in azimuth.
The S-400 reportedly uses a new tracking and missile guidance radar that is based on the Flap
Lid sensor, but with a larger antenna assembly along with a secondary array.
30N6 Flap Lid FLAP Lid
System
Name: 30N6 Flap Lid FLAP Lid
Type: Engagement Radar
Antenna: 2.75 sq m
Band: I-J (8-20 GHz)
Interception Range: 90 km
Minimum Interception Altitude: 25 m
Maximum Target Velocity: 4,200 kmh
Target Elevation Coverage: 0-50 degrees
Screening angle: 100 degrees
Mount: The 30N6 FLAP LID A is mounted on a small trailer
Note: The 36D6 TIN SHIELD radar can also be used to augment the S-300 system to provide
earlier target detection than the FLAP LID radar allows. It can detect a missile-sized target flying
at an altitude of 60 metres (200 ft) at least 20 km (12 mi) away, at an altitude of 100 m (330 ft) at
least 30 km (19 mi) away, and at high altitude up to 175 km (109 mi) away. In addition a 64N6
BIG BIRD E/F band target acquisition radar can be used which has a maximum detection range
of 300 km (190 mi).
Dimensions (Chassis: MAZ-7910 8 x 8 Truck)

Length: 9.40 m
Width: 3.10 m
Height: 3.70 m
Weight: 20,000 kg
Automotive (Chassis: MAZ-7910 8 x 8 Truck)

Engine Name: D12A-525
Engine Type: V-12 water-cooled diesel
Engine Power: 525 hp at 2,100 rpm
Power-to-Weight Ratio: 26.25 hp/metric ton
Maximum Speed, Road: 60 km/h
Maximum Speed, Off-Road: 30 km/h
Maximum Range: 800 km
Communications
VHF Radio: R-168 Akveduk
HF Radio: R-161 Poisk
Protection
Armor: INA
Variants
30N6E: Export variant for the S-300PMU1 , SA-20A Gargoyle and SA-10D systems.
30N6E-1 Flap Lid D/Tomb Stone: Export variant for the S-300PMU2 system
30N6E2: export variant for the S-300PMU2 /SA-20B Gargoyle /Favorit systems uses the Tomb
Stone 30N6-E2 radar, but features new missiles and other radars as well as an Elbrus -90
microcomputer with greater capacity and speed.
30N6 Flap Lid B: This is an upgraded variant. It features include the ability to engage
simultaneously six targets, with two missiles against each target. Its phased-array beam-steering
angular range is extended for instantaneous coverage of a 90-degree sector, comparable to the
SPY-1 Aegis radar.
48Ya6-K1 Podlet K1 Russian Mobile Long-Range High-
Altitude Surveillance Radar
(RUS) > PRO Russian Federation > Land > Russia (RUS) > Land > PRO Russian Federation >
48Ya6-K1 Podlet K1 Russian Mobile Long-Range High-Altitude Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Radar 48Ya6-K1 “Podlet K1” (Cyrillic: 48Я6-К1 «Подлет-К1»; translated: “Approach”) is a
mobile three-coordinate S-Band radar of low-altitude, a circular scan of a combat mode and inter-
service application. It uses a phased-array antenna (the upper big array) for detecting and
tracking of low-altitude aims. The lower two back-to-back arrays are secondary radar, the thinner
array for international standard (SIF Mark ),the larger for the national Russian IFF. The narrow
antenna next to the big array is a compensation antenna for protection against jamming.
System
Alternative Designation: 48Ya6-K1 Podlet K1
Type: Mobile Long-Range High-Altitude Surveillance Radar
Mission: The Podlet K1 was designed to detect hostile targets flying at low-altitude, provide early
warning and support Russian advanced air-defense systems, such as the S-400.
Crew: INA
Chassis: INA
Frequency: S-Band
Maximum Range: 200-300 km depending on the operation mode
Passive Electronically Steered Array (PESA) Antenna: Yes
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
59N6E Protivnik-GE Russian Towed 3D Mobile
Surveillance Radar
(RUS) > PRO Egypt > PRO Russian Federation > Land > 59N6E Protivnik-GE Russian Towed 3D
Mobile Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The 59N6E Protivnik-GE is a 3D mobile surveillance radar developed by Almaz Antey Concern to
detect a wide array of airborne targets at a distance between 10 kilometers and 400 kilometers
flying at altitudes of up to 200 kilometers. The radar system features a digital phased array
antenna and digital signal processing system with the ability to perform target identification
while providing the critical information to air defense systems as well as automated command
and control (C2). The Protivnik-GE radar can detect targets flying at speeds between 60 and
8,000 kilometers per hour while tracking up to 150 airborne targets simultaneously. This radar
system has been deployed within the Russian Armed Forces and was supplied to Egypt in 2017.
System
Alternative Designation: 59N6E Protivnik-GE
Type: 3D Mobile Surveillance Radar
Crew: INA
Frequency: D-Band (former L-Band)
Pulse Width: ca. 64 µs
(Pulse compression)
Detection Range: The 59N6E Protivnik-GE is a 3D mobile surveillance radar developed by Almaz
Antey Concern to detect a wide array of airborne targets at a distance between 10 kilometers and
400 kilometers flying at altitudes of up to 200 kilometers.
Digital Phased Array Antenna: Yes
Digital Signal Processing System: Yes
Detection Speed: The Protivnik-GE radar can detect targets flying at speeds between 60 and
8,000 kilometers per hour
Number of Targets: up to 150 airborne targets simultaneously.
Hits Per Scan: 1 to 3
Antenna Rotation: 5 and 10 seconds
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA. TEST
64N6 (Big Bird) Russian Surveillance and Target
Acquisition Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Russia (RUS) > Russia (RUS) > Land >
PRO Russian Federation > 64N6 (Big Bird) Russian Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The 64N6 (NATO codename 'Tombstone') 3-D long-range surveillance radar comprises a
hydraulically raised antenna assembly and radar shelter mounted on a common semi-trailer. The
phased-array antenna set has a double-sided antenna aperture. Its 3-D performance is obtained
by rotation of the antenna once every 12 seconds and electronically scanning the antenna beam,
in both azimuth and elevation. Scan sector capability for detecting tactical ballistic missiles is
also provided. This can detect aircraft and cruise missile type targets at a range of up to 300 km
and ballistic missiles with launching ranges of up to 1,000 km using the sector scan facility. An
IFF transponder subsystem is fitted. The radar is used for target detection and tracking in
normal, clutter and severe ECM environments. The data obtained are relayed to the command
post for processing and assessment. The radar can detect targets with speeds of up to 2,788 m/
s (10,000 km/h). The export designation of the system is 83M6E. The S-300PMU-2 system
designation is 83M6E2.
The Air Defense 64N6 (NATO code designation of Big Bird or Tombstone) is a mobile radar
detection station with bilateral antenna, automatic control of modes and data, working in a
centimetric range of frequencies. It is intended for maintenance with 54N6 radar-tracking
information system and 83N6 control facilities for the S-300PM.
The 64N6 provides detection of the air targets with resolution, accuracy of definition of
coordinates and rate of updating of the data, allowing tracking of targets, follow the trajectory
without difficulty, and overcome active and passive countermeasures, definition of the state
accessory(belonging) of the found out purposes, and also directions of active countermeasures.
Electronic scanning by a beam of illuminators in azimuthal and elevation planes in a combination

to fast switching the sides of radiation of illuminators and uniform electromechanical rotation of
illuminators on an azimuth allows redistribution of radiated energy in separate directions and
sectors of a zone of the review due to temporary expenses for the review of various sites of
space depending on radar-tracking conditions, to divide(undresse) visibility range into a zone of
the regular review and a zone of support, to optimize time allocation for air defense due to use of
procedures of detection in a combination with a mode of selection of the moving target. Borders
of action are established for height and range by operators or automatically.
Protection against active countermeasures is provided with automatic reorganization of carrying
frequency by results of the analysis of tracking conditions. For protection against the active
countermeasures operating on lateral petals of the diagram of an orientation of antennae, the
three-channel self-balancing potentiometer connected to compensatory aerials is used.
Protection against passive countermeasures is made due to use of equipment SDTS. Temporary
automatic adjustment of amplification is applied to reduce the quantity of false tracks in a near
zone (up to 65 km) in the channel of detection, in a distant zone - the scheme of stabilization of a
level of false alarms. To reduce the quantity of false returns from subjects on district and the
inactive purposes it is applied intersurvey the signals received from same sites of space during
several periods of the review.
Management of air defense work and devices entering into it, processing of the radar-tracking
information and definition of coordinates of the purposes is carried out by a computer
constructed on the basis of two specialized computers. The built in monitoring system checks
functioning the equipment and defines malfunctions.
The structure of the command post includes means of speech communication, and also the
broadband communication line 5?312 for transfer of the information on a radio channel or on a
cable. It is completed by means of independent electrosupply into which structure enters the unit
producing the electric power of a three-phase alternating current by frequency of 400 Hz by a
voltage of 220 Volts given means of external power supplies can be used the converting device
and diesel power station.
Equipment is placed in two containers F6 (the illuminators, transmitting and reception devices
and devices for processings of information and management), installed on the lorry convoy
tractor MAZ-74106. The system is served by fighting calculation from 4 person. Its weight is 60
tons
64N6 (Big Bird) Surveillance Radar
System
Alternative Designations: 64N6 (NATO designation Big Bird)
Name: 64N6 (Big Bird) Surveillance Radar
Type: Designation Radar
Crew: 6 ea
Weight: 60,000 kg
Band: 2 GHz
Coverage Azimuth: 360 deg or 180 deg
Elevation Detection Mode: 13.4 deg
Elevation Tracking Mode: 28 deg
Ballistic Target Detection Sector Azimuth: 60 deg
Ballistic Target Detection Sector Elevation: 0-55 deg; or 20-75 deg
64N6E2: 0-75 deg
Detection Range (Mig-21 Type Target): 260 km
Detection Range, Ballistic Target: 127 km
Accuracy Range: 150 m
Accuracy Azimuth: 0.5 deg
Accuracy Elevation: 0.5 deg
Tracking: 200 targets simultaneously
Scan Rate: 12 sec
Emplacement Time: 5 min
Displacement Time: INA
Mount: The 64N6 BIG BIRD is mounted on a large trailer along with a generator and typically
towed with the now familiar 8-wheeled truck
Automotive
Mount: Trailer
Prime Mover: Both elements are mounted on a 60-ton truck consisting of the Type 74106 tractor
and the Type 9988 semi-trailer
Communications
Variants
91N6E: This is an upgraded derivative of the 64N6 Big Bird radar system developed for the S-400
surface-to-air missile system. It has a fully digital design with a higher peak power rating than its
predecessor to accommodate longer-range 48N6E3 and 40N6E missiles.
64N6E (Big Bird) Russian Ballistic Missile Intercept
Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Russia (RUS) > Land > PRO Algeria >
PRO China > PRO Russian Federation > 64N6E (Big Bird) Russian Ballistic Missile Intercept Radar
Tiers:
Notes
Used for the detection of aerial targets and ballistic missiles and works in conjunction with the
SA-10A Grumble or the SA-20 Gargoyle surface to air missile systems. 30% larger aperture than
the U.S. Navy's SPY-1 Aegis radar.
Unlike Western phased arrays in this class, the 64N6 uses a reflective phased array with a front
face horn feed, the horn placed at the end of the long boom which protects the waveguides to
the transmitters and receivers in the cabin. The beam steering electronics are embedded inside
the antenna array, which has around 2700 phase elements on either face. This Janus faced
arrangement permits the Big Bird to concurrently search two 90 degree sectors, in opposite
directions, using mechanical rotation to position the antenna and electronic beam steering in
azimuth and elevation. This design technique permits incremental growth in output power as the
only components of the system which have to handle high microwave power levels are the
waveguide and feed horn.
The 64N6E is a frequency hopper, and incorporates additional auxiliary antenna/receiver

channels for suppression of sidelobe jammers - NIIP claim the ability to measure accurate
bearing to jamming sources. The back end processing is Moving Target Indicator (MTI), and like
the Aegis the system software can partition the instantaneous sector being covered into smaller
zones for specific searches. To enhance MTI performance the system can make use of stored
clutter returns from multiple preceding sweeps. Detection ranges for small fighter targets are of
the order of 140 to 150 nautical miles for early variants. Per 12 second sweep 200 targets can be
detected, and either six or twelve can be individually tracked for engagements.
While the Big Bird provides an excellent acquisition capability against aerial and ballistic missile
targets, the 5V55 missile was inadequate. The S-300PM/PMU1 introduced the 48N6 which has
much better kinematics - cited range against aerial targets is 81 nautical miles, ballistic missile
targets 21.5 nautical miles, with a minimum engagement range of 1.6 to 2.7 nautical miles. Low
altitude engagement capabilities were improved - down to 20 - 30 ft AGL. The missile speed
peaks at 2,100 metres/sec or cca Mach 6. The missiles can be fired at 3 second intervals, and
Russian sources claim a single shot kill probability of 80% to 93% for aerial targets, 40% to 85%
for cruise missiles and 50% to 77% for TBMs.
System
Alternate Designations: NATO designation: Tombstone
Design: Radar is mounted on the cabin of the trailer and a turntable, allowing 360 degree
rotation.
Radar
Radar Type: S-Band phased array search and acquisition
Target Detecting Capability: Can detect up to 200 targets simultaneously
Target Tracking Ability: Either 6 or 12 targets maximum depending on the number of antennas
being used.
Band of Operation: 2 GHz
Azimuth of Operation: 360 with both antennas
Detection Range: 140-150 nautical miles
Time required to be ready to track from the march: 5 minutes
67N6E Gamma-D Russian Towed Long-Range 3D
Acquisition and Air Surveillance Radar
> Land > 67N6E Gamma-D Russian Towed Long-Range 3D Acquisition and Air Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
67N6E «Gamma-D» (Cyrillic: 67Н6Е «Гамма-Д») is a mobile, operating in D-Band solid-state,
long-range 3D acquisition and air surveillance radar, designed for use as part of automated and
non-automated air defense and air force control systems. The radar can also be used for air
traffic control and is with its export version probably an S-400 (Nato-Designator: S-21 “Growler”)
battery component option.
The radar comprises an active phased-array antenna with the turntable, an operator’s cabin
housing electronic equipment and spare parts, tools and accessories set, a diesel power plant
with two diesel-generators, and a self-contained power source for the operator’s cabin. The
radar’s antenna and the turntable may be mounted on a semi-mobile tower (radar deployment
platform 40V6M) with a height of 23.8 m.
A remote control equipment kit can be provided for setting up at command posts to ensure radar
operation at a distance of up to 15 km away with data link coupling. The kit also allows the crew
to operate from the cabin moved 1 000m away from the rotating antenna. The radar is fitted
with a built-in automatic test and monitoring equipment, automatic fire-alarm and fire-
extinguishing systems, air conditioning, and other technical support assets.
System
Alternative Designation: 67N6E Gamma-D
Type: Towed Long-Range 3D Acquisition and Air Surveillance Radar
Crew: INA
Frequency: D-Band
Average Power: 12.5 kW
Instrumental Range: 400 km
Range Resolution: 300 m
Accuracy: 100 m; 0.2°
Beamwidth: 1.35°
Antenna Rotation: 6 min-1
MTBCF: 1 000hrs
Note: 67N6E «Gamma-D» is a mobile, operating in D-Band solid-state, long-range 3D acquisition
and air surveillance radar, designed for use as part of automated and non-automated air defense
and air force control systems. The radar can also be used for air traffic control and is with its
export version probably an S-400 (Nato-Designator: S-21 “Growler”) battery component option.
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
76N6 Clam Shell Russian Low Altitude Acquisition
Radar
Federation > 76N6 Clam Shell Russian Low Altitude Acquisition Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The 76N6 Clam Shell** is a ground-based three-dimensional radar that uses frequency-
modulated continuous-wave transmission for target acquisition in dense electronic
countermeasures (ECM) environments. It is designed to detect and track approaching and
receding low radar cross-section targets, such as cruise missiles, at very low altitudes.The fully
automatic system provides target track data for the fire-control system of static SA-10a or
mobile SA-10b air defense systems. Approaching and receding target velocity, range and bearing
are provided, with selectable 1- or 6-degree vertical beamwidths and selectable beam
polarization.
The FA-51MU antenna head subsystem combines a transmit and receive antenna, separated by a
shielding structure, which prevents spillover from the transmitter into the receiver. The design
includes sidelobe suppression features.
The doubly curved transmit and receive reflectors measure about 9 ft 6 in (2.9 m) in each
dimension. The manufacturer claims world-class resolution, high rejection of clutter (100 dB)
and very accurate pointing.
The antenna head is mounted on a hydraulically elevated mast, which is available in two
versions: the 40V6M, which is 77 ft 5 in (23.8 m) tall; or the 40V6M2/40V6MD, which is 127 ft 3 in
(38.6 m) tall. The mast and antenna head are mated before elevation on a semi-trailer that is
towed by a MAZ-537 tractor. A conventional rotational coupler allows the antenna head to rotate
through 360 degrees.
The Clam Shell transmitter, fitted in the FA-52MU transmit/receive module, produces a high-purity
continuous wave signal for search operations, with imposed low frequency modulation for
ranging to targets. Signal-processing enables the rejection of clutter, terrain, precipitation, high-
density chaff and jamming.
76N6 Clam Shell
System
Alternative Designations: 76N6 Clam Shell
Name: 76N6 Clam Shell
Type: Acquisition Radar
Band: I (8-10 GHz)
Power: 1.4 kW continuous wave
Turn-on Time: 3 min
Setup Time (40V6M mast): 1 hour
Detection Range, Target Flying at 500 meters: 90 km
Detection Range, Target Flying at 1,000 meters: 120 km
Target Tracking: up to 180
Target Resolution Azimuth: 1 deg
Target Resolution Range: 1.9 km
Target Resolution Velocity: 8.7 kmh
Minimum detectable Radar Cross-Section (RCS): 0.02 sq m
Maximum Target Speed: Mach 2.1
Peak Power: 55.0 kW
Mean Time Between Failures: 100 hours
Mount: he 76N6 CLAM SHELL (5N66M etc.) is mounted on a large trailer with a mast which is
between 24 and 39 m (79 and 128 ft) tall. Usually is used with a mast.
Automotive
Mount: Trailer
Primary Mover: MAZ-537 tractor
Communications
Variants
91N6E: This is an upgraded derivative of the 64N6 Big Bird radar system developed for the S-400
surface-to-air missile system. It has a fully digital design with a higher peak power rating than its
predecessor to accommodate longer-range 48N6E3 and 40N6E missiles. The 91N6E is mounted
on the new MZKT-7930 tractor.
96L6E (Cheese Board) Russian Early-Warning and
Acquisition Radar
Federation > 96L6E (Cheese Board) Russian Early-Warning and Acquisition Radar
Tiers:
Notes
96L6E “Cheese Board” is a 3D early-warning and acquisition radar operating in C-Band designed
to replace the 36D6 “Tin Shield B” and 76N6 “Clam Shell”. It is used in conjunction with the SA-10
“Grumble” (S-300) and SA-21 “Growler” (S-400) theatre defence missile systems. Three operators
are needed to run the set. Up to five operator consoles are provided.
The phased-array antenna with 96 radiating rows employs mechanical beam steering in azimuth
and electronic beam steering in elevation. The radar is a frequency hopping design intended to
provide high jam resistance and high clutter rejection. There are two operation modes
implemented: Low altitude targets can be acquired by constraining the mainlobe elevation angle
between -3° and +1.5° using an antenna rotation of 5 rpm. This slow rotation allows a better
clutter rejection with a subclutter visibility up to 70 dB. All altitude targets can be acquired by
constraining the mainlobe elevation angle between -1.5° and +20° using an antenna rotation of
10 rpm. As a third mode the radar can operate in a sector search.
The 96L6E measures range, azimuth and elevation and performs up to 100 local tracks
automatically. It classifies four different target types: aircrafts, helicopters, UAVs, and missiles.
After relocation the 96L6E can be set up by three operators in less than 5 minutes.
System
Name: 96L6E, NATO: Cheese Board
Type: 3D early-warning and acquisition radar
Target Detection Range: 300 km
Simultaneously Tracked Targets: 100 ea
Works in Conjunction with: the 83M6E2 control post and S-300MPU2 launchers
Chassis: MAZ-7930 (8x8) truck chassis and is intended for use with the S-300PMU and
S-300PMU1 air defence systems as an upgrade to replace several existing radar's with a single
more capable system
Band: C-Band
Crew: Three operators are needed to run the set. Up to five operator consoles are provided
Antenna: The phased-array antenna with 96 radiating rows employs mechanical beam steering in
azimuth and electronic beam steering in elevation
Antenna Rotation: 5-10 rpm
Mean Time Betweeen Critical Failure: 10,000 hours
High Jam Resistance: Yes
Frequency Hopping: Yes
High Clutter Rejection: Yes
Operation Modes: There are two operation modes implemented: Low altitude targets can be
acquired by constraining the mainlobe elevation angle between -3° and +1.5° using an antenna
rotation of 5 rpm
Note: The 96L6E “Cheese Board” is designed to replace the 36D6 “Tin Shield B” and 76N6 “Clam
Shell”.
Dimensions (MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis)

Length: 11.7 m
Width: 3.07 m
Height: 2.92 m
Ground Pressure: INA
Automotive (MAZ-543 Special Wheeled Chassis)

Engine Name: D12A-525 38.9-liter Diesel
Engine Type: Diesel
Speed, Average Cross: INA km/h
Configuration: 8x8
Gradient: 60 deg
Side Slope: 40 deg
Trench: 2 m
Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Camouflage Nets: Yes, Standard
Note: Protection. Additional elements of protection are the placement of components of C-300 in
the trenches (practiced as placing on the hills for a better view and more rapid care of the
horizon, and in the trenches for stealth and protection against fragments of explosions).
9S15 Billboard (9S15M Obzor 3) Russian 3D
Surveillance Radar System
(RUS) > PRO Russian Federation > Land > 9S15 Billboard (9S15M Obzor 3) Russian 3D
Tiers:
Notes
The 9S15M is a high-capacity, coherent pulse S-Band radar that utilizes electronic elevation and
mechanical azimuth scanning. It is designed for use with the Antey S-300V (NATO reporting
name SA-12a Gladiator/SA-12b Giant) SAM system's command post or the radar data
processing centers of automated air defense C2 system.
System
Radar
Name: 9S15 / 9S15M (BILL BOARD) Surveillance Radar system
Type: 3D, Phased-Array Surveillance Radar system
Traverse Range: 360 deg
Crew: 4 ea
Operating Frequency Range: 2.0 to 4.0 Ghz (S-Band)
Transmission Beamwidth: 1.5° vertical / 1.5° horizontal
Detection Range (Ballistic Missile Mode): 150 km
Detection Range (Small Aerial Target, such as an F-16 Fighter): 200 km
Detection Range (Maximum): 250 km
Antenna Rotating Speed: 6-12 sec
Estimated Target Tracking Capacity: up to 200 targets
Target Coverage Elevation: 0-58º in Elevation
Target Coverage Accuracy: 30-35 min of arc in azimuth and 250 m in range
Waveband: Centimetric
Scan Cycle: 6-8 seconds depending on operational mode
Reciever Sensitivity: 10-13 Watts
Note: This radar is mounted on a tracked chassis and provides a highly mobile 3D search and
acquisition capability, but is limited in low level coverage footprint by its antenna elevation. Its
limited scan rate makes it unusable for high performance IRBM acquisition and tracking.
9S18M1 Snow Drift Russian Mobile 3D Coherent-Pulse
Target Acquisition Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Russia (RUS) > Land > PRO Azerbaijan >
PRO Belarus > PRO Cyprus > PRO Egypt > PRO Finland > PRO Georgia > PRO Russian Federation
> PRO Syria > PRO Ukraine > 9S18M1 Snow Drift Russian Mobile 3D Coherent-Pulse Target
Acquisition Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The 9S18M1 radar (NATO name: SNOW DRIFT) is a 3-D acquisition radar operating in the
centimetric
Band. The 9S18M1 SNOW DRIFT is a mobile 3-D radar that uses an electronically steered pencil
beam. The
system incorporates frequency agility, giving it enhanced resistance to ECM. The SNOW DRIFT
generally receives
early warning from brigade-level surveillance radars such as the SPOON REST before acquiring
the target. The radar
can track up to 50 targets at a time, and provide target designation on six targets. Weapon
systems associated with the
9S18M1 SNOW DRIFT include the SA-11 GADFLY and the SA-17 GRIZZLY.
System
Alternative Designation: 9S18M1 Snow Drift
Type: Mobile 3D Coherent-Pulse Target Acquisition Radar
Manufacturer: NIIP (Measuring Instruments Research Bureau), Novosibirsk, Russia
Rosoboronexport, Moscow, Russia (export)
Chassis: The radar is vehicle-mounted and can become operational, once positioned, in less than
5 minutes.
Crew: INA
Detection Range High-Altitude Target: 85 km
Detection Range 100 meter Altitude Target: 35 km
Detection Range Nap-of-Earth (NOE) Target: 23 km
Tracking Range High-Altitude Target: 70 km
Tracking Range Nap-of-Earth (NOE) Target: 20 km
Emplacement Time: Less than 5 min
Displacement Time: Less than 5 min
Coverage Azimuth Ballistic Missile Targets: 120 deg
Coverage Azimuth Aircraft Targets: 360 deg
Coverage Elevation Aircraft Targets: 40 deg
Coverage Elevation Ballistic Missile Targets: 55 deg
Accuracy: 150 m
Scan Rate: 6-18 sec (deployment on operating mode)
Targets Located per Scan: 100
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Variants
9S18M1-1: This variant offers increased detection range of 86 nm (99 mi, 160 km) and has a
scan rate of 4.5 and 6 s.
9S19 High Screen (9S19M Imbir) Russian Long-Range
Sector Surveillance Radar System
(RUS) > PRO Russian Federation > Land > 9S19 High Screen (9S19M Imbir) Russian Long-Range
Sector Surveillance Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
The specialized 9S19 Imbir is a high-power-aperture, coherent, X-band phased array designed for
the rapid acquisition and initial tracking of inbound ballistic missiles within a 90-degree sector.
To that effect it uses a large passive phase technology transmissive array, using a conceptually
similar space feed technique to the MPQ-53 and 30N6 series radars, producing a narrow 0.5º
pencil beam main lobe. The primary search waveform is chirped to provide a very high pulse
compression ratio intended to provide a very high range resolution of small targets.
The design uses a 16 kiloWatt ave Travelling Wave Tube (TWT) source, very low sidelobes, and
frequency hopping techniques to provide good resistance to jamming.
Three primary operating modes are used. In the first the 9S19 scans a 90º sector in azimuth,
between 26º and 75º in elevation, to detect inbound Pershing class IRBMs within a 40 to 95
nautical mile range box, feeding position and kinematic data for up to 16 targets to the 9S457
command post. In this mode, the transmissive array is tilted back to 35º.
The second mode is intended to detect and track supersonic missiles such as the AGM-69
SRAM, and sweeps a narrower 60º sector in azimuth, between 9º and 50º in elevation, within a
range box between 10 and 90 nautical miles, generating target position and velocity updates at 2-
second intervals.
The third mode is intended to acquire aircraft in severe jamming environments, with similar
angular and range parameters to the second mode. In this mode, the transmissive array is tilted
back to 15º.
System
System
Name: 9S19 HIGH SCREEN Sector Radar system
Type: Sector Surveillance Radar
Purpose: The HIGH SCREEN sector radar supporst the ATBM role, providing surveillance of
anticipated azimuths of threat missiles
Crew: 4 ea
Mission: It is used to detect high speed targets, such as ballistic missile warheads
Mode: Three primary operating modes are used. In the first the 9S19 scans a 90º sector in
azimuth, between 26º and 75º in elevation, to detect inbound Pershing class IRBMs within a 40
to 95 nautical mile range box, feeding position and kinematic data for up to 16 targets to the
9S457 command post. In this mode the transmissive array is tilted back to 35º. The second
mode is intended to detect and track supersonic missiles such as the AGM-69 SRAM, and
sweeps a narrower 60º sector in azimuth, between 9º and 50º in elevation, within a range box
between 10 and 90 nautical miles, generating target position and velocity updates at 2 second
intervals. The third mode is intended to acquire aircraft in severe jamming environments, with
similar angular and range parameters to the second mode. In this mode the transmissive array is
tilted back to 15º.
Maximum Targets, Simultaneous: maximum being 16 simultaneous targets
Waveband: Centimetric
Maximum Elevation in Anti-Missile Mode: +73 deg
Minumum Elevation in Anti-Missile Mode: +30 deg
Maximum Elevation in Anti-Aircraft Mode: +50 deg
Minimum Elevation in Anti-Aircraft Mode: 0 deg
Scan Cycle: 12.5-14 seconds
Number of Ballistic Targets tracked Simultaneously: up to 16
Rate of Target Updates fed into the CP: 1-2 seconds
Note: The radar is switches to a tracking mode when high speed targets are detected,
automatically transmiting the trajectory parameters to the Command Post Vehicle
9S32 Grill Pan Russian Fire Control Radar System
> Land > 9S32 Grill Pan Russian Fire Control Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
The 9S32 Grill Pan Fire Control Radar System is a multiple-target X-band tracking and guidance
radar using a 10,000-element space-fed transmission lens. Above the radar array is an IFF
planara array, and below it are three sidelobe canceller antennas, which are mechanically steered
to cover the main array sidelobe structure on up to three selected targets.
There are two monopulse feeds on the top of the rotating radar turret. The upper feed is covered
by a white, Teflon-like shell and is used when the array is set to 30° tilt for aircraft targets. The
lower feed is further forward on the roof of the turret and is in line with the center axis of the
array when it is tilted to approximately 45° for TBM intercepts.
The emphasized features of the SA-12 system, including the Grill Pan array, are low RF loss and
low cost. The phase shifters are Faraday rotators, having two sections in series, controlled by
separate coils, with a total phase of 720°.
In each phase shifter, the first coil is connected in series with coils of other phase shifters in that
row and driven by the row command. The second coil is connected in series with coils of the
other phase shifters in that column and driven by the corresponding column command. Thus, a
10,000-element array, 100x 100 elements, requires only 100-row drivers and 100 column drivers.
There are no electronic components on the phase shifter.
The radar transmits right circular polarization and receives left circular (the predominant target
echo polarization), and hence the Faraday rotator uses the same control field for the reception as
for transmission.
The control field is changed only when the beam position is changed. During a dwell of several
milliseconds, several hundred pulses are transmitted and received.
System
Radar System
Name: 9S32 GRILL PAN Guidance Radar system
Type: Parabolic dish target-illumination radar on telescoping mast on missile launch vehicle.
Purpose: The GRILL PAN radar system controls the battery's launcher vehicles (TELARs and
LLVs).
Sector Scan: 90-deg sector scan through 50 deg elevation on separate vehicle
Guidance System: Inertial guidance with semi-active terminal homing.
Band: X-Band
Multichannel: Yes
Peak Power: 150 kW
Beamwidth: 0.5 deg
Antenna: Transmission type of space fed phased-array antenna.
Maximum Targets, Simultaneous: It can simultaneously track up to 12 targets and control up to
six missiles against these targets.
Radar Cross-Section: Radar cross-section of 2m2 at a range of 150 km in manual mode and 140
km in automatic mode.
IFF Planara Array: Yes
Note: The GRILL PAN tracks targets assigned to it by the CP while simultaneously maintaining a
horizon search for new targets.
Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Note: The S-300V is considered as a survivable system. Once all the missiles are launched the
launcher vehicles can briefly redeploy. It uses shoot, scoot and hide tactics in order to avoid
being destroyed.
9S80 (Dog Ear) Russian Target Acquisition Radar
System
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Russia (RUS) > PRO Angola > PRO
Azerbaijan > PRO Belarus > PRO Bosnia and Herzegovina > PRO Croatia > PRO Cuba > PRO
Czech Republic > PRO Georgia > PRO India > PRO Jordan > PRO Kazakhstan > PRO Macedonia >
PRO North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) > PRO Russian Federation > PRO
Serbia > PRO Slovakia > PRO Syria > PRO Turkmenistan > PRO Ukraine > Land > 9S80 (Dog Ear)
Russian Target Acquisition Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
The Dog Ear (with the Russian designation of 9S80) is a Russian ground-based, target-
acquisition radar mounted on an MT-LB multi-purpose tracked vehicle or MT-LBu armored
command and reconnaissance vehicle (ACRV). It uses an open-mesh, rounded-rectangle
parabolic antenna. The radar supplies target alerting information to the SA-13 Gopher (Russian
9K35 Strela-10) surface-to-air missile (SAM) system. Deployment usually involves one system for
each air defense battery/battalion.
System
9S80 Dog Ear Radar System

Name: 9S80 Dog Ear Radar System
Type: Acquisition Radar
Chassis: MT-LB
Function: The radar supplies target alerting information to the SA-13 Gopher (Russian 9K35
Strela-10) surface-to-air missile (SAM) system.
Antenna Type: open-mesh, rounded-rectangle parabolic antenna.
Vehicle Mount: The Dog Ear (with the Russian designation of 9S80) is a Russian ground-based,
target-acquisition radar mounted on an MT-LB multi-purpose tracked vehicle or MT-LBu armored
command and reconnaissance vehicle (ACRV).
Band: F-G (3-6 GHz)
Maximum Range, Acquisition: 80 km
Maximum Range, Tracking: 35 km
Note #1: Target acquisition requires a separate vehicle mounting a Dog Ear** forward alerting
radar.
Note #2: Deployment usually involves one system for each air defense battery/battalion.
Dimensions (MT-LB)
Length: 6.45 m
Width: 2.85 m
Height: 1.87 m
Ground Clearance: 400 mm
Length of Track on Ground: 3.80 m
Track Width: 350 mm
Automotive (MT-LB)
Engine Name: 1 x YaMZ 238V
Engine Type: V-8 diesel engine
Transmission: manual w/1 reverse gear and 6 forward gears
Fuel: 450 liters
Suspension: torsion bar, 6 road wheels, front drive, rear idler, 2 shock absorbers, no return rollers
Maximum Speed, Road: 62 km/h
Maximum Speed, Water: 6 km/h
Range: 500 km
Gradient: 60 %
Side Slope: 30 %
Vertical Obstacle: 0.70 m
Trench: 2.70 m
Fording: Amphibious
Protection
Armor: 7-14 mm maximum
Applique Armor: INA
Active Protection System: INA
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
AF902 Chinese Towed Air Defense and Fire Control
Radar System
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > China, People's Republic of > PRO China
> Land > AF902 Chinese Towed Air Defense and Fire Control Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
The AF902 is an air defense fire-controlled radar used to provide integrated air defense for towed
guns, such at the twin 35mm and PL9C Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) systems. It is also capable
of rapid deployment and has a high mobility rate. The operator's controls include a digital Plan
Position Indicator, digital Multi-Media Indicator, digital Amplified Range Indicator, keyboard with
tracker ball and joystick, main operation control panel, weapon control range, and indication and
control panel. In addition to tis radar capabilities, it also has a electronic counter counter-
measure (ECCM) and a short reaction time.
System
Alternative Designation: AF902 Chinese Towed Air Defense and Fire Control Radar System
Type: Fire Control Radar
Crew: 2 ea
Resolution: 0.5 - 5 m
Note 1:: This radar is usually towed by a three-axle truck.
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: 6000 kg
Trailer: 4-wheels
Operating Temperatures: -20C to 50+C
Radar
Frequency ranges: 8 GHz to 12.5 GHz (search radar)
4 GHz to 8 GHz (search/tracking radar)
26.5 GHz to 40 GHz (Ka-band tracking radar)
Antenna: Cassegrain
Azimuth: 360 degrees
Detection Altitude: 3000 m
Acccuracy: 10 m (C-band search/tracking radar)
5 m (Ka-band tracking radar)
5 m (Laser Range-Finder)
0.5 m (Infra-red Range-Finder)
Note 1:: The controls include a digital Plan Position Indicator, digital Multi-Media Indicator, digital
Amplified Range Indicator, keyboard with tracker ball and joystick, main operation control panel,
weapon control range, and indication and control panel.
Note 2:: This system has three band radars integrated into one system, X-band search radar
(range of 22km for Fighter aircraft and 9km for cruise missiles), C-band search and tracking
radar (range of 32km for Fighter aircraft and 13km for cruise missiles) and Ka-band tracking
radar (range of 15km for Fighter aircraft and 6km for cruise missiles) with TV/IR tracking, IFF and
various electro-optical technologies
Giraffe 1X Swedish Lightweight Multi-Mission
Surveillance Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Battlefield Surveillance and Reconnaissance Radars > Sweden
> PRO Sweden > PRO United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland > Land > Giraffe 1X
Swedish Lightweight Multi-Mission Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Saab (formerly Ericsson Microwave Systems AB) Giraffe Radar is a family of land and naval
two- or three-dimensional G/H-band (4 to 8 GHz) passive electronically scanned array radar-
based surveillance and air defense command and control systems tailored for operations with
medium- and Short Range Air Defense (SHORAD) missile or gun systems or for use as gap-fillers
in a larger air defense system. The radar gets its name from the distinctive folding mast which
when deployed allows the radar to see over nearby terrain features such as trees, extending its
effective range against low-level air targets. The first systems were produced in 1977. By 2007,
some 450 units of all types are reported as having been delivered.
When agility and presence close to the combat area are essential, the Giraffe 1X short-range 3D
radar surveillance system is there to protect mobile forces and assets against airborne threats.
The Giraffe 1X is an ideal air surveillance component in the VSHORAD domain and can be used
as a gap-filler that provides airspace commanders with the capabilities needed for maintaining
continuous and accurate air situational awareness.
Highly capable with small footprint

Giraffe 1X is a small and lightweight yet high performing 3D radar that is easily integrated in
almost any type of mobile platform, fixed structure or C2 system. The system is designed to
deliver key capabilities as part of short-range surveillance and Ground Based Air Defence
(GBAD).
Accessing the bigger picture

The compact concept makes Giraffe 1X the perfect choice when continuous air surveillance is
desired. It provides swift understanding of the air situation, enabling immediate and effective
response to changing threats, new tactics and shifting operational conditions. The system
monitors the air volume 360 degrees for air targets and simultaneously locates and warns
against incoming rocket, artillery and mortar rounds.
Counter-UAV function
Features include Saab’s unique function for enhanced low, slow and small (ELSS) target
detection, which provides a dedicated counter-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) capability.
System
Alternative Designation: Giraffe 1X
Type: Lightweight Multi-Mission Surveillance Radar
Manufacturer: SAAB
Family: Giraffe Radar
In Service: INA
Crew: 1 ea
Fixed, Mobile or Deployable: Giraffe 1X is a mobile, deployable or fixed asset for short-range
surveillance and Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD) that provides forces with early warning and
the ability to detect and classify more than 100 different targets – simultaneously. Even in high-
clutter environments. The system can be delivered with surface surveillance as well as sense &
warn add-ons and can be operated remotely or locally.
Giraffe 1X is very lightweight with an exceptional small integration footprint. In fact, the complete
radar can be transported on a pickup truck-sized vehicle, by helicopter or towed on a trailer. It can
be permanently installed on a building or a mast, or integrated into a suitable vehicle. The system
can be operated remotely or locally.
Multi-Role for Multipurpose: Giraffe 1X provides simultaneous air surveillance, GBAD target
acquisition and RAM sense and warn capabilities without performance degradation. It can detect
fixed and rotary wing targets, fast missiles and RAM targets as well as small UAVs in high-clutter
environments. It also offers flexible integration of weapon systems and tactical data links, and
can be configured fully self-contained with C3 capabilities.
Superior Detection: Giraffe 1X covers the entire search volume every second and will detect any
air threat, including small, slow, high and low targets. The system provides exceptional air picture
awareness with all-weather performance and accurate 3D data for all targets in the search
volume.
Automatic weapon location and impact location can be provided as an option. The system offers
360˚ detection and tracking of RAM threats even in severe clutter. This means it can provide your
forces with automatic warning of incoming threats, giving them the time needed to prepare and
respond.
Networking Possibilities: In the design of Giraffe 1X much emphasis has been put on networking
performance. Giraffe 1X allows for standard or Customised data link integration.
Gifraffe 1X Key Advantages: *Highly capable radar with a small footprint
*Covers the entire search volume every second
*Full mission flexibility through unparalleled support services
*Full interoperability
Integrated Logistics Support (ILS): ILS is an important part of the system delivery and will form
the basis for future maintenance. Saab ILS experts have solid experience in tailoring ILS
deliveries together with customers worldwide
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Automotive
Note: Giraffe 1X is a small and lightweight yet highperforming 3D radar that is easily integrated in
almost any type of mobile platform, fixed structure or C2 system.
Radar System
Name: Giraffe 1X
Type: Stacked beam 3D radar
Antenna Type: AESA, digital beam forming
Frequency: X (I) band
Elevation Coverage: > 70 degrees
Rotation Rate: 60 RPM
Search Volume: 360° or in a sector
Instrumented Range: 75 km
Giraffe 4A Swedish Multi-Mission Surveillance Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Sweden > Land > Giraffe 4A Swedish
Multi-Mission Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
Multimission flexibility - Giraffe 4A combines the battle-proven designs from the Arthur and
Giraffe AMB product families with an all-new radar sensor, based on AESA (Active Electronically
Scanned Array) technology. This new radar offers exceptional range, performance and multi-
function operational flexibility in a single solution.
Air surveillance
The ability to identify and track a high number of objects simultaneously makes the system
suitable for air and sea surveillance as well as military ATC.
Ground-based air defence

Tracks air targets together with identification capability to to support multiple simultaneous
engagements.
Weapon locating
Tracks ballistic projectiles and calculates point of origin and point of impact for counter-battery
fire or adjustment of own fire.
Sense and warn

The ability to detect and warn for small incoming ballistic objects offers valuable protection of
own forces or civilian protection objects.
Operational in all climate zones

Giraffe 4A is specified for operation in extreme climates, ranging from inland, coastal and hot
desert to Arctic environments.
Giraffe 4A is reliable and easy to operate. Redundant design such as the AESA concept makes
the time between critical failure extremely long; >2,500 h while typical repair time is less than 45
min.
Large volume C-UAS surveillance

System
Alternative Designation: Giraffe 4A Radar
Type: Multi-Mission Surveillance
Manufacturer: SAAB
In Service: INA
Crew: 2
Displacement Time: 5 min
Multi-Mission Capability: With Giraffe 4A the commanding officer will access very high situation
awareness through simultaneous air surveillance and GBAD target acquisition together with
weapon locating capacity without performance degradation. If the situation dictates, the
commanding officer can choose between search in the entire 360° volume or an optimised
search in a sector (45°-120°).Both with coverage up to 70° of elevation.
Weapon Location Mode: Giraffe 4A also offers an optimised mode for weapon locating where
the radar continuously searches the horizon and immediately tracks incoming projectiles.The
point of origin and point of impact are calculated and serve as input for counter-battery fire,
adjustment of own fire or warning of incoming fire.
Surviability: Much emphasis has been put on ECCM performance in the design of Giraffe 4A.
This includes:
*Ultra-low side lobes

*Frequency agility; pulse to pulse, burst to burst, and
scan to scan frequency agility
*PRF switching and PRF stagger with random jitters
*Intermittent (or random) transmission, to confuse
hostile ESMs and anti-radiation missiles
*Sector transmission, which can be independently
defined by the operator
*Automatic selection of least jammed frequency
*Automatic jammer detection and tracking in both azimuth and elevation
Operated Locally or Remotely: Giraffe 4A is designed to be operated locally or by remote control.
Local operation is executed with a ruggedised PC in close connection to the system. The system
also includes an operator module with two operator places in an NBC protected and armoured
shelter.
Flexibility and Mobility: Giraffe 4A can be deployed by two persons in less than 10 min and
teardown takes less than 5 min. It can also be airlifted by a single C-130 using standard
equipment for container handling. With larger aircraft, such as the IL-76, C-17 or A400M the
system can be transported as drive-on/drive-off cargo.
Integrated Logtistics Support (ILS): ILS is an important part of the system delivery and will form
the basis for future maintenance.
Saab ILS experts have solid experience in tailoring

ILS deliveries together with customers worldwide.
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Automotive
Note: INA
Radar System
Name: Giraffe 4A
Frequency: S (E/F) band
Rotation Rate: 30 or 60 RPM
Air Surveillance: 120 km
Weapon Locating: 100 km
Variants
Giraffe 40: This is a short-range (40 kilometres (25 mi) instrumented) air defense radar with
command and control capability. It employs a folding antenna mast that extends to a height of
13 metres (43 ft) when deployed and can be integrated with an Interrogation Friend or Foe (IFF)
capability. Coverage is stated to be from ground level to 10,000 metres (33,000 ft) in altitude. In
Swedish service the radar is designated PS-70 and PS-701 and provides target data to RBS-70
SHORADS missiles and 40mm Bofors guns. A more powerful version with a 60 kW transmitter is
known commercially as Super Giraffe and in Swedish service as PS-707. These radars are no
longer marketed.
Giraffe 50AT: This is the model used in the Norwegian NALLADS air defense system which
combines the radar and RBS-70 missiles with 20 mm anti-aircraft guns to provide low-level air
defense for the combat brigades of the Norwegian army. Mounted on a BV-206 all-terrain tracked
vehicle this version has an instrumented range of 50 km (31 mi). The antenna extends to a height
of 7 metres (23 ft) and the system can control up to 20 firing units of guns or missiles or a
combination of both. The Command and Control system features fully automatic track initiation,
target tracking, target identification (IFF), target classification and designation, hovering
helicopter detection threat evaluation and handling of "pop-up" targets. It can also exchange data
with Giraffe 75 or AMB systems as part of a larger network
Giraffe 75: This features a 13 metres (43 ft) antenna mast and is normally carried on a 6x6 5-ton
cross-country truck which carries the radar and command and control shelter. Instrumented
range is 75 km (47 mi) and altitude coverage extends from ground-level to 10,000 metres (33,000
ft). An optional add-on unit extends the radars coastal defense capabilities. In Swedish service
the radar is designated PS-90.[3] In the Greek Air Force Giraffe 75 is used in combination with
Contraves (now Rheinmetall defense) Skyguard/Sparrow fire control systems. 1 Giraffe typically
controls 2 Skyguard systems each with 2 twin 35 mm GDF-005 guns and 2 Sparrow surface-to-
air missile launchers.
Giraffe S: Optimized as a mobile radar for un-manned remote-controlled applications as a "gap-
filler" in air defense early warning systems concentrating on small, low-flying targets over a long
distance. It can also be employed as a coastal surveillance radar where targets are small surface
vessels and sea-skimming missiles or aircraft. A new antenna extends range coverage to 180 km
(110 mi) with altitude coverage from ground level to 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). The antenna mast
extends to 8 metres (26 ft).
Giraffe AMB: Giraffe Agile Multi Beam is a passive electronically scanned array radar, providing
multi-beam 3-Dimensional air coverage at 5.4 to 5.9 GHz with instrumented ranges of 30 km (19
mi), 60 km (37 mi) and 100 km (62 mi), the altitude coverage is extended from ground-level to
20,000 metres (66,000 ft) with 70-degree elevation coverage. Data rate is 1-scan per-second. Its
maintained pulse density suppresses high cluttering in adverse weather conditions. Ultra-low
antenna side-lobes combined with pulse-to-pulse and burst-to-burst frequency agility provides
some resistance to jamming. As in previous Giraffe radars automatic hovering helicopter
detection is provided as is a rocket, artillery and mortar locating function, allowing the radar to
detect incoming rounds and give 20 seconds or more of warning before impact. Giraffe AMB is
the principal sensor of the Swedish RBS 23 BAMSE air defense missile system but is available
for many other applications. The Giraffe AMB can be delivered with ground surveillance options
fitted. A skilled crew can deploy the radar in around 10 minutes and recover it in around 6
minutes.
ARTE 740: This is a coastal defense radar based on the Giraffe 75 antenna and Giraffe AMB
processing system optimized for surface and low-altitude coverage for the Swedish Amphibious
Forces (formerly the Coastal Artillery). It is mounted on a MOWAG Piranha 10x10 armored
vehicle. 6 systems are in service.
Sea Giraffe AMB: Saab's Sea Giraffe AMB is the naval variant of their Giraffe radar with 3D AMB
technology. It can detect air and surface targets from the horizon up to a height of 20,000 metres
(66,000 ft) at elevations up to 70°, and can simultaneously handle multiple threats approaching
from different directions and altitudes, including diving anti-ship missiles. Also, it is specialized
for rapidly detecting small, fast moving targets at all altitudes and small surface targets in severe
clutter. Sea Giraffe AMB is installed on the Republic of Singapore Navy's upgraded Victory-class
corvette and US Navy's Independence class of Littoral Combat Ships, and has the designation
AN/SPS 77 V for LCS 2 and 4, and AN/SPS 77 V for LCS 6 and higher. It has also been chosen for
the Royal Canadian Navy's new Protecteur-class Joint Support Ships. The radar has an
instrumented range of 180 kilometres. Its roles include: *Air surveillance and tracking *Surface
surveillance and tracking *Target identification for weapon systems *High-resolution splash
spotting
AESA: Saab Electronic Defence Systems (EDS) in May 2014 unveiled two new classes of active
electronically scanned array (AESA) radar—three land-based systems (Giraffe 1X, Giraffe 4A and
Giraffe 8A) and two naval variants (Sea Giraffe 1X and Sea Giraffe 4A).
Giraffe 8A: At the top end of the range is the Giraffe 8A, a long-range IEEE S-band (NATO E/F) 3D
sensor that can be produced in fixed, transportable and fully mobile configurations. Intended
primarily for remote operation as part of an integrated air defence network, Giraffe 8A can also
be operated locally. It has an instrumented range of 470 km and an altitude capability of more
than 40,000m, bringing true long-range air defence capability to the Saab radar family for the first
time. Giraffe 8A produces 15 stacked beams to provide elevation coverage from ground level to
more than 65°. It can operate in a continuous 360° scan mode, rotating mechanically at 24rpm,
or can be steered electronically across an operator-specified sector of 40° to 100°. More than
1,000 air defence tracks can be maintained, and the system also has anti-ballistic missile
capability, in which case more than 100 tracks can be followed. Saab has paid special attention
to Giraffe 8A's electronic counter-countermeasures properties. The radar generates very low
sidelobes and incorporates sophisticated frequency agility in pulse-to-pulse, burst-to-burst and
scan-to-scan regimes. It also switches and staggers pulse repetition frequency and transmits
random jitter to further confuse countermeasures. It automatically selects the least jammed
frequencies and can transmit intermittently or randomly. The radar offers a passive detection
and tracking capability against jammers.
Giraffe 4A: While the Giraffe 8A occupies the high end of the family, Saab has introduced new
radars in the medium-range category in the form of Giraffe 4A and Sea Giraffe 4A for naval use.
Employing similar S-band technology to the larger radar, Giraffe 4A offers true 3D multirole
capability, combining the air defence and weapon locating tasks in a single unit. Able to be
airlifted in a single C-130 load, Giraffe 4A can be deployed by two people in less than 10 minutes.
It can operate as a standalone.
GIRAFFE 1X: To complete its new line-up, Saab has introduced two short-range radars, Giraffe 1X
and Sea Giraffe 1X. Working in the IEEE X-band (NATO I-band), Giraffe 1X is intended primarily as
a highly mobile radar that can work with very short-range air defence systems in the battlefield or
at sea. Weighing less than 300 kg, Giraffe 1X can be mounted on a small vehicle or vessel or in
fixed installations such as on a building or a mast. The radar has a sense-and-warn function and
can be optionally configured for weapon location.
Giraffe 50AT Norwegian Mobile Air Defense Radar
System
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Norway > PRO Brazil > PRO Croatia >
PRO Estonia > PRO Finland > PRO France > PRO Greece > PRO Indonesia > PRO Ireland > PRO
Latvia > PRO Lithuania > PRO Norway > PRO Pakistan > PRO Serbia > PRO Singapore > PRO
Sweden > PRO Thailand > PRO United States of America > Land > Giraffe 50AT Norwegian Mobile
Air Defense Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
This is the model used in the Norwegian NALLADS air defense system which combines the radar
and RBS-70 missiles with 20 mm anti-aircraft guns to provide low-level air defense for the
combat brigades of the Norwegian army. Mounted on a BV-206 all-terrain tracked vehicle this
version has an instrumented range of 50 km (31 mi). The antenna extends to a height of 7
meters (23 ft) and the system can control up to 20 firing units of guns or missiles or a
helicopter detection threat evaluation, and handling of "pop-up" targets. It can also exchange
data with Giraffe 75 or AMB systems as part of a larger network.
OVERVIEW: The Giraffe is a mobile, medium-range air identification and surveillance radar.
Giraffe is a powerful 3D surveillance radar system and Command and Control system intended
for short and medium-range surveillance and ground-based air defense. In addition, it can also
warn of incoming rocket, artillery and mortar rounds, as well as provide coastal surveillance.
DETAILS: The Giraffe is a frequency agile, low to medium altitude pulse doppler air search radar
and combat control center which can be used in mobile or static short to medium range air
defense applications. Giraffe is designed to detect low-altitude, low cross-section aircraft targets
in conditions of severe clutter and electronic countermeasures. When equipped as an air-defense
command center Giraffe provides an air picture to each firing battery using manpack radio
communication. It is normally housed in a single 6m long shelter mounted on an all-terrain
vehicle for high mobility.
NOTES: Several variants available. The first systems were produced in 1977. By 2007, some 450
units of all types are reported as having been delivered. User countries include Brazil, Croatia,
Estonia, Finland, France, the Indonesian Army, Ireland Irish Army, Latvia, Lithuania, Greece,
Norway, Pakistan, Serbia, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand Navy, and the United States.
System
Alternative Designation: Giraffe 50AT
Type: Air Defense Radar
Manufacturer: Military Technical Institute Belgrade
Chassis: BV-206
Crew: 2 ea
Total Built: 11,000
Band: C-Band
IFF: Yes
Number of Targets: The frequency-agile radar provides automatic location, pop-up handling,
identification, and evaluation of threats and can handle up to 20 targets simultaneously, with
automatic track initiation on its two operator stations, each of which is equipped with a 19-inch
full-color raster scan display.
Advanced Moving Target Indicator (MTI): Yes
Wind Compensation: The system also has an advanced Moving Target Indicator (MTI) filter with
automatic wind compensation and automatic detection of hovering helicopters.
Data Communications: Data communications consist of narrowband data channels for plot and
track transmission.
Graphics Generators: The graphics generators are based on three Motorola 68020 32-bit
microprocessors, and the complete Giraffe 50AT system has a total of seven CPUs –
implemented as gate-array single-chip processors – with a combined power of some 10 MIPS
(million instructions per second).
Software: Software is written in a real-time variant of the Pascal high-order language, and
comprises 50,000 to 200,000 lines of source code, depending on the application.
Note #1: Up to three NALLADS can be linked together to defend an extremely large area. The
then Ericsson Microwave Systems in conjunction with Ericsson Radar Norge developed the
software for the system while the weapon-control terminals came from Siemens (Norway).
Note #2: The Giraffe 50AT has the ability to exchange data with GIRAFFE 75 and AMB systems to
facilitate radar cooperation and the compilation of a local air picture. The system can also be
integrated with an IFF subsystem (including Mk XII).
Dimensions (Chassis: BV-206)

Height, Overall: 2.4 m
Length, Overall: 6.9 m
Width, Overall: 1.87 m
Cargo Space, Front: 2.5 m3
Cargo Space, Rear: 5.5 m3
Track Width: 620 mm
Ground Pressure: 11.6/13.6 kPa (1.68/1.97 PSI)
Curb Weight: 4.5 tons
Gross Vehicle Weight: 6.58 tons
Payload: 2.24 tons (630 kg in front compartment and 1,610 kg in rear compartment).
Trailer Load: 2.5 tons
Mast Height: 4-7 m
Automotive (Chassis: BV-206)

Engine Name: Ford Cologne V6 gasoline, or Mercedes Benz turbodiesel
Range, Cruising: 300 km
Speed, Maximum Swim: 3 km/h
Fording Depth: Amphibious
Temperature Range: Cold starting to -52C degrees
Grade, hard surface: 60 %
Grade, Deep Snow: 30 %
Turning Radius: 8 m
Protection
Armor: Depends on the Variant. An armored variant of the Bv 206 is the Bv 206S. It has modified
cabs and armor plating on all its bodywork. A recent member of the Bv 206 family is the BvS 10
improved armored version. It is a new larger vehicle, with improved load capacity. The BvS 10 has
the same superior mobility in difficult terrain, combined with the same speed on road.
Armor, Applique: Available
Armor, Explosive Reactive: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: Yes
Variants
Giraffe 40: This is a short-range (40 kilometers (25 mi) instrumented) air defense radar with
13 meters (43 ft) when deployed and can be integrated with an Interrogation Friend or Foe (IFF)
capability. Coverage is stated to be from ground level to 10,000 meters (33,000 ft) in altitude. In
Swedish service, the radar is designated PS-70 and PS-701 and provides target data to RBS-70
longer marketed.
of 7 meters (23 ft) and the system can control up to 20 firing units of guns or missiles or a
helicopter detection threat evaluation, and handling of "pop-up" targets. It can also exchange
data with Giraffe 75 or AMB systems as part of a larger network.
Giraffe 75: This features a 13 meters (43 ft) antenna mast and is normally carried on a 6x6 5-ton
cross-country truck which carries the radar and command and control shelter. The instrumented
range is 75 km (47 mi) and altitude coverage extends from ground-level to 10,000 meters (33,000
ft). An optional add-on unit extends the radar's coastal defense capabilities. In Swedish service,
the radar is designated PS-90. In the Greek Air Force Giraffe, 75 is used in combination with
(110 mi) with altitude coverage from ground level to 6,000 meters (20,000 ft). The antenna mast
extends to 8 meters (26 ft).
Giraffe AMB: Giraffe Agile Multi-Beam is a passive electronically scanned array radar, providing
mi), 60 km (37 mi), and 100 km (62 mi), the altitude coverage is extended from ground-level to
20,000 meters (66,000 ft) with 70-degree elevation coverage. The data rate is 1-scan per second.
Its maintained pulse density suppresses high cluttering in adverse weather conditions. Ultra-low
antenna side-lobes combined with pulse-to-pulse and burst-to-burst frequency agility provide
some resistance to jamming. As in previous Giraffe radars, automatic hovering helicopter
detection is provided as is a rocket, artillery, and mortar locating function, allowing the radar to
fitted.
technology. It can detect air and surface targets from the horizon up to a height of 20,000 meters
for rapidly detecting small, fast-moving targets at all altitudes and small surface targets in severe
corvette and US Navy's Independence-class of Littoral Combat Ships and has the designation
AN/SPS 77 V(1) for LCS 2 and 4, and AN/SPS 77 V for LCS 6 and higher.
electronically scanned array (AESA) radar—three land-based systems (Giraffe 1X, Giraffe 4A, and
sensor that can be produced in fixed, transportable, and fully mobile configurations. Intended
primarily for remote operation as part of an integrated air defense network, Giraffe 8A can also
than 40,000m, bringing true long-range air defense capability to the Saab radar family for the first
1,000 air defense tracks can be maintained, and the system also has anti-ballistic missile
sidelobes and incorporates sophisticated frequency agility in pulse-to-pulse, burst-to-burst, and
Giraffe 4A: While Giraffe 8A occupies the high end of the family, Saab has introduced new radars
in the medium-range category in the form of Giraffe 4A and Sea Giraffe 4A for naval use.
capability, combining the air defense and weapon locating tasks in a single unit. Able to be
Giraffe 1X: To complete its new line-up, Saab has introduced two short-range radars, Giraffe 1X
a highly mobile radar that can work with very short-range air defense systems on the battlefield
or at sea. Weighing less than 300 kg, Giraffe 1X can be mounted on a small vehicle or vessel or
in fixed installations such as on a building or a mast. The radar has a sense-and-warn function
and can be optionally configured for weapon location.
Giraffe 75 Swedish Mobile Air Surveillance Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Sweden > PRO Argentina > PRO Sweden
> PRO Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) > Land > Sweden > Land > PRO Argentina > PRO
Sweden > PRO Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) > Giraffe 75 Swedish Mobile Air Surveillance
Radar
Tiers:
Notes
This features a 13 metres (43 ft) antenna mast and is normally carried on a 6x6 5-ton cross-
country truck which carries the radar and command and control shelter. Instrumented range is 75
km (47 mi) and altitude coverage extends from ground-level to 10,000 metres (33,000 ft). An
optional add-on unit extends the radars coastal defense capabilities. In Swedish service the radar
is designated PS-90. In the Greek Air Force Giraffe 75 is used in combination with Contraves
(now Rheinmetall defense) Skyguard/Sparrow fire control systems. 1 Giraffe typically controls 2
Skyguard systems each with 2 twin 35 mm GDF-005 guns and 2 Sparrow surface-to-air missile
launchers.
System
Alternative Designation: Giraffe 75; PS-90
Chassis: BV-206
Crew: 2 ea
Mission: The main tasks of the Giraffe 75 system can be summarised as keeping a threat
adapted alert status, increasing reaction time by providing early target information and
designation and making the combat of all air targets possible with air defence firing units, gun
and missile. In addition, the system also co-ordinates the air defence firing units with own air
movements.
Band: 5.4 GHz5.9 GHz (C-band)
Firing Posts: The truck-mounted Giraffe 75 mobile radar, also known as the PS-90 can be linked
to nine RBS 70 firing posts.
Beamwidth: 8.2°vertical, 1.8°horizontal
Pulse Length: 4 µsec (25 km mode)
8 µsec (50 km mode)

PRF: 5,000 PPS (25 km mode)
2,500 PPS (50 km mode)

Instrument Range: 75 km
Coverage Range: 40 n miles (75 km; 47 miles) (instrumented range)
32 n miles (60 km; 37 miles) (fighter, RCS 3 m²)
27 n miles (50 km; 31 miles) (air target, RCS 1 m²)
13 n miles (25 km; 16 miles) (missile, RCS 0.1 m²)

Azimuth: 360°
Scan Rate, Rotational: 60 rpm
Track Capacity: 20 (targets)
10 (jam strobes)
MTI Improvement Factor: 40 dB
Deployment Altitude: 13 m
Power: 12 kW (peak, output)
300 W (average, output)

Processor: Ericsson APN 548 01 (16MHz)
Dimensions (Chassis: BV-206)

Length, Overall: 6.9 m
Cargo Space, Front: 2.5 m3
Cargo Space, Rear: 5.5 m3
Track Width: 620 mm
Ground Pressure: 11.6/13.6 kPa (1.68/1.97 PSI)
Gross Vehicle Weight: 8,000 kg mt
Payload: 2.24mt (630 kg in front compartment and 1610 kg in rear compartment)
Trailer Load: 2.5 mt
Antenna Mast: 13 meters
Automotive (Chassis: BV-206)

Engine Name: Ford Cologne V6 gasoline, or Mercedes Benz turbodiesel
Temperature Range: Cold starting to -52C degrees
Grade, hard surface: 60 %
Grade, Deep Snow: 30 %
Turning Radius: 8 m
Protection
Armor: Depends on Variant. Armored variant of the Bv 206 is the Bv 206S. It has modified cabs
and armor plating on all its bodywork.
Recent member of the Bv 206 family is the BvS 10 improved armored version. It is new larger
vehicle, with improved load capacity. The BvS 10 has the same superior mobility in difficult
terrain, combined with the same speed on road.
Armor, Applique: Available
Armor, Explosive Reactive: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: Yes
Variants
longer marketed.
with Giraffe 75 or AMB systems as part of a larger network.
fitted.
AN/SPS 77 V(1) for LCS 2 and 4, and AN/SPS 77 V(2) for LCS 6 and higher.
Giraffe 1X: To complete its new line-up, Saab has introduced two short-range radars, Giraffe 1X
Giraffe 8A Swedish AESA 3D Long-Range Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Sweden > Land > PRO Germany > PRO
Norway > PRO Sweden > PRO Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) > Giraffe 8A Swedish AESA 3D
Long-Range Radar
Tiers:
Notes
*Utilising identical antenna in fixed, transportable and mobile versions of the radar system
*Unmatched operational performance against small targets and tactical ballistic missiles with its
non-rotating mode
*Offers enhanced real time identification and passive tracking functionality
The Giraffe 8A is a 3D Long-Range AESA radar system on the S-band, designed for the highest
level of situational awareness and ballistic missile defence.
It is offered in versions for fixed, transportable and mobile applications, all providing exceptional
range, search volume and multi-role capabilities, combined with outstanding operational
flexibility. Today and in the future.
Long-range air surveillance / early warning identification

The capability to rapidly detect, track and report all air-breathing targets within the sensor
coverage.
Ballistic missile defence operations

Detects, tracks and reports short/medium range ballistic missiles. Provides simultaneous
weapons queuing and C2 reporting in order to significantly reduce time from warning to
engagement.
Operational in all climate zones

Giraffe 8A is specified for operation in extreme climates, ranging from inland, coastal and hot
desert to Arctic environments.
Reliability
Giraffe 8A is very reliable and easy to operate. Redundant design and the AESA concept makes
the time between critical failure extremely long.
System
Alternative Designation: Giraffe 8A Radar
Type: Multi-Mission Surveillance
Manufacturer: SAAB
In Service: INA
Crew: 2
Multi-Role Capability: With Giraffe 8A the integrated Air Defence System will be enhanced with a
sensor suite to allow constant 24/7 air surveillance over the assigned area of responsibility. The
Giraffe 8A will simultaneously search for, detect, track and report short to medium range ballistic
missiles.
Operational Flexibility: f the situation dictates, the commanding officer can choose between
search in the entire 360° volume or an optimised search in a sector (40°-100°). Both with
coverage up to 65° of elevation.
*Extended range
*Fast update
*Low observable targets
Identification: Giraffe 8A can be offered with a set of integrated Electronic Identification
capabilities:
*IFF Mode 5 & S

*Target Classification
*Integrated Electronic Support Measures (ESM)
*Passive tracking if in network
Survivability: Much emphasis has been put on ECCM performance in the design of Giraffe 8A.
This includes:
*Ultra-low side-lobes
*Frequency agility; pulse to pulse, burst to burst, and scan to scan frequency agility
*PRF switching and PRF stagger with random jitters
*Intermittent (or random) transmission, to confuse hostile ESMs and Anti-Radiation Missiles
*Automatic selection of least jammed frequency
*Automatic jammer detection and tracking in both
azimuth and elevation
Operated Locally or Remotely: Giraffe 8A is designed to be operated by remote control (primary
method of operation). For local maintenance the system can be operated by a ruggedised PC in
close connection to the system. The Remote Control System is designed to give the operators
full operational control of the sensor system. Although the radar system normally will operate
unattended, all modes and functions can be remotely adjusted and controlled. The remote
control functionality also
includes system monitoring and system diagnostics.
the basis for
future maintenance. Saab ILS experts have solid experience in tailoring ILS deliveries together
with customers worldwide.
Small Target Detection: New AESA technology allows new functionality to detect and track small
targets also at longer ranges.
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Automotive
Note: INA
Radar System
Name: Giraffe 8A
Frequency: S (E/F) band
Air Surveillance: 470 km
Variants
longer marketed.
minutes.
spotting
Giraffe AMB Swedish Air Surveillance and Ground
Based Air Defence
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Sweden > Land > Giraffe AMB Swedish
Air Surveillance and Ground Based Air Defence
Tiers:
Notes
In combat situations, event protection operations or other tense situations, real-time information
is critical for protecting forces against threats from the air. When every second counts, the
Giraffe AMB surface radar provides the information and time needed for protecting both people
and assets.
*Covers the entire search volume every second

*Provides engagement-quality Recognized Air Picture (RAP) target data
*Combat-proven 24/7 capability with more than 150,000 h in full operation
*Full mission flexibility through unparalleled support services
*High degree of interoperability and is designed for low and predictable cost of ownership
Giraffe AMB delivers key capabilities as part of short- and medium-range surveillance and
Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD). It integrates powerful 3D surveillance radar and C3
functionality in one and the same system and provides forces with swift understanding of the air
situation, enabling immediate and effective response to changing threats, new tactics, and
shifting operational conditions.
The system monitors the air volume 360 degrees for air targets and simultaneously locates and
warns against incoming rocket, artillery and mortar rounds, and at the same time able to provide
coastal surveillance.
Large volume C-UAS surveillance

System
Alternative Designation: Giraffe AMB
Date of Introduction: INA
Proliferation: INA
Type: Air Surveillance and Ground Based Air Defence
Manufacturer: SAAB
In Service: INA
Crew: INA
Maintaining Air Situational Awareness: Maintaining air situational awareness
Integrated medium- and short-range GBAD systems are supported in multiple simultaneous
engagements. The Giraffe AMB can classify and track fixed wing, helicopter, surface, jammer and
ballistic targets.
The Giraffe AMB medium-range 3D radar surveillance system is an ideal gap filler that provides
airspace commanders with the capabilities needed for maintaining continuous and accurate air
situational awareness.
It is a mobile deployable or fixed asset for air surveillance that can be operated remotely or
locally with the ability to provide a networked air picture. Giraffe AMB allows for standard or
customised data link integration.
Assuring Ground-Based Air Defence Capabilities: By combining a true multi-mission radar
system and powerful C3 system Giraffe AMB delivers an accurate air picture with high update
rate and highly automated functions for planning, threat evaluation, weapon assignment and
target distribution. Everything the commander responsible for GBAD needs for safeguarding
people and assets. Giraffe AMB can detect fast missiles and small UAVs even in high-clutter
environments and offers flexible integration of weapon systems and tactical data links. The
system is fully self-contained with all support systems and C3, highly mobile and deploys in less
than 10 minutes.
Proven Multi-Mission Capability: *Provides simultaneous air surveillance, GBAD target
acquisition and sense & warn capabilities without performance degradation
*Combat-proven over more than 150,000 h in full operation
*Is a mobile deployable or fixed asset for air surveillance
*Can be delivered with surface surveillance add-ons
Detection Capability: *Covers the entire search volume every second
*Superior small, slow and low target detection capability
*Accurate 3D data for all targets in the search volume
*All-weather performance with maintained range coverage
*Detection of very low- and high-altitude targets
Force and Asset Protection: *360˚ detection and tracking of small ballistic objects (shells and
rockets) even in severe ground clutter
*Prediction of impact location
*Automatic warning generated before impact in protected area
C3: *Provides engagement-quality Recognized Air Picture (RAP) target data
*Integrated air picture with Link 11B and Link 16
*Automatic threat evaluation and weapon assignment
*Able to handle multiple defended assets and various types of firing units
*Can be delivered with military Air Traffic Control
Flexibility and Mobility: *Deployment in less than 10 minutes and teardown in less than 5
minutes
12 m antenna height offers freedom of deployment.
*Operated remotely or locally
*Fully self-contained single vehicle configuration
*20ft ISO container cabin, C-130 transportable
*Offers full mission flexibility through unparalleled
*Support services with low and predictable cost of ownership
the basis for future maintenance. Saab ILS experts have solid experience in tailoring ILS
deliveries together with customers worldwide.
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Automotive
Note: INA
Radar System
Name: Giraffe AMB
Antenna Type: 3D phased array, digital beam forming
Frequency: C (G/H)-band
Variants
longer marketed.
filler" in air defense early warning systems concentrating on small, low-flying targets over a long
minutes.
spotting
HF 200 British Height Finding Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Battlefield Surveillance and Reconnaissance Radars > United
Kingdom > PRO United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland > Land > HF 200 British
Height Finding Radar
Tiers:
Notes
A Decca HF 200 height finder at RAF Boulmer with the RX12874 Passive Detection aerial and the
redundant Type 80 modulator building in the background on the extreme left.
The height finding an element of the Linesman system, the HF 200 succeeded the American AN/
FPS-6 height finder radars used in the Rotor system. The HF 200's (along with the AN/FPS-6)
were also known as "Nodding Horrors" and they spewed hydraulic oil everywhere. HF 200 Mk3's
were located at the three main linesman sites at R.A.F. Boulmer, R.A.F. Staxton Wold, and R.A.F.
Neatishead. An Mk4 was commissioned at R.A.F Saxa Vord in the Shetland Islands in 1979 and
there was an Mk2 at R.A.F. Troodos, Cyprus. Dave Quantrill tells me that the Troodos Mk2
featured a valve console among other things and that it was a horrible thing!
Note the barbed wire in the picture; for many years Linesman sites were protected only by a wire
mesh perimeter fence but in the mid '70's the Ministry of Defence must have bought a job lot of
barbed wire cheap from someone because they put it up everywhere! Interestingly enough no
one seems to have considered what could be done about airstrikes, mortars, and rocket-
propelled grenades - the site was totally undefended from aerial attack, and the perimeter fences
were not patrolled!
Once upon a time all of the antennas at R.A.F. Boulmer were painted in a pale blue shade, quite
pretty really, and it has been suggested that this was to satisfy the whims of the then Duke of
Northumberland who happened to own the land on which the site of the operation stood, or so
the story went. Eventually, though someone thought they really should be camouflaged so they
were painted in a shade that in Scotland might be called "Sharnie Green"!
System
Alternative Designation: HF 200
Type: Height Finder Radar
Manufacturer: The Decca Radar company
Crew: INA
Frequency: A frequency in the range 2,800 - 3,010 MHz (E/F band).
Class of Equipment: Long range, medium power, fixed, nodding height finder operating in the E/F
band.
Purpose of Equipment: Main Role: Height finding on aircraft at long, medium, or short-range in
the UK and overseas.
Subsidiary Role. Provision of limited volumetric cover in place of inoperative main search radar.
Coverage: Azimuth: 0 deg to 360 deg by slewing at a maximum rate of 6 rev/min.
Elevation: -3 deg to +33 deg at 20 scans/minute to a range of 50 nm.
Coverage in Volumetric Role: Azimuth. Equivalent to 1.5 revs/mm over sector up to 45 deg.
Elevation. -3 deg to +6 deg
Range Performance: About 120 nm on a 2 square meter target, 180 nm on a 10 square meter
target, and 210 nm on a 15 square meter target with 90% probability of paint, at 40,000 feet.
Discrimination: 1 nm at 150 nm in range, at 150 nm in elevation.
Aerial Characteristics: Polarization: Vertical or circular.
Beam Shape: Horizontal beamwidth 3 deg at 3 dB points; Vertical beamwidth 0.75 deg at 3 dB
points.
Aerial Reflector: Double curvature, 10.68 m high by 2.43 m wide.
Aerial Feed: Horn wave guide.
Transmitter: Type: Magnetron; Pulse Width. 5 U.S.; PRF. 200-250 pps; Peak Power Output. 2.5
MW.
Receiver: Two output channels: linear and logarithmic.
Signal Processing: Vertical or circular polarization, fast time constant (FTC) and swept gain.
Instantaneous automatic gain control (IAGC) on logarithmic channel.
Accuracy: 150 nm.
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
HN-503 Chinese 2D Long-Range Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Battlefield Surveillance and Reconnaissance Radars > China,
People's Republic of > PRO China > Land > China, People's Republic of > Land > PRO China >
HN-503 Chinese 2D Long-Range Radar
Tiers:
Notes
China HN-503 - Radar
Role: Radar, Air Search, 2D Long-Range
System
Alternative Designation: HN-503
Type: 2D Long-Range, Air Search Radar
Crew: INA ea
Maximum Range: 722.3 km
Minimum Range: 0.4 km
Maximum Altitude: 30480 m
Minimum ALtitude: 0 m
Properties: Moving Target Indicator (MTI), Pulse-only Radar
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
HT-233 Chinese 8x8 Self-Propelled Engagement Radar
System
> PRO Morocco > PRO Myanmar > PRO Turkmenistan > PRO Uzbekistan > Land > HT-233 Chinese
8x8 Self-Propelled Engagement Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
Designated as HT-233, this radar is the most advanced FCRs HQ-9 could employ, and it has
greater similarities to the MIM-104 Patriot's MPQ-53 than the S-300's 30N6 (Flap-Lid) series,
working in the NATO G-band (4–6 GHz) also as a search and targeting radar. This could be due to
an alleged transfer of a Patriot missile to China from Israel.[12][13] The radar can search a 120
degree arc in azimuth and 0-90 degrees in elevation out to 300 km, with a peak power output on
1MW (average 60 kW). The radar is credited as being able to track 100 targets and guides up to 6
missiles to 6 targets, or alternatively, to 3 targets with a pair of missile for each target.
HT-233 is the FCR used by HQ-9 that is closest to AN/MPQ-53: In comparison to earlier H-200
radar used by early models of KS-1 SAM which uses a simple horn instead of lens arrangement,
HT-233 radar adopts lens arrangement of AN/MPQ-53. In comparison to SJ-231 radar used by
the latest model of KS-1, HT-233 has a thousand more phase shifter on its antenna array, totaling
four thousand, as opposed to the three thousand of SJ-231. In contrast, both AN/MPQ-53 &
30N6E radars have ten thousand phase shifters on their antenna arrays respectively. HT-233
radar is mounted on Tai'an TAS5501 10 x 10 high mobility cross country truck, and operates in C-
band at 300 MHz. When deployed as a search radar TH-233 is fielded at brigade level, while FCR
radars deployed would be SJ-212, H-200 or SJ-231. HT-233 is credited with a detection range of
120 km, scanning 360 degrees in azimuth and 0-65 degrees in elevation. It can track 100 targets
and designate 50 for engagements.
System
Alternative Designation: HT-233
Manufacturer: INA
Family: INA
In Service: 2008-Present
Crew: INA
Chassis: Taian TAS-5380 series chassis
Dimensions (Chassis: TAS-5380)

Length: 11 m
Width: 3 m
Height: 3 m
Weight, Empty: 18 tons
Payload Capacity: 20 tons
Automotive (Chassis: TAS-5380)

Engine Name: Deutz Diesel
Engine Type: Diesel
Maximum Cruising Range: 800 km
Speed Maximum Swim: Not Amphibious
Gradient: 45 %
Side Slope: 30 %
Trench: 1.8 m
Radar
Name: HT-233
Phase Shifter Elements: claimed to employ 4,000 phase shifter elements.
IFF Antenna: Yes
SSR Antenna: Yes
Bandwidth: 300 MHz instantaneous bandwidth in the lower X-Band or C-Band
Detection Maximum Range: 150 km
Tracking Maximum Range: 100 km
Azimuth: 360 deg
Elevation Beamsteering: 0° to 65°
Number of Targets it can Track: More than 50
Active Thermal Homing: Yes
Frequency Hopping: An interesting claim by Sengupta is that the HT-233 employs “randomness
in frequency, space and time”; if this claim is correct then the HT-233 would be a frequency
hopper, employing pseudo-random angular scan algorithms.
Note: The radar provides target acquisition and tracking within its coverage sector, post launch
missile capture, midcourse missile tracking and command link guidance.
Communications
Tactical Radio: TBR-121
Protection (Chassis: TAS-5380)

Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
JLP-40 Chinese Air Defense Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > China, People's Republic of > PRO
Myanmar > Land > JLP-40 Chinese Air Defense Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The The JLP-40 is a tactical air defense radar designed for use with height-finder radar(s) for
Ground Controlled Interception (GCI) or similar applications. It is similar in design to the Russian
'Bar Lock' radar from which it has been derived. It features the same arrangement of two large
scanners attached to front and rear sides of a rotating cabin that houses the transmitter/
receivers.
System
Alternative Designation: JLP-40
Type: Air Defense Radar
Crew: INA
Operating Frequencies: E/F- (2-4 GHz) and D- (1-2 GHz) bands
Maximum Altitude: 20,000 m
Azimuth Coverage: 360°
Elevation Coverage: 0.5-30°
Accuracy: 500 m (range); 0.5° (bearing)
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
JY-14 (LLQ302) Chinese Long-Range Air Defense Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > China, People's Republic of > Land >
PRO China > JY-14 (LLQ302) Chinese Long-Range Air Defense Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The JY-14 (domestic designation: LLQ302, formerly known as:384) is a medium to long range air
defense radar produced and used by the People's Republic of China. It is capable of detecting
multiple targets within its range and determine their parameters, tracking them even through
surface clutter and ECM jamming. It utilizes a frequency-agile mode with 31 different
frequencies, has a large band of ECCM operating parameter frequencies, and uses linear FM
compression. This system can simultaneously track up to 100 targets and can feed the data to
missile-interceptor batteries. It can track targets flying as high as 75,000 feet (22,900 m) and 186
miles (299 km) in distance.
The system is notable for having wideband frequency diversity and adaptive pulse-to-pulse
agility, enabling it to track even the most morphic radar signatures. It is the most common
ground radar in China, and is rapidly being exported to other countries. The radar features
excellent anti clutter and anti jamming ability, as well as very good adaptability and
automatization. Incorporated techniques include dual pulse frequency diversity, pulse-to-pulse
frequency agility over a wide frequency band, adaptive MTI and CFAR techniques, and an
advanced computerized BITE technique.
The JY-14 can be upgraded to a more powerful power supply, giving it a wider range. This has
been seen only in China so far, where multiple stations are tied together with the air defense
system.
System
Alternative Designation: JY-14; LLQ302
Type: Long-Range Air Defense Radar
Manufacturer: The system is manufactured by the East China Research Institute of Electronic
Engineering(ECRIEE), No.38 Research Institute ( )in Chinese)).
Crew:
Band: E-F (2-4 GHz)
Standard Range: 320 km
Antenna Rotation: 6 rpm
Altitude: 22,860 m
Accuracy Azimuth: 0.2 deg
Accuracy Height: 400 m
Resolution Range: 240 m
Resolution Azimuth: 0.9 deg
Resolution Elevation: 1.0 deg
Sidelobes: -35 dB
Mean Time Between Failutes: >4,150 hours
Mean Time to Repair: <30 min
Average Power Output: 10 kW
Transmit Power Output: 1 MW
Automatic Tracking: Yes, It can operate in high clutter and jamming environments without range
reductions. It also has automatic tracking and reporting of up to 100 targets.
Moving Target Indicator (MIT): The system uses an adaptive Doppler moving target indicator
(MTI) to produce an improvement factor of more than 40 dB for ground clutter and of over 30 dB
for chaff clutter.
Pulse-to-Pulse Agility: Yes
Antenna Type: The JY-14 has a multibeam "Peacock" antenna designed in a near circular
configuration with eight horn feeds: six in the E/F band and two in D band. The latter provide
good height cover, while the lowest can also be used for identification-friend-or-foe (IFF).
Operating in Wind Conditions: The JY-14 can maintain operations in winds of up to 56 mph (90
kph); operate with degraded performance in winds from 56 mph to 78 mph (126 kph); and cease
operations without damage at winds greater than 78 mph.
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
JY-27 Wide Mat Chinese Long-Range Early Warning
Radar
PRO China > PRO Pakistan > PRO Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) > JY-27 Wide Mat Chinese
Long-Range Early Warning Radar
Tiers:
Notes
JY-27 radar of the Chinese manufacturer CETC is a fully solid-state and fully coherent long-range
early warning system. It is designed and developed to provide early warning information and
detect low-observable air targets in so-called “Stealth Technology”. Besides, it provides the early
warning information for weapons system as well.
The newer one antenna design is clearly influenced by the 1L13 Nebo SV “Box Spring” and 1L119
Nebo SVU. The radiating elements are horizontally polarized.
System
Alternative Designation: Jy-27 Wide Mat
Type: Long-Range Early Warning Radar
Crew: INA
Chassis: INA
Frequency: 240 – 390 MHz
( VHF-Band)
Pulsewidth: INA
Beamwidth: 7 deg
Peak Power: INA
Instrumented Range, 4x8 Array: 280 km
Instrumented Range, 6x16 Array: 390 km
Range Resolution: 600 km
Accuracy: ±150 m ; ±1º
Elevation: INA
Traverse: 360 deg
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
JY-50 Chinese 2D Air Defense Radar
> Land > JY-50 Chinese 2D Air Defense Radar
Tiers:
Notes
JY-50 is a passive 2-D radar that uses the electromagnetic signals transmitted by distributed
radio frequency stations around itself, including civilian mobile phone, radio, and television
broadcasts, to perform the detection, location, and tracking of airborne targets including
electromagnetic silence targets (so-called Stealth aircraft). JY-50 radar mainly accomplishes air
defense warning mission to important direction and sensitive areas.
The antenna is an array of two rows of 12 inverted Vee elements backed by a reflective grating.
System
Alternative Designation: JY-50
Type: 2D Air Defense Radar
Crew: INA
Chassis: 6x6 or 8x8 Truck
Frequency: VHF-Band
Maximum Altitude: INA
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
JY-8A Chinese Mobile 3D Air Surveillance, Target
Acquisition and Interception Control Radar
> PRO Jordan > PRO Myanmar > PRO North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) >
PRO Thailand > Land > JY-8A Chinese Mobile 3D Air Surveillance, Target Acquisition and
Interception Control Radar
Tiers:
Notes
JY-8A
This is a stripped-down variant of the baseline system. It uses only a single transmitter,
eliminating the frequency diversity capability. Accordingly, maximum range is significantly
reduced and height measurements are less accurate. Its stacked beam antenna forms 16
transmitting beams and 12 independent receiving beams to compensate for the loss in accuracy.
The JY-8A has an elevation range of 0.5 degrees to 30 degrees and a lighter, more mobile
antenna/transceiver shelter. Mean time before failure is more than 150 hours, while mean time to
repair is less than 30 minutes.
Otherwise, the JY-8A has the same physical dimensions, and operates on similar principles, as
the JY-8. It was marketed by China National Electronics Import and Export Corp., Beijing.
The JY-8A is used as the prime surveillance sensor for air defense battalions equipped with 57-
mm guns. The radar is mounted on a trailer and towed by a truck.
The radar has a maximum range of 95 mi (150 km) and a maximum altitude of 39,750 ft. (12,000
m). Range accuracy is 550 yd. (500 m), while altitude accuracy is 840 yd. (700 m).
System
Alternative Designation: JY-8A
Type: Mobile 3D Air Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Interception Control Radar
Crew: INA
Components: The system has four major components: the main antenna/transmitter/receiver
shelter, operations shelter, maintenance shelter and tow truck. The complete system is air/sea
transportable and can be assembled within one hour.
Band: G-H (4-6 GHz)
Antenna Scan Azimuth: 360 deg
Antenna Scan Elevation: 0.5 degrees to 30 degrees
Antenna Scan Altitude Range: 12,000 m
Antenna Scan Maximum Range: 150 km
Antenna Horizontal Beamwidth: 0.55 deg
Antenna Vertical Beamwidth: 0.90 deg
Antenna Rotation Rate: 3 rpm or 6 rpm
Pulse Width: 3-3.3 micro sec
Pulse Repetition Frequency: 365,500 Hz
Displacement: INA
Emplacement: Less than 1 Hour
Accuracy 100 nm Range Azimuth: 0.3 deg
Accuracy 100 nm Range: 500 m
Accuracy 100 nm Range RMS: 500 m
Accuracy Altitude: 700 m
Target Resolution Range: 1 km
Target Resolution Azimuth: 0.6 deg
Target Capacity: 36 tracks
Peak Power: 800 kW per transmitter
Time to Repair: Less than 30 Min
Note: The JY-8A has the same physical dimensions, and operates on similar principles, as the
JY-8. It was marketed by China National Electronics Import and Export Corp., Beijing.
Dimensions
Length: 12 m
Width: 12 m
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Variants
JY-8: The JY-8 is a mobile 3D air surveillance, target acquisition and interception control radar
system operating in the C-band. It can be employed as the main radar sensor for an automated
tactical defense system, or can be used as an independent radar. The system uses advanced
signal/data processor techniques and is fully solid state with the exception of the magnetrons
and thyratrons of the transmitters. The general designer of JY-9 is the head of 38th Research
Institute, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences Mr. Wu Manqing ( Aug
, 1965 -), who is
also the general designer of JY-9 and the general designer of the radar systems for KJ-2000 and
KJ-200.
JY-8 Chinese Mobile 3D Air Surveillance, Target
Acquisition and Interception Control Radar
PRO China > PRO Jordan > PRO North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) > PRO
Thailand > JY-8 Chinese Mobile 3D Air Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Interception Control
Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The JY-8 is a mobile 3D air surveillance, target acquisition and interception control radar system
operating in the C-band. It can be employed as the main radar sensor for an automated tactical
defence system, or can be used as an independent radar. The system uses advanced signal/data
processor techniques and is fully solid state with the exception of the magnetrons and thyratrons
of the transmitters. The general designer of JY-9 is the head of 38th Research Institute,
academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences Mr. Wu Manqing ( Aug
, 1965 -), who is also the
general designer of JY-9 and the general designer of the radar systems for KJ-2000 and KJ-200.
The system has four major components: the main antenna/transmitter/receiver shelter,
operations shelter, maintenance shelter and tow truck. The complete system is air/sea
The system is designed to make use of amplitude comparison for height finding. With the aid of
two computers, it is able to provide automatically accurate real-time 3D information on targets.
Frequency diversity is used to increased detection probability. Other features include digital MTI,
clutter map, automatic residue map and CFAR.
A multibeam antenna assembly, mounted on the transmitter/receiver shelter and rotating at 3/6
rpm, is employed to form a group of stacked beams. RF power is generated by two transmitters
and is fed to a power dividing network and then illuminated to the reflector via a waveguide
assembly and feed array, creating a group of individual beams stacked vertically to form a wide
cosecant squared pattern. In reception, both individual and combined beams are employed, 11
beams are formed by a receive network connected with an 11 channel diversity receiver. The
received signals are sequentially mixed, amplified, detected and finally sent for data processing.
System
Alternative Designation: JY-8
Type: Mobile 3D Air Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Interception Control Radar
Crew: INA
Components: The system has four major components: the main antenna/transmitter/receiver
shelter, operations shelter, maintenance shelter and tow truck. The complete system is air/sea
Band: G-H (4-6 GHz)
Antenna Scan Azimuth: 360 deg
Antenna Scan Elevation: 20 deg
Antenna Scan Altitude Range: 25 km
Antenna Scan Maximum Range: 350 km
Antenna Horizontal Beamwidth: 0.55 deg
Antenna Vertical Beamwidth: 0.90 deg
Antenna Rotation Rate: 3 rpm or 6 rpm
Pulse Width: 3-3.3 micro sec
Pulse Repetition Frequency: 365,500 Hz
Displacement: INA
Emplacement: Less than 1 Hour
Accuracy 100 nm Range Azimuth: 0.3 deg
Accuracy 100 nm Range: 500 m
Accuracy 100 nm Range RMS: 600 m
Target Resolution Range: 1 km
Target Resolution Azimuth: 0.6 deg
Target Capacity: 36 tracks
Peak Power: 800 kW per transmitter
Dimensions
Length: 12 m
Width: 12 m
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Variants
JY-8A: This is a stripped-down variant of the baseline system. It uses only a single transmitter,
eliminating the frequency diversity capability. Accordingly, maximum range is significantly
reduced and height measurements are less accurate. Its stacked beam antenna forms 16
transmitting beams and 12 independent receiving beams to compensate for the loss in accuracy.
JY-9 Wall Eye Chinese Mobile Low-Altitude Search
Radar
PRO China > PRO Egypt > PRO Zimbabwe > JY-9 Wall Eye Chinese Mobile Low-Altitude Search
Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The JY-9 Radar is a mobile S-band low altitude search radar intended for use in air defense, gap
filling, airport surveillance and coastal defense. It is designed for effective detection of targets at
low altitude in both ECM and natural clutter environments. The general designer of JY-9 is the
head of 38th Research Institute, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences Mr. Wu Manqing
( Aug
, 1965 -), who is also the general designer of JY-8 and the general designer of the radar
systems for KJ-2000 and KJ-200.
It consist of a radar/operations shelter, an antenna pallet and a power station shelter and is
transportable by air, rail, and sea. It has a setup and dismantle time of 90 minutes by a team of 8
men.
The JY-9 employs a dual-beam antenna assembly consisting of a deformed parabolic reflector,
two horns and two feed channels. One channel is used for transmit, but both are used for
receive. The antenna rotates at 6 or 12 rpm to provide all round coverage and can be mounted on
a shelter or on the ground.
The JY-9 has high anti-jamming and anti-clutter capability due to the use of advanced
techniques, including pulse to pulse frequency agility, dual channel, JATS, wide operating band,
low sidelobes, MTD automatic spectrum processing, automatic clutter map and automatic
residue map. The mean time between failures is better than 900 hours with Built-in test
equipment (BITE).
The JY-9F three-dimensional low-altitude surveillance radar, is a new derivation of the JY-9 low-
altitude radar. It is a fully coherent pulse-compression radar with a high reliability and mobility
and can provide low-flying target information for national air defence information networks or for
AAA or air traffic control systems.
The JY-9F consists of an antenna assembly, an operations shelter, a trailer-installed shelter

housing two diesel generators and an optional trailer-installed shelter. The antenna can be folded
down or erected by a motor-driven mechanism and the assembling and disassembling of the
system can be accomplished by a crew of eight men within one hour. This advanced radar
incorporates the state-of-the-art techniques. The excellent low sidelobe antenna employed in the
system has greatly enhanced the radar's anti-clutter capability and ECCM performance, giving
improved low-altitude detection performance. Three AMTI processing channels are used, each
equipped to handle a particular environmental condition, thereby providing maximum low-altitude
target detection. The wideband and highly stable TWT+CFA transmitter guarantees a super-
clutter visibility in excess of 40 dB in the presence of ground clutter. The quadriphase Taylor code
ensures a desirable consistency, high reliability and high stability. Meanwhile, the waveform
agility can be realised. The JY-9F radar is characterised by high reliability and maintainability with
an MTBF of more than 400 hours and MTTR of less than 30 minutes. Due to extensive BITE
adopted in the system, troubleshooting probability reaches 95 per cent while 85 per cent of faults
can be isolated to PCB level and all faults can be isolated to the replaceable unit level.
The system is manufactured by the East China Research Institute of Electronic

Engineering(ECRIEE)/No.38 Research Institute.
System
Alternative Designation: Jy-9 Wall Eye
Type: Mobile Low-Altitude Search Radar
Manufacturer: The system is manufactured by the East China Research Institute of Electronic
Engineering(ECRIEE)/No.38 Research Institute.
Crew: 4 ea
Band: S (2-4 GHz)
Vertical Beamwidth: 40.0 deg
Horizontal Beamwidth: 1.3 deg
Dynamic Range: 120 dB
Altitude: 10,000 m
Scan Rate: 6 rpm or 12 rpm
Peak Power Output: 200.0 kW
Average Power OUtput: 3.4 kW
Emplacement: Less than 20 min
Displacement: Less than 20 min
Coverage, Azimuth: 360 deg
Coverage, Elevation: 0 deg to 40 deg
Maximum Resolution Range: 240 m
Minimum Resolution Range: 120 m
Azimuth: 1.3 deg
Antenna Gain: 34.4 dB
Detection Accuracy, Range: 80 m
Detection Accuracy, Azimuth: 0.4 deg
Detection Accuracy, Sensitivity: 55 dBm
Detection Accuracy, Noise Figure: 3.0 dB
Detection Accuracy, Clutter Rejection: 50.0 dB
Tracking: 1,000 plots; 72 tracks
Pulsewidth: 20 microsec
Pulse Repetition Frequency: 790 Hz
Mean Time Before Failure: >400 hours
Mean Time to Repair: <30 min
Dimensions
Length: 12 m
Width: 12 m
Antenna Height: 12 m
Weight, Combat: INA
JYL-1 Chinese Long-Range 3D Surveillance Radar
PRO China > PRO Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) > JYL-1 Chinese Long-Range 3D
Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The JYL-1 radar is carried in the 2004 CRIA listing of Chinese indigenous products.
The JYL-1 is a long-range 3D surveillance radar typical of those assets that might be found in a
modern air defence network.
It functions in the E/F-band region and might be used as either a military or commercial asset for
air traffic control and management purposes.
System
Alternative Designation: JYL-1
Type: Long-Range 3D Surveillance Radar
Crew: 8 ea
Chassis: INA
Band: It functions in the E/F-band region and might be used as either a military or commercial
asset for air traffic control and management purposes.
Azimuth Coverage: 0º ~ 360º
Elevation Coverage: 0º ~ 25º
Search Range: 320km
Coverage Height: 25,000m
Measurement Accuracy Range: 100m
Measurement Accuracy Azimuth: 0.3º
Measurement Accuracy Height: 600m @ 200km
Resolution Range: 200m
Resolution Azimuth: 1.5º
Reliability MTBF: ≥ 800hrs
Reliability MTTR: ≤ 0.5 hrs
Displacement: Under 1 hour
Emplacement: Under 1 hour
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Kabina 66/5n87 (Back Trap) Russian 3D Long-Range
Radar System
> Land > Kabina 66/5n87 (Back Trap) Russian 3D Long-Range Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
Air defense radar unit of the former Soviet Union
Interesting at this radar unit is the diametral attachment of 2 antenna systems. Every antenna is
meant for another elevation angle. Since two equal radar units always turned a location
synchronously, four height ranges were felt therefore (like a Stacked- Beam- Antenna).
The Kabina 66 was coupled with several height-finders (2 - 4 height-finders PRV-13 or PRV-17).
The frequency is processed with four impulses but only two of these are transmitted. Two radar
units work synchronously as a couple but also separate operation is possible. The rotary drive is
hydraulically carried out.
The power supply (300 kW / 400 Hz) is carried out of convertor or with diesel engines. A transfer
needs 19 railroad plate freight cars.
System
Alternative Designation: Kabina 66/5n87; NATO: Back Trap
Type: 3D Long-Range Radar System
Crew: INA
Chassis: The BACK TRAP is a van-mounted mobile radar.
Weapon System Associated with the Back Trap Radar: Weapons systems associated with the
BACK TRAP
include the SA-5 GAMMON.
Band: "E/F" Band
Frequency: 1.98-2.45 GHz
Power Output: 32 kW (average), 1.5 MW (peak) (some sources report up to 2.4 MW peak power)
PRF: 60-1460 Hz
Range Resolution: 1.7 km (range)/1 degree (azimuth)
On/Off time: INA
Detection Ranges, 1 m2 RCS target at 200 m Altitude: 50 km
Detection Ranges, 1 m2 RCS target at Maximum Range: 450 km (380 km for fighter sized target)
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Kasta 2E1 Russian 6x6 Low-Altitude All-Around 3-D
(RUS) > PRO Russian Federation > Land > Kasta 2E1 Russian 6x6 Low-Altitude All-Around 3-D
Tiers:
Notes
The Kasta 2E1 system uses two antennas and consists of two vehicles:
one truck carries the antenna and its peripheral equipment
another truck operates as a command post vehicle and on a trailer unit, the external power
supply is installed
The Kasta 2E1 and 2E2 are the latest incarnations of the well-established Flat Face and Squat
Eye family of semi-mobile UHF band tactical acquisition radars. The initial P-15 Flat Face A
introduced the now characteristic double stacked array of elliptical paraboloid section antennas.
This radar was widely exported by the Soviets to Warsaw Pact nations and Soviet Third World
allies and clients. The radar has been used to support interceptors, as well as SA-3, SA-4, SA-6,
and SA-8 missile batteries as an acquisition radar. The P-15M Squat Eye is a derivative of the
baseline design with a single antenna on a tethered latticework mast. It was employed to
improve low altitude coverage, but also to permit the use of the radar in heavily forested terrain
where the height of the foliage canopy exceeded the height of the antenna phase center in the
P-15.
The P-19 Flat Face B is the improved follow-on to the P-15 with a range of improvements. Since
the 1990s a number of manufacturers are now offering comprehensive digital upgrades for the
P-15 and P-19 inventory.
Kasta 2E1 and 2E2 are heavily redesigned derivatives using a new KAMAZ 6 x 6 chassis and
mostly digital hardware. The redesign of the Squat Eye antenna is the most visually prominent
change with the increased aperture improving range performance.
Due to their low power-aperture ratings, this family of radars is generally not regarded to be
particularly effective against LO and VLO aircraft.
System
Alternative Designation: Kasta 2E1
Type: Low-Altitude All-Around 3-D Surveillance Radar System
Manufacturer: INA
Family: Kasta
Chassis: KamAZ-5350
In Service: INA
Vehicle Package: The Kasta 2E1 system uses two antennas and consists of two vehicles:
one truck carries the antenna and its peripheral equipment and another truck operates as
command post vehicle and on a trailer unit, the external power supply is installed
Dimensions (Chassis: KamAZ-5350)

Length: 7.85 m
Width: 2.5 m
Height: 3.29 m
Weight, Combat: 9.2 tons
Maximum Load: 6.0 tons
Automotive (Chassis: KamAZ-5350)

Engine Name: KamAZ-740.13-260
Engine Type: Diesel
Speed, Average Cross: INA
Gradient: 60 %
Side Slope: 40 %
Trench: 0.6 m
Maximum Load: 6.0 tons
Note #1: Engine is also equipped with cold weather starting device and can be started at
temperatures down to -50°C
Note #2: Vehicle has a full-time all-wheel drive and is fitted with a central tyre inflation system
Radar System
Waveband: Decimetric
Target detection (Height 100 m) with Antenna 5.4 / 14 m: 32 km
Target detection (Height 100 m) with Antenna 50 m: 58 km
Effective Range: 5-150 km
Accuracy Distance: 540 m
Altitude: 6 km
Azimuth: 360 deg
Height: INA
Moving target indication (MTI): 53 DB
Mean time between failure (MTBF): 300 hours
Setup Time: 20 min
Power Up: 3.3 min
Teardown: 20 min
Operating crew: 2 ea
Power consumption: 16 kw
Transport units: 2 ea
Communications
Radio: R-168-5UN Russian VHF Manpack-Vehicular Radio Station
Protection
Armor: INA
Applique Armor: Available, This cab can be fitted with add-on armor kit. It is also proposed with
concealed built-in internal armor.
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Variants
Kasta 2E1: The Kasta 2E1 system uses two antennas and consists of two vehicles: one truck
carries the antenna and its peripheral equipment and another truck operates as command post
vehicle and on a trailer unit, the external power supply is installed.
Kasta 2E2: The Kasta 2E2 system uses one antenna and consists of three vehicles: one truck
carries the antenna and its peripheral equipment, another truck operates as command post
vehicle, and a diesel-electric power plant is mounted another truck and two single-axle trailers
carry auxiliary equipment.
Kasta 2E2 Russian 6x6 Low-Altitude All-Around 3-D
(RUS) > PRO Algeria > PRO Iran (Islamic Republic of) > PRO Russian Federation > PRO Viet Nam >
Land > Kasta 2E2 Russian 6x6 Low-Altitude All-Around 3-D Surveillance Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
The Kasta-2E2 3D surveillance radar is designed to conduct air surveillance, find range, azimuth,
altitude, and track air targets like airplanes, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, and cruise
missiles, including low- and extremely low-level and stealthy air targets, in a heavy clutter
environment.
The Kasta-2E2 low-altitude 3D all-round surveillance radar is designed to control airspace and to
perform automatic detection, range/azimuth/altitude measurements and flight path
characteristics of fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles and cruise
missiles, including low-flying, terrain-hugging, and stealth ones, in conditions of intensive clutter
reflections from a background surface, local objects and weather formations.
The Kasta-2E2 mobile automated solid-state low-altitude radar can be integrated into various
military and civil-purpose systems used for air defense, coast and border control, air traffic
control, and air operations control in aerodrome zones.
The radar features a modular design with a solid-state emitter, digital data processing and
automated operation, built-in functional testing system, a 14-m antenna tower to detect very low-
flying air targets, high degree of immunity to interference from neighboring electronic assets
when operating in close formations (protection rate – up to 50 dB).
The Kasta-2E2 radar comprises a hardware vehicle, an antenna vehicle, a diesel-electric power
plant mounted on all-terrain wheeled chassis; two single-axle trailers carrying auxiliary
equipment; a remote workstation enabling radar control from a distance of up to 300 m.
The radar can detect small-size targets, including low-speed ones, at great distances. It is a jam-
immune, reliable, easy, and safe to operate and maintain asset that can be shipped by various
transportation means. At customer request, a containerized radar variant can be supplied to
operate with its antenna mounted on an Unzha-type mast. The radar features long detection
ranges for small-sized low-level targets, including low-speed ones, and good jamming immunity.
It is economic, reliable, operationally safe, and easy to maintenance. It can be carried by various
means of transportation.
Ref: http://defensetechs.com/wp-
System
Alternate Designation: Kasta 2E2; 39N6E; NATO: Squat Eye E.
Type: Low-Altitude All-Around 3-D Surveillance Radar System
Manufacturer: INA
Chassis: KAMAZ-4310
Crew: 2
System Composition: 3 x trucks: Antenna truck, compost truck, and power plant truck
Waveband: Decimetric
Range: 5 km to 150 km
Altitude: Up to 6 km
Number of targets system can track: At least 50
Elevation: 25 degrees
Data update rate: 5 and 10 seconds
Clutter rejection factor: 54 dB
MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures): At lease 700 hours
Time of continuous operation: At least 20 days
Mean recovery time: Up to 0.3 hours
Emplacement / deplacement time: Up to 20 minutes
Power consumption: up to 23 kW
Measurement Accuracy
Range: 100 m
Azimuth: 40 degree minimum arc
Altitude: 900 m
Speed: 20 m/s
Resolution
Range: 300 m
Azimuth: 5.5 degrees
Dimensions (Chassis: KAMAZ-4310)

Length: 7.85
Width: 2.5
Height: 3.29
Weight, Combat: 9.2 tons
Automotive Dimensions (Chassis: KAMAZ-4310)

Engine Name: KamAZ-740.13-260
Engine Type: Diesel
Gradient: 60 %
Side Slope: 40 %
Trench: 0.6 m
Variants
Kasta 2E1: The Kasta 2E1 system uses two antennas and consists of two vehicles: one truck
carries the antenna and its peripheral equipment and another truck operates as command post
vehicle and on a trailer unit, the external power supply is installed.
Kasta 2E2: The Kasta 2E2 system uses one antenna and consists of three vehicles: one truck
carries the antenna and its peripheral equipment, another truck operates as command post
vehicle, and a diesel-electric power plant is mounted another truck and two single-axle trailers
carry auxiliary equipment.
Kolchuga-M Russian Passive Early Warning Radar
System
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Russia (RUS) > PRO Israel > PRO
Russian Federation > PRO Saudi Arabia > PRO Ukraine > Land > Kolchuga-M Russian Passive
Early Warning Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
The Kolchuga-M passive detection system is truck-mounted and detects aircraft electromagnetic
emissions in the VHF, UHF, and SHF wavebands. It identifies and tracks incoming aircraft at long
range for acquisition by separate air defense systems.
The team of designers with the Topaz state holding, who developed the sophisticated hi-tech
[kol-CHOO-gah, Russian for "hauberk"] passive early warning radar equipment, was nominated for
the State Science and Engineering Prize. A hauberk is a short tunic made of a mesh of interlinked
metal rings. The new-generation strategic long-range passive radar complex "Kolchuga" meets
the most stringent moral-ethical and environmental standards as absolutely harmless to people
or the environment. It is unique because, firstly, all research, development, pre-process, and serial
production works were performed by the Topaz holding and funded through Ukrspetsexport
investment and Prominvestbank credits; secondly, the high technological level of the Ukrainian
radar was asserted de facto by the most developed and powerful country, the trendsetter in the
military sphere.
A complex consisting of three Kolchuga radar stations makes it possible to spot ground and
surface targets and trace their movement within a radius of 600 km (air targets at the 10 km
altitude - up to 800 km), which makes an effective early warning air defense system. The
Kolchuga station is equipped with five-meter -, decimeter-, and centimeter-range aerials, which
provide for high radiosensitivity within a 110dB/W - 155 dB/W swath, depending on the
frequency.
The 800-km detection range has been achieved only by the Ukrainian Kolchuga. The best the U.S.
AWACS can do is 600 km, while the ground-based complexes Vera (Czech Republic) and Vega
(Russia) can reach out up to 400 km - half what the Ukrainian complex can reach. The Kolchuga's
lower limit of the working frequency range is 130MHz and is the lowest of all analogs. For the
AWACS it is 2,000 MHz, for the Vera it is 850MHz, for the Vega it is 200MHz.
This was developed by the Special Radio Device Design Bureau public holding, the Topaz holding,
the Donetsk National Technical University, the Ukrspetsexport state company, and the
Investment and Technologies Company. It took them eight years (1993 - 2000) to conduct
research, develop algorithms, test solutions on experimental specimens, and launch serial
production. The new product dramatically changed the balance in the constant competition
between offensive and defensive means. The relatively cheap Ukrainian Kolchuga radar station,
which is able to detect and identify practically all known active radio devices mounted on ground,
airborne, or marine objects, actually cancels out all those billions of dollars spent on stealth-
based armaments.
On 15 September 2002, the US State Department made its first public accusation that President
Leonid Kuchma personally approved the Kolchuga sale to Iraq via a Jordanian intermediary. The
State Department said it had based its accusations on secret tape recordings made by Mykola
Melnychenko, a former presidential bodyguard now in exile in the United States.
The change in U.S.-Ukraine relations was triggered by authentication of a 90-second audio

recording from July 10, 2000. The excerpt contained a conversation between Kuchma and
Ukrspetsexport chief Valery Malev, in which Kuchma approves a sale of Kolchuga systems to
Iraq. In a transcribed nine-minute conversation Kuchma discusses not only the Kolchuga sale to
Iraq but also a deal to repair Libya's MIG-25 fighter jets. In the conversation, Kuchma gives Malev
permission to bypass the State Service for Export Control for the deal. The US concluded that the
recording of the Ukrainian president is authentic.
Sales of such radar systems would be a clear violation of United Nations Security Council
Resolution 661, which prohibits any sale or supply of "weapons or any other military equipment"
to Iraq. Equipment like the Kolchuga system could pose a threat to aircraft of the U.S.-led
coalition patrolling the no-fly zones over northern and southern Iraq.
The government of Ukraine denied selling Iraq the radar systems and invited international
experts to Ukraine to investigate the charges. But as State Department spokesman Boucher said,
the government of Ukraine has not been candid on this issue. And US Ambassador to Ukraine
Carlos Pascual suggested Ukrainian officials may have destroyed or manipulated evidence of the
radar sales.
The U.S. Government and its NATO allies responded by downgrading Ukraine's participation in
the NATO-Ukraine Commission meeting at the November NATO Summit in Prague from a
summit to a ministerial. Nevertheless, concurrently, Ukraine developed with NATO a detailed and
forward-leaning Action Plan to accelerate Ukraine's integration with NATO.
The United States "initiated a temporary pause in new obligations of Freedom Support Act
assistance that goes to the central government in Ukraine" and is reexamining its policy towards
Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma after determining that a tape recording of Kuchma approving
the sale of an early warning system to Iraq is authentic, State Department Spokesman Richard
Boucher told journalists in Washington 24 September 2002.
"We've recently concluded an analysis of a July 2000 recording that was provided by the former
Ukrainian presidential bodyguard, Mykola Melnychenko. On one of the tapes, Ukrainian President
Leonid Kuchma is heard approving the clandestine sale of 'Kolchuga' early warning systems to
Iraq, and we believe this recording to be authentic," Boucher said. "Our ongoing policy review
reflects our serious concern that illicit transfers to Iraq were approved by President Kuchma, as
well as our determination to discourage further transfers by Ukraine or by any other country that
violates UN sanctions on Iraq," he continued.
While the United States was not certain that the Kolchuga system has arrived in Iraq and been
deployed, "there are some indications that suggest it may be there," Boucher said, adding, "It is a
very serious matter to have a national leader approving a sale in violation of UN resolutions."
Asked whether the United States will take action against Ukraine at the United Nations for its
violations of UN resolutions, Boucher replied: "I don't know. We'll have to see."
These programs had a budget of approximately $54 million in the fiscal year 2002 and they
represent about 35 percent of our total Freedom Support Act assistance to Ukraine. Programs
that are funded under this budget included work with the Ukrainian Government on reforms in
fiscal and commercial law, pensions, and government regulations.
It was impossible to track the matter down by a joint American-British commission sent to
Ukraine in 2002 to investigate this purported sale. As of mid-2004, the US had not located
Kolchuga systems in Iraq, and the transfer might not have taken place.
Jane's Defense Weekly, dated September 27, 2006, carried a story, strangely datelined Bangkok,
reporting that Ukraine had recently delivered or was imminently preparing to deliver an unknown
number of Kolchuga systems to Iran for an estimated price of USD25 million per system.
Information for the news story originated from Vietnamese arms traders working in Central
Europe. Both the Ukrainian Security Service (SBU) and the State Service for Export Controls had
responded September 25 to MFA's written inquiries to report that they had uncovered no
evidence of such sales. The interagency Presidential Committee on Military-Technical
Cooperation and Export Controls had met on September 27 and discussed the issue. They had
decided that the Ukrainian government would not stoke the controversy by denying the claim; on
an if-asked basis, however, Ukrainian government officials would deny that any such sale had
taken place.
System
Alternative Designations: Kolchuga-M
Type: Passive Early Warning Radar System
Manufacturer: INA
Mission: The Kolchuga-M passive detection system is truck-mounted and detects aircraft
electromagnetic emissions in the VHF, UHF, and SHF wavebands. It identifies and tracks
incoming aircraft at long range for acquisition by separate air defense systems.
Components for Complex: 2-3 vehicles plus control post
Crew: 2 at the receiving station, 3or 4 at the control post.
Platform: 6x6 van
Antenna Type: 4 in VHF, UHF, and SHF
Frequency Range: 0.13-18 GHz (to include X and Ku bands.
Azimuth Coverage: 360 deg
Surveillance range: 450-620 km depending on target altitude and frequencies. The latter figure is
for targets at 18.5 km altitude.
The manufacturer claims 800 km (maybe valid - some frequencies).
Effectiveness Against Stealth: Reported but not likely
Maximum Number of Targets Tracked: 32
Range for a Complex: 1,000 km frontage or 450-600 radius.
Operation Duration Time: 24 hours
Operation Radius: 600 km (air targets at the 10 km altitude - up to 800 km), which makes an
effective early warning air defense system.
Range Aerials: The Kolchuga station is equipped with five-meter -, decimeter-, and centimeter-
range aerials, which provide for high radiosensitivity within a 110dB/W - 155 dB/W swath,
depending on the frequency.
Mode of Operation: Kolchuga is an electronic support measures system that employs two or
more sites to locate emitters by triangulation. The system is vehicle mounted and comprises a
large vertical meshed reflector, with two smaller circular parabolic dishes beneath and a pair of
VHF-to-microwave log-periodic antennas above. The dishes may exploit amplitude monopulse
techniques for improved direction-finding, whilst the angled spacing of the log-periodic antenna
suggests that they may use phase interferometry to improve angle measurements. Various
smaller antennas, presumably for inter-site communications are to the side and rear of the dish.
The detection range is one of the best in its class, but it is highly dependent on the emitted power
of the transmitter being tracked and requires satisfaction of the line of sight condition to at least
two receiving sites for triangulation (compared with three sites for a multilateration system such
as the VERA passive sensor). A Kolchuga complex can detect and locate air and surface targets
and trace their movement to a range generally limited only by the common line-of-sight of the
stations.
System Parameters: According to the manufacturer's brochure (from AIDEX 1997), the upgraded
Kolchuga-M is equipped:
With four antennas in the VHF, UHF, and SHF radio bands with narrow and wide beams.
With parallel receivers allowing the instant discovery and analysis of signals of radio technical
equipment (RTE) in the range 100 MHz -18 GHz and continual tracking across the entire band.
[Other sources claim from 130MHz to 18GHz, and a 36 channel preset receiver].
With a sensitivity of approximately -145 dBW
With equipment for the analysis, processing, and continual calculation and tracking of
coordinates by triangulation and chronometrical-hyperbolic method.
With equipment for the identification, operative displaying of information, long-term memory, and
recording of the results of processing.
Target Identification: Kolchuga is able to detect and identify many types of radio devices
mounted on the ground, airborne, or marine objects. Target detection relies only on an emitter
having sufficient power and being within Kolchuga's frequency range. Target identification,
however, is more complex and is based on the measurement of different parameters of the
transmitted signal—such as its frequency, bandwidth, pulse width, pulse repetition interval, etc.
Kolchuga has been reported to use around forty different parameters when identifying a target.
These parameters are compared to a database in order to identify both the type of emitter and, in
some cases, even the specific piece of equipment (by identifying the unique signature or
"fingerprint" that most transmitters have, due to the variations and tolerances in individual
components). The database within Kolchuga is said to have the capacity to store around three
hundred different types of the emitter and up to five hundred specific signatures for each type.
Dimensions (Ural 375)

Length: 7,350 mm
Width: 2,960 mm
Height: 2,980 mm
Curb Weight: 8,400 kg
Automotive
Engine Name: 7.0L ZIL-375YA
Engine Type: V-8 Diesel
Engine Power: INA
Fuel Capacity: 314 liters
Transmission: 5-speed manual + 2-speed transfer case
Range: INA
Maximum Speed: 76 km/h
Protection
Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
NBC Protection: INA
LLQ-305A (Type 305A) Chinese Self-Propelled 3D
Acquisition Radar
> Land > LLQ-305A (Type 305A) Chinese Self-Propelled 3D Acquisition Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The LLQ-305A (Type 305A) Chinese Self-Propelled 3D Acquisition Radar is unique and does not
resemble any known Chinese radar designs. It is carried on the same Mercedes-Benz NG 80
derived chassis as the Type 120 and Type 305B radars.
The antenna design physically resembles existing Western S-band AESAs such as the Thales
Ground Master series, or the very much larger Israeli IAI/Elta EL/M-2080 Green Pine ABM radar
series. The depth of the primary antenna and its structural frame is typical for AESA designs in
this category, using a stacked modular feed network arrangement; this is well documented in a
number of Russian AESA designs.
The rear face of the antenna frame is largely occupied with voluminous equipment housings, of
similar depth to the antenna frame itself, and of equal height. These would be consistent with the
installation of low voltage AESA power supplies, cooling equipment, receiver, and exciter
hardware. China's industry has previously designed and built large AESAs, specifically for the
KJ-200 and KJ-2000 AWACS projects, operating either in the L-Band or S-Band, so the basic
technology is available to construct a ground-based radar in this category.
Chinese sources have identified the radar as a long-range 3D high altitude acquisition and search
design, intended to support missile guidance applications. This type of functionality is consistent
with a number of extant dual role acquisition radars, built to support the long-range acquisition of
aerial targets at medium to high altitudes, and acquisition of Tactical Ballistic Missile (TBM)
category targets.
In recent years claims have emerged of an intended ABM or ATBM role for the HQ-9, but no
evidence of a suitable acquisition radar for this purpose was ever provided. If the Type 305A is
what it appears to be, then it would be the kind of radar required for an ATBM acquisition
capability.
Until further disclosures are made, a deeper analysis of the Type 305A would be largely
speculative.
System
Alternative Designation: Type 305A; LLQ305A
Type: Self-Propelled 3D Acquisition Radar
Crew: INA
Chassis: Mercedes-Benz NG 80
Mssion: Chinese sources have identified the radar as a long range 3D high altitude acquisition
and search design, intended to support missile guidance applications.
Maximum Range: INA
Minimum Range: INA
Minimum Altitude: INA
Note: Very little info is released about this radar other than it can also act as Fire-control radar.
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
P-10 (Knife Rest B) Russian Early Warning Radar
Radar Systems > Naval Radars > Russia (RUS) > Sea > PRO China > PRO Pakistan > PRO Viet
Nam > P-10 (Knife Rest B) Russian Early Warning Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Knife Rest (Russian: P-8) series of radars were used for early warning in conjunction with the
SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile (SAM) system. The antenna consists of a twin Yagi array.
Knife Rest-A is ground-mounted; the Knife Rest-B/C (Russian: P-10) models are truck-mounted. A
navy variant was fitted in some SVERDLOV-class cruisers and T-43-class minesweepers.
System
Alternative Designation: P-10; Knife Rest B
Type: Early Warning Radar
Crew: INA
Frequency: VHF-Band
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 100 Hz
Peak Power: 55 … 75 kW
Instrumental Range: 110 NM
Beam Width: 21 degrees
Antena Rotation: 0 … 6 rpm
Resolution: 2.5 km
Accuracy: 3.7 km
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
P-12 NP (Spoon Rest B) Russian Mobile Early Warning
Radar
(RUS) > Land > PRO Kazakhstan > PRO Kyrgyzstan > PRO North Korea (Democratic People's
Republic of Korea) > PRO Tajikistan > PRO Turkmenistan > PRO Uzbekistan > P-12 NP (Spoon
Rest B) Russian Mobile Early Warning Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The former Soviet Union had considerable successes in the development of VHF- radar units.
The assortment of VHF- radar units in the army and the air force sufficed of the P 8 over the P 12
up to the P 18 radar sets. One of them is the mobile variant NP, a version of the P 12 installed into
two caravans.
The radar unit also has an E-scope next to the plan position indicator (PPI). The elevation angle
measures the goniometer (the green luminescent scale between the maintenance panels) by a
phase comparison between the two echo signals received by the both antenna planes.
The Goniometer produced a standing wave of the received RF impulses on two slip rings fed by
the two antenna groups. An electrical engine alternately moves a measuring contact on the slip
rings and simultaneous a variable resistor delivers the vertical deflecting voltage to the RHI-
scope. The voltage difference of the slip rings reaches the value zero in a certain position. The
mechanical angle of this position corresponds to the elevation angle of the target. With a
nomogram on the screen the shown elevation angle could be converted to a height. But the
method reduces, however, the maximum range of the radar unit. Therefore the crew usually
switched off the Goniometer.
The radar unit P 12 can be synchronized with other radar units and then the PPI-scope shows
both received echos. If two stations working by the same frequency are in a favorable distance to
each other, her maximum obtainable range can be increased by interference.
The Goniometer produced a standing wave of the received RF impulses on two slip rings fed by
the two antenna groups. An electrical engine alternately moves a measuring contact on the slip
rings and simultaneous a variable resistor delivers the vertical deflecting voltage to the RHI-
scope. The voltage difference of the slip rings reaches the value zero in a certain position. The
mechanical angle of this position corresponds to the elevation angle of the target. With a
nomogram on the screen the shown elevation angle could be converted to a height. But the
method reduces, however, the maximum range of the radar unit. Therefore the crew usually
switched off the Goniometer.
The radar unit P 12 can be synchronized with other radar units and then the PPI-scope shows
both received echos. If two stations working by the same frequency are in a favorable distance to
each other, her maximum obtainable range can be increased by interference.
The trailer-mounted P-12 NP (1RL 14 PIR) “Spoon Rest B” is a derivative of the truck-mounted
P-12 MA “Spoon Rest A”. The later version P-12 NA is a truck-mounted version again.
System
Alternative Designation: P-12 NP; Spoon Rest B
Type: Mobile Early Warning Radar
Manufacturer: INA
Chassis: ZIL Trucks
Crew: INA
Band: 150 - 170 MHz
(lower VHF-Band)
Horizontal Beamwidth: 7-9 deg
Peak Power: 160 to 250 kW
Pulse Width: 4-6 microseconds
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 310-400 Hz
Antenna Rotation: 6 … 30 seconds
(0 … 10 rpm.)
Dead Time: 377 µs
Receive Time: 2.4 milliseconds
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Variants
Spoon Rest A (P-12): The P-12 "Yenisei" (also referred to by the NATO reporting name "Spoon
Rest A" in the west) was an early VHF developed and operated by the former Soviet Union.
Spoon Rest B (P-12): Mast-mounted variant that operates at a lower VHF frequency than Spoon
Rest A.
Spoon Rest D (P-18): Mast-mounted variant with eight dipoles; operates in the VHF frequency
range (150-170 MHz). Based on the Spoon Rest B. Characteristics include:
P-12 (Spoon Rest A) Russian Mobile Early Warning
Radar
(RUS) > Land > PRO Central Asia > PRO Albania > PRO Angola > PRO Armenia > PRO Bosnia and
Herzegovina > PRO Bulgaria > PRO Cuba > PRO Egypt > PRO Ethiopia > PRO Georgia > PRO Iran
(Islamic Republic of) > PRO Libya > PRO Mozambique > PRO North Korea (Democratic People's
Republic of Korea) > PRO Peru > PRO Romania > PRO Slovakia > PRO Sudan > PRO Syria > PRO
Ukraine > PRO Viet Nam > PRO Yemen > P-12 (Spoon Rest A) Russian Mobile Early Warning
Radar
Tiers:
Notes
Spoon Rest is a Russian ground-based, early warning radar that later evolved into the Knife
Rest** series. The very high frequency (VHF) radar is widely used with the Fan Song radar
associated with the SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile (SAM) system.
Spoon Rest A is the original version of the system and is mounted in two trailers. The system's
generator is carried in one of the trucks while the radar array and electronics cabinets are in the
other. The large antenna is a six-dipole horizontal Yagi array mounted on top of a truck.
The P-12 Yenisei was a development of the earlier P-10 radar, the P-12 being developed between
1954 and 1956. The P-12 was developed by the SKB Design Bureau, a division of State Plant
No.197 named after V. I. Lenin who developed the previous P-10, the predecessor of the current
Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering (NNIIRT). The Yenisei radar was
accepted into service in 1956 following the successful completion of the radars test program.
In 1958 a modernised variant of the P-12 passed the testing process and entered into service as
the P-12M, the modernised radar featured the ability to shift the radar frequency within a range of
10 MHz. A further modernisation came in 1962 in the form of the P-12MP which featured
improved reliability, reduced side lobe radiation and the ability to be paired with a centimeter
band search radar, in 1970 the radar was provided with flicker equipment to improve immunity to
anti-radiation missiles. The final variant of the P-12 was the P-12NP which was also produced as
the P-12NA with a different transport chassis. The P-12NP compared with the previous P-12MP
featured improved detection ranges and reliability as well as the ability to locate the control cabin
up to 500 meters from the antenna to improve crew survivability as a result of attack on the
radar.
he main differences between the earlier P-10 and the P-12 included a new antenna feed system
with lower side lobes, reduced to 4% of the main lobe. The P-12 also offered a greater frequency
range and greater frequency agility, being able to retune to four pre-set frequencies automatically
as well as automatic frequency fine tuning. Finally Yenisei had greater accuracy with improved
detection range (250 km) and better protection against passive and active interference. In
addition to frequency agility the P-12 was the first Russian radar system to use the coherent
cancellation moving target indicator (MTI) method to eliminate ground clutter.
The P-12 "Spoon Rest A" was mounted on two Zil trucks, though later with the P-12NP "Spoon
Rest B" the radar antenna mast was mounted on a separate trailer cabin to allow for location
away from the other components of the radar site, the P-12NA returned to a track based
platform. The P-12 used a single antenna accomplishing both transmission and reception, the
antenna was composed of twelve Yagi antenna mounted in sets of six with one set above the
other. Azimuth was scanned mechanically by the antenna with a rotation of 10 r.p.m, elevation
was determined using a Goniometer by comparing the phase comparison between the upper and
lower antenna sets, in similar fashion to the original P-3 but since this reduced range it was rarely
used. The P-12 used two indicators, a plan position indicator in addition to an E-scope to indicate
height, the P-12 could integrate track information from an additional radar with both sets of
information appearing on the plan position indicator A secondary radar for IFF was generally
used in conjunction with the P-12 such as the NRZ-12 (NATO "Score Board")
System
Alternative Designation: P-12; Spoon Rest A
Type: Mobile Early Warning Radar
Manufacturer: INA
Chassis: ZIL Trucks
Crew: INA
Band: 147-161 MHz
Horizontal Beamwidth: 7-9 deg
Peak Power: 180-350 kW
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 310-400 Hz
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Variants
Spoon Rest B (P-12): Mast-mounted variant that operates at a lower VHF frequency than Spoon
Rest A.
Spoon Rest D (P-18): Mast-mounted variant with eight dipoles; operates in the VHF frequency
range (150-170 MHz). Based on the Spoon Rest B. Characteristics include:
P-14 (Tall King A) Russian Mobile 2D VHF Early Warning
Radar
(RUS) > PRO Bulgaria > PRO Egypt > PRO Iraq > PRO Russian Federation > PRO Viet Nam > Land
> Russia (RUS) > Land > PRO Bulgaria > PRO Egypt > PRO Iraq > PRO Russian Federation > PRO
Viet Nam > P-14 (Tall King A) Russian Mobile 2D VHF Early Warning Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The P-14 (also referred to by the NATO reporting name "Tall King") is a 2D VHF radar that was
developed and operated by the Soviet Union.
The design of the P-14 2D early warning radar started in 1955 by decree of the CPSU Central
Committee. The P-14 being the first high power VHF radar to be developed by the Soviet Union,
the radar was accepted into service in 1959 following the successful completion of the radars
test program.[2] The P-14 was developed under the direction of V.I. Ovsyannikov by the SKB
Design Bureau, a division of State Plant No.197 named after V.I.Lenin, the predecessor of the
current Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio Engineering (NNIIRT). The development
team was awarded the Lenin prize by the Soviet Union in 1960 for the development of the P-14
radar.
The P-14 was exported and is occasionally still found in service, several companies have offered
upgrade options for the system, including replacement of outdated components with modern
systems, such as digital MTI, modern PC based signal processing/display and solid state
components. The P-14 was superseded by the 55G6 "Nebo" VHF surveillance radar in 1982.
The P-14 was produced in three variants: the 1RL113 "Lena" (Tall King A) and 44Zh6
"Furgon" (Tall King B) static versions and the 5N84A "Oborona-14" (Tall King C). A total of 731
1RL113 "Lena" were manufactured between 1959 and 1976, 24 of which were for export. The
1RL113 static site was contained in two building (radar and generator) with the control cabin
(operated by a crew of five) situated up to one kilometer away, the 44ZH6 operated in a similar
fashion but could be relocated more easily. The 5Н84A mobile version featured a folding antenna
and transported on six trailers taking over 24 hours to assemble, the radar's control trailer had a
crew of six and could be located up to one kilometer from the radar. A secondary radar for IFF is
generally used in conjunction with the P-14, either the NRS-12 or the later 1L22 "Parol".
All of the P-14 variants were developed for the long-range detection and tracking of aerial targets
and had similar performance characteristics between them.[4] All used a single antenna
accomplishing both transmission and reception; the antenna was a large open-frame truncated
parabolic antenna, the antenna included a heated de-icing system for extreme conditions. The
radars ware capable of modulating their frequency around four preset frequencies to counteract
active interference and used automatic coherent-compensation for passive interference; both
systems able to suppress interference by up to 20 dB. In addition to jammer suppression the
P-14 can use five auxiliary antennae for direction finding to locate the jammer. The P-14 can
operate in four different modes: high beam with increased upper detection limit, low beam with
increased range at low to medium altitudes and scan which alternates between high and low
beam modes.
System
Alternate Designation: P-14; NATO: Tall King
Type: Mobile 2D VHF Early Warning Radar
Chassis: Ural 375D
Crew: INA
Frequency: VHF
RPM: 2-6 rpm
Maximum Altitude: 30,000 meters ; 65,000 meters high beam (98,000 feet; 200,000 feet)
Elevation: 12/17 degrees
Precision: 1.2 km range, 1.2 degrees azimuth
Power: 900 kW
Dimensions (Chassis: Ural 375D)

Height, Overall : 2.68 m
Length, Overall : 7.36 m
Width, Overall : 2.67 m
Weight, Gross Vehicle: 13.2 mt
Antenna Diameter: 33 meters
Antenna Mast: INA
Automotive (Chassis: Ural 375D)

Engine Name: ZiL-375 Diesel
Engine Type: V8, 180 hp, Gasoline
Cooling System: Liquid
Fuel Capacity , Aux : 60.0 liters
Fuel Capacity, Main Tank: 300.0 liters
Maximum Road Speed: 75 km/h
Towing Capability, Off-Highway: 5000.0 kg
Towing Capability, Off-Highway: 10000.0 kg
Gradient: 65 %
Side Slope: 40 %
Trench: 0.7 m
Fording: 1.2 m
Variants
P-14MA/5H84AMA: ground-based long-range VHF surveillance radar P-180U is offered as the
modernized follow-on to its prototype, the analogue P-14. Produced in LiTak-Tak
P-15 (Flat Face A) Russian Mobile 2D UHF Radar
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Russian Mobile 2D UHF Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The P-15 is a high mobility radar. With the antenna mounted directly on the single truck (Zil-157)
used for transport, the system could be deployed and taken down in no more than 10 minutes.
The P-15 uses two open frame elliptical parabolic antenna accomplishing both transmission and
reception, each antenna being fed by a single antenna feed. The radar can rapidly shift its
frequency to one of four preset frequencies to avoid active interference, with passive interference
being removed by a coherent doppler filter. Azimuth was determined by mechanical scanning
with an associated accompanying PRV-11 (NATO reporting name "Side Net") used to determine
elevation. A secondary radar for IFF is generally used in conjunction with the P-15, generally the
1L22 "Parol".
System
Alternative Designation: P-15; NATO: Flat Face
Type: 2D UHF Radar
Manufacturer: INA
Chassis: ZIL-157
Crew: 3
Dimensions (Chassis: ZIL-157)

Length: 6.93 m
Width: 2.32 m
Height: 2.74 m
Weight, Empty: 5,540 kg
Antenna Width: 6.00 m
Antenna Height: 2.15 m
Radar System
Band: C (810-850 or 880-905 MHz)
Peak Power: 900 kW
Beam WIdth Azimuth: 10 deg
Beam Width Elevation: 5 deg
Accuracy Angular: 5 deg
Pulse Repetition Frequency: 200-800 Hz; 600-880 Hz
Parabolic Reflectors: Two elliptical parabolic reflectors measuring 11x5.5 m. Reflectors arranged
one above the other on van roof.
Associated Missiles and Radars: SA-3 GOA, SA-8 GECKO SAM, and LOW BLOW missile control
radar.
Automotive (Chassis: ZIL-157)

Engine Name: ZIL-157
Engine Type: Diesel
Transmission: 5 speed X 2 range transfer case
Cruising Range: INA
Gradient: INA
Side Slope: INA
Vertical Step: INA
Trench: INA
Fording Depth: INA
Protection
Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: INA
Smoke Equipment: No
Variants
Flat Face B (Russian P-19): This radar was developed from the Flat Face A. It is associated with
SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa, SA-6 Gainful, and SA-8 Gecko SAM systems. It is also designated the
1RL134. The P-19 is truck-mounted on a 6 x 6 chassis and employs an antenna array with two
elliptical reflectors mounted one above the other. Like the P-15, it uses the 1L22 Parol IFF
equipment. Digital plot processing has been fitted.
P-15M (Squat Eye) Russian Mobile Ground-Based Air
Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar
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Eye) Russian Mobile Ground-Based Air Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar
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Notes
Squat Eye** is a ground-based air surveillance and target acquisition radar associated with the
SA-3 Goa** surface-to-air missile (SAM) system. Squat Eye works in conjunction with the Low
Blow ** missile fire control radar to supply an air-defense site's coverage of low-altitude targets.
The radar is distinguished by its open-work elliptical parabolic antenna usually mounted on a 30-
m (98-ft) mast. The reflector is fed by an underslung feed horn, which further emphasizes its low-
altitude orientation.
System
Alternative Designation: P-15M; Squat Eye
Type: Mobile Ground-Based Air Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar
Chassis: ZIL-131
Crew: INA
Band: C (500-1,000 MHz)
Peak Power: 500 kW

Length: 7.04 m
Width: 2.49 m
Height, Cab: 2.49 m
Height, Transport Body: 2.97 m
Curb Weight: 6,700 kg
Wheelbase: 10 ft 10 in (3.30 m)+4 ft 7 in (1.40 m)
Antenna Length: 4 m
Antenna Width: 6 m
Antenna Mast Height: 30 m

Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: V8 gasoline (carburetor) ZIL-130
Engine Power: INA
Cruising Range: INA
Gradient: INA
Side Slope: INA
Vertical Step: INA
Trench: INA
Fording Depth: INA m
Suspension: solid axles with leaf springs.
Transmission: 5 m, 2-speed transfer case
Fuel Economy: 5.9 mpg‑US (40 L/100 km; 7.1 mpg‑imp) (city), 50 to 100 liters/100 km (cross-
country).
Fuel Tanks: 2x45 gal.
Maneuverability: turning circle 33'5.6", approach angle 36°, departure angle 40°, max. ascent
angle 31° (with 3,750 kg (8,267 lb) load), ground clearance 13 in (330 mm), overcome ford 4 ft 7
in (1.40 m)
Stopping Distance at 35 km/h: 12 m
Protection
Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: INA
Smoke Equipment: No
P-18 (Spoon Rest D) Russian Mobile 2D VHF Radar
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P-18 (Spoon Rest D) Russian Mobile 2D VHF Radar
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Notes
The P-18 or 1RL131 Terek (also referred to by the NATO reporting name "Spoon Rest D" in the
west) is a 2D VHF radar developed and operated by the former Soviet Union. The P-18 early
warning radar is a development of the earlier P-12 radar, the P-18 radar being accepted into
service in 1970 following the successful completion of the program. The P-18 was developed by
the SKB Design Bureau, a division of State Plant No.197 named after V. I. Lenin who developed
the previous P-12, the predecessor of the current Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Radio
Engineering (NNIIRT). In 1979 a new secondary IFF radar the 1L22 "Parol" entered into service to
complement the P-18, unlike the previous secondary radar NRS-12 (NATO "Score Board") the new
interrogator was carried on a separate truck. The P-18 is still in service today and was widely
exported, many companies offer upgrade options to improve the performance and reliability of
the radar and to replace outdated components. NNIIRT offers an upgrade package for the P-18
which includes the installation of a solid-state transmitter and receiver, automatic jammer
suppression equipment as well as PC-based signal processing, test, and interface equipment.
These upgraded variants of the P-18 can be referred to as the P-18M, P-18-1, or P-18-2 depending
on the manufacturer, modification, and radar nationality. The P-18 was superseded by the 1L13
"Nebo" VHF surveillance radar in 1984. Currently, the Russian-Belarusian company Defense
Systems provides upgrades for P-18 radars. Also, Retia, a Czech civil and military electronics
company, developed its own, fundamental modernization of the P-18 under the name ReVEAL. It
is now solid-state, digitized, and fitted with an upgraded IFF system while allowing to utilize also
the legacy IFF. The whole equipment is repackaged into a standard container and already sold in
several dozen units.
System
Alternative Designation: P-18; Spoon Rest D; 1Rl131 Terek
Type: Mobile 2D VHF Radar
Chassis: ZIL-157
Crew: 3 ea
Frequency: VHF
Maximum Altitude: 35 km
Elevation: -5-15 degrees
Precision: 1 km range
Power: 260 kW

Length: 6.93 m
Width: 2.32 m
Height: 2.74 m

Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 1,041 hp
Transmission: 5 speed X 2 range transfer case
Cruising Range: INA
Gradient: INA
Side Slope: INA
Vertical Step: INA
Trench: INA
Fording Depth: INA
Protection
Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: INA
Smoke Equipment: No
Variants
Bharat Electronics P-18 upgrade: The Bharat Electronics P-18 upgrade introduces a new digital
signal processor (offering moving target indication with a staggered pulse repetition frequency –
PRF), a color raster-scan display, and identification friend-or-foe provision (antenna, transmitter,
receiver, and decoder/interrogator) together with a built-in test facility (via the radarʼs simulator).
Readers should note that Bharat quotes the P-18ʼs center frequency and PRF as being 200 MHz
and 365 Hz respectively.
ELSYS P-18 upgrade: The ELSYS P-18 upgrade replaces the radarʼs existing wideband high-
frequency amplifier with the companyʼs ELU-3-18 low-noise microwave amplifier. ELU-3-18 is
described as incorporating a limiter and as having frequency range, gain, noise figure and
maximum allowable continuous input power values of 150 to 175 MHz, 26 to 33 dB, 3 dB, and 50
W respectively.
LEMZ P-18M: LEMZʼs P-18M upgrade package is described as incorporating ‘completelyʼ solid-
state technology (including its transmission chain), digital signal/radar data processing,
frequency agility, automatic noise jamming compensation, automatic functional checks/
diagnostics, a new operatorʼs workstation (with a high-resolution digital monitor), an automated
control system interface and a radar data recording facility.
Nitel P-18-2 upgrade: The Nitel P-18-2 upgrade package (also first shown at the MAKS 2001
trade show) incorporates an MKP-1 anti-active jamming subsystem (with a dedicated, non-
rotating, four-element antenna array), a KAAS (Komplet Aparaturi Avtomaticseskovo Syoma)
automatic data reading/recording unit, a digital passive interference suppression capability, an
automatic frequency control amplifier, a new reception chain, a coherent local oscillator, and a
new transmitter control display. According to Janes sources, the MKP-1 offers automatic
‘compensation’ against high-frequency active jamming, a minimum jamming suppression
coefficient of 20 dB, and allows the host sensor to detect a 2.6 m2 radar cross-section target
flying at 3,048 m at a range of 190 km in the face of a 200 W/MHz active jamming output that is
being transmitted from a source 200 km from the radar.
NNIIRT P-18 upgrade: First shown at the August 2001 MAKS 2001 trade show, NNIIRTʼs P-18
upgrade package is designed to increase the radarʼs target co-ordinate measurement capability,
enhance its electronic counter-countermeasures provision, improve its reliability, and extend its
service life.
P-18-R8 Russia-Belarus joint venture P-18 upgrade: Modernization by the Belarus state-owned
Radar Design Bureau, KB RADAR in collaboration with the Russian joint-stock company Defense
Systems Information Complexes (DS.INFOCOM).
Tetraedr TRS-2D VHF air surveillance radar: Belarusian company Tetraedr has developed the
Tetraedr Radar System 2-Dimensional (TRS-2D), which is based on the P-18 radar system and
combined with a newly developed command post. In essence, the TRS-2D pulsed coherent radar
is a significantly upgraded version of the P-18 (1RL131) system (previously known as the P-18T).
It consists of an antenna unit and a command-and-control (C2) post. Both units of the TRS-2D
radar prototype are housed in Kamaz-43118 6×6 three-axle trucks. The Antenna vehicle has an
‘AMUʼ antenna unit and mast, antenna rotation system, and a closed cab. Located inside the cab
are the emitter and receiver, radar synchronizer, topographical and navigational apparatus, along
with radar interrogator interface. The independent power source, which has two diesel engines, is
located in the front of the cab. The C2 vehicle has a closed cab and an autonomous power
system. Located inside the cab are the navigation and communication systems, the data
interface for connection with the radar height finder, ADMS, and the automated command post
and combat activities recording unit.
P-19 (Flat Face B) Russian Mobile 2D UHF Radar
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Russian Mobile 2D UHF Radar
Tiers:
Notes
This radar was developed from the Flat Face A. It is associated with SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa,
SA-6 Gainful, and SA-8 Gecko SAM systems. It is also designated the 1RL134. The P-19 is truck-
mounted on a 6 x 6 chassis and employs an antenna array with two elliptical reflectors mounted
one above the other. Like the P-15, it uses the 1L22 Parol IFF equipment. Digital plot processing
has been fitted.
System
Alternative Designation: P-19 (Flat Face B), IRL134
Type: 2D UHF Radar
Manufacturer: INA
Chassis: ZIL-131
Crew: 3 ea

Length: 6.9 m
Width: 2.5 m
Height: 2.9 m
Engine Type: V-8, water cooled, 4 stroke, petrol
Transmission: Manual
Gradient: 58%
Side Slope: INA
Vertical Step: INA
Trench: INA
Fording Depth: 0.850 M
Radar System
Band: NATO C (810-850 or 880-905 MHz)
Peak Power: 300 kW
Beam WIdth Azimuth: 10 deg
Beam Width Elevation: 5 deg
Accuracy Angular: 5 deg
Pulse Repetition Frequency: 837.5 MHz to 880 GHz
Parabolic Reflectors: Two elliptical parabolic reflectors measuring 11x5.5 m. Reflectors arranged
one above the other on van roof.
Associated Missiles and Radars: SA-2 Guideline, SA-3 Goa, SA-6 Gainful and SA-8 Gecko SAM
systems
Protection
Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: INA
Smoke Equipment: No
Variants
Flat Face A (Russian P-15): This variant is associated with SA-2 Guideline and SA-3 Goa (Russian
S-125 Neva) SAM systems. Operates in C-band. It is also designated the 1RL13.
Bharat Electronics P-19 upgrade: This modernization includes a new digital signal processor
providing moving target indication with staggered pulse repetition frequency; a new solid-state
low-noise amplifier; color raster scan display; IFF provisions; and built-in test equipment.
ELSYS P-19 upgrade: This version from Ukrainian firm ELSYS includes an MSHB-19 low-noise
microwave amplifier, which features a limiter that reportedly has an operating frequency of 700
to 1,000 MHz; a gain of 26 to 32 dB; a 3 dB noise figure; and a maximum allowable input pulsed
power value of 3,000 W.
Retia RLP-19/IFF P-19 upgrade: This modernization includes an AN/TPX-56 IFF interrogator,
updated communications, digital processing, new display console, Doppler filtering, planar IFF
antenna and built-in test equipment.
KB Radar P-15R: This is an upgrade to the P-15 radar developed by KB Radar in Belarus. The
modernization includes a MAZ truck chassis, or other chassis as requested by the customer;
standard shelter; standard top and bottom antennas; upgraded bottom antenna phase switch;
standard rotary support mechanism with slip rings; and an upgraded digital azimuth meter.
Ukroboronservice P-190U: This is a P-19 radar upgrade from Ukroboronservice in Ukraine. It
features automated workstations; improved radar performance; wide range of narrow and
broadband probing signals enabling the radar to adapt to various combat environments; digital
signal processing, including matched filtration; clutter and active jamming suppression; target
detection and coordinate measuring; target tracking; and data distribution. New software
features a user-friendly interface.
DefTech P-19 upgrade: This is a modernization offered by DefTech Global in the United Arab
Emirates. It features an all solid-state design that enhances all combat capabilities and reduces
maintenance. New equipment includes a solid-state transmitter; solid-state receiver; and digital
signal processing. Optional gear includes a four-channel dejammer; height-finder control
software and equipment; software for guiding fighter jets; software for targeting air defense
systems; and equipment for documentation.
Kasta-2E (39N6E/Casta 2E/Flat Face E): This is an all solid-state variant of the rugged and
effective Flat Face. Digital moving target indication (MTI) improves countermeasure resistance.
Wide-band reflections from clouds are screened out by a special filter. To combat jamming, the
radar employs automatic or manual selection of any one of 10 carrier frequencies, phase
modulation and constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) processing, among other techniques. "Flicker"
radiation, where the radar is turned on and off intermittently, reduces its vulnerability to anti-radar
missiles. The radar is optimized to detect low-flying targets in heavy surface and weather clutter
environments.
P15M2 (NATO Squat Eye): This variant operates in the C-band and has a single antenna on a
tethered latticework mast. See separate record for more information.
P-35/P-37 (Bar Lock) Russian towed Two-Dimensional
Target Acquisition and Ground Control Intercept (GCI)
Radar
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Acquisition and Ground Control Intercept (GCI) Radar
Tiers:
Notes
P-35/37 / BAR LOCK
Radar Station or Radio-location Station (RLS) P-35 has a large tactical radius. It insures a circular
scanning of the air space, detects the planes which are located in its operational zone and
calculates their coordinates. The station P-35 has the following basic tactical and technical
characteristics: Maximum range, depending on the type of plane and height of the flight-from 150
to 350 km. For example, the plane TU-104 which flies at an altitude of from 8,000 to 10,000
meters is detected at a distance of 350 km; the scanning zone: in altitude-up to 25,000m, in angle
of location-up to 30 degrees; errors while determining the coordinates: in distance plus of minus
500m, in azimuth plus of minus 0.5 degrees; partitioning ability: in distance-500m, in azimuth-1.5
degrees; time for one circular scanning of the space is 20 or ten seconds, in accordance with a
speed of rotation of the antenna-3 or 6 turns per minute. RLS P-35 has 6 channels. The 6
channels have frequencies in the the centimeter range.
At the end of the 1950s, a circular review station (range finder) was developed and put into
service - P-35 radar with enhanced power characteristics, with a smaller number of failures in the
detection zone, with increased accuracy in determining the elevation angle (height) of the target.
Just like the P-30 radar, the station was used in the country's Air Defense Forces, in the Air Force,
in the air defense units of the Navy and in the radio engineering formations of the air defense
forces of the Air Force. The station was developed at the plant number 37 GKRE. In contrast to
the P-30 radar, in the P-35 station, the upper antenna mirror was installed horizontally with a
certain inclination in the elevation plane, the available decimeter channel was replaced by a
centimeter channel.
The first serious Western attempt to measure the radiated power of a radar for intelligence
purposes was made by CIA in 1958 on the Soviet early-warning radar known as BAR LOCK. The
BAR LOCK was a new version of the Soviet multi-beam S-band family of radars which had
undergone a rapid and widespread deployment in East Germany and other areas peripheral to the
USSR. Intelligence indicated this new radar was deployed to detect and track the U-2 aircraft
which were just beginning to make deep penetrations over the Soviet Union.
Estimates of the BAR LOCK's radiated power output, based largely upon photographic evidence,
ranged as high as 5 megawatts peak pulse power from each of its 5 transmitters. With 5
megawatts in each beam the BAR LOCK would have had ten times the power of previous similar
radars and would have significantly improved the detection and tracking capabilities of the Soviet
air defense system. To meet this threat to the U-2, those responsible for the reconnaissance
program demanded firmer information on the BAR LOCK's power output and radiation pattern
coverage.
A laboratory that provided scientific back-up to the U-2 program assembled power-measurement
equipment, crude by present-day standards, and installed it in a C-119 aircraft. With little advance
testing, a series of flights was made through the air corridors to Berlin, where BAR LOCK signals
were easily intercepted. The resulting power measurements at various vertical angles in the
antenna pattern were not of high accuracy because of uncontrolled errors in the equipment. The
data did indicate, however, somewhat less than one megawatt of peak power for each BAR LOCK
transmitter, and this was later confirmed by other sources. Although not entirely successful in
power measurement, this project suggested solutions to many technical problems and opened
the way for follow-on developments.
BAR LOCK, first sighted in late 1958, represented a major modification in Soviet early warning/
GCI radar. The early multi-frequency, multi-beam Token was the forerunner for Big Bar in 1959.
BAR LOCK was found to have evolved away from these radars. BAR LOCK is similar to Cross Out
and Strike Out in that it has two horizontal reflectors, but the structural details were found to be
entirely different. The power is believed to have been much higher than that for previously
developed Soviet radars and it apparently had better capabilities for aircraft detection and
tracking than previous Soviet EW/GCI radars.
The introduction of BAR LOCK again evidenced that the Soviets were continuously increasing
their ECCM capability with each new member of the GCI family. BAR LOCK provided the
capability to shut off individual beams in order to overcome the effects of spot jamming and
retained all ECCM circuitry incorporated in Big Mesh.
BAR LOCK proved to be the primary, long range, high performance radar in use by the Soviets at
GCI sites. BAR LOCK’s van mounted antennas were comprised of truncated parabolic mesh
reflectors with clipped corners measuring 10 x 32 feet. These reflectors were also used in
configuring the Big Bar radar system in 1959. Four beams emanated from the lower reflector and
two from the upper. BAR LOCK was one of the more capable EW radars in the Soviet inventory
and when collocated with height finders such as Side Net it was highly functional in a GCI role. It
was put to wide spread use and was most likely the primary EW component at EW/GCI sites.
System
Alternative Designation: P-35/P-37; NATO: Bar Lock
Type: Towed Two-Dimensional Target Acquisition and Ground Control Intercept (GCI) Radar
Crew: INA
Band: E-F (2-4 GHz)
Frequency: stacked beams
2,695-2,715 MHz
2,715-2,750 MHz
2,815-2,835 MHz
2,900-2,990 MHz
2,990-3,025 MHz
3,080-3,125 MHz
Accuracy Angular: 0.5 deg
Power: 650 kW each beam
Beamwidth Transmit: 0.7 deg
Pulse Repetition Frequency: 375 Hz
Pulse Width: 1.83-3.1 microseconds
Azimuth Scanning Rate: 3 or 6 rpm
Dimensions
Antenna Length: INA
Antenna Height: 11 m
Weight: INA
Variants
ELSYS P-37 upgrade: This variant, developed by ELSYS in Ukraine, replaces the existing traveling
wave tube components with the MSHB 37R1 low-noise microwave amplifier and the SG-01-01
and VSS-1 units with the ELP-2 microwave receiver module.
JSC Lemz P-37 upgrade: This modernization includes replacement of the magnetron and
thyratron in the transmitting system, improving frequency stability and extending service life;
replacing the vacuum-based traveling wave tube with a solid-state low-noise amplifier and other
receiving system components; addition of bearings and separators in the antenna turntable to
increase shelf-life by more than 50,000 hours; and installing digital processing equipment,
including VP-118 systems designed to extract radar data from IFF, ADF for tracking processing
and for information transmission in code that can be used by air traffic controllers.
RETIA P-37 upgrade: Developed by Czech firm RETIA, this upgrade includes a new transmitter
chain; new radio frequency block; new extractor; new display and communications unit; and built-
in test equipment. It is designed to improve the radar's overall performance; ability to
disseminate digital data; counter-countermeasures performance; and reliability and service life.
HM Arzenal upgrade: Hungarian firm HM Arzenal developed this modernization for Hungary's
P-37 radars. The first upgraded radar was delivered in 1999. Transmitter upgrades replaced the
magnetron and thyratron blocks with improved versions. Transmitter protection systems and
internal cabling was modified for various subsystems.
LOBB Banksa Bystrica upgrade: This modernization was developed by Slovak firm LOBB Banksa
Bystrica in cooperation with Lemz. It primarily focused on converting the radar to 3D and
integrating the MSR 2000 IFF. The transmitting and receiving cabin, indication cabin, source
trailer and transportation trailer were also updated.
P-40 (Long Track) Russian Mobile 3-D UHF Radar
System
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Tiers:
Notes
The P-40 was the first high-mobility radar to enter into service with the then new tactical anti-
aircraft forces of the Soviet armed forces.
The P-40 used the AT-T artillery tractor with tracked chassis, fitted with a 12-cylinder 4-stroke
diesel engine with an output of 342 kW (465 hp) and producing a top speed of 55 km/h. The P-40
had a crew of 6 and a total weight of 35 tons, the radar being powered by a gas turbine running
400 Hz generator.
The radar uses an open frame truncated parabolic antenna with a stacked antenna feed. The
radar antenna is mounted on the truck used to transport it giving excellent mobility, the radar
capable of being folded for stowage during transit. Azimuth was determined by mechanical
scanning while the angle of the target is determined from within which beam of the antenna
stack the target is detected, the radar does not carry a secondary antenna for IFF.
System
Alternative Designations: P -40. The name LONG TRACK is actually the radar.
Chassis: A modified version of the AT-T heavy tracked transporter vehicle (426 U).
Engine: 465-hp diesel
Weight (mt): 35
Max Road Speed (km/h): 55
Radar
Antenna: Elliptical parabolic
Auxiliary Power Unit: 400 Hz gen and gasoline engine.
Frequency Band: E-band (UHF)
Frequency: 2.6 GHz
Sweep Rate (rpm): 12-15
Display range (nm): 200
Effective range (km): 167
Tracking range (km): 150
Effective altitude (km): 30
Track targets on Move: No
Emplacement time (min): INA
Displacement time (min): INA
Dead time (min): 0
Max targets displayed: >8
Associated SAMs: SA-4/GANEF, SA-6/GAINFUL, SA-8/GECKO
ADA Unit Level:: Employed at division and echelons above division The system is used in Tier 3
and 4 units.
Other Radars: The radar system links to the IADS to provide analog warning and to pass analog
data.
PRV-11 (Side Net) Russian Height-Finder Radar System
Federation > PRV-11 (Side Net) Russian Height-Finder Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
The PRV-11 radar (NATO name: SIDE NET) is a mobile, nodding height-finding radar operating in
the E Band. The PRV-11 is a mobile, van-mounted mobile radar. It features clutter and
asynchronous jamming
protection. Weapons systems associated with the P-37 include the SA-2 GUIDELINE, SA-3 GOA
and SA-5 GAMMON.
System
PRV-11 (SIDE NET) Radar System

Name: PRV-11 (SIDE NET) Radar
Function: Height Radar
Frequency: E band, 2.7 GHz
Length: 4 m
Width: 6 m
Crew: INA
Pulse Repetition Time (PRT): 3 and 1,3 ms
Pulsewidth: 3 and 1.5 µs
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 330 and 730 Hz
Peak Power: 1.2 MW
Associated Weeapon System: SA-2/3/5
Displacement Time: INA
Emplacement Time: INA
PRV-13 (Odd Pair) Russian Height Finding Radar
PRO Azerbaijan > PRO Bulgaria > PRO India > PRO Kazakhstan > PRO North Korea (Democratic
People's Republic of Korea) > PRO Poland > PRO Syria > PRO Turkmenistan > PRO Ukraine > PRO
Uzbekistan > PRV-13 (Odd Pair) Russian Height Finding Radar
Tiers:
Notes
RV-13 “Odd Pair” was a fully remote controlled height-finder in the former Warshaw Pact. It was
used for heights up to 85 km. This height-finder was on duty as a transitional solution for the new
states in the German Air Force up to 1998.
A special feature is its compensation antenna (the so-called “baby-antenna”) used for sidelobe
suppression. The transmitter stage of the PRV-13 uses a magnetron at a fixed frequency, with a
second transmitter tuned on another frequency on standby. There where four reserve
frequencies that could never be used before for reasons of confidentiality. Changing this
frequency means, changing the magnetron.
The PRV-13 was a patchwork of from proven electron tube assemblies used in its predecessors
too, and solid-state assemblies and modules using integrated CMOS circuits.
Very interesting was the kind of generation of the elevation angle marks: a cathode ray tube was
deflected in scale to the elevation angle. In this tube was clamped a precise grid of wires. When
the synchronously electron beam into this tube hit one of these wires, then it created an output
pulse (standing for an electronic range mark).
System
Alternative Designation: PRV-13; NATO: Odd Pair
Type: Height Finding Radar
Crew: INA
Chassis: Van-mounted
Associated with: Odd Pair** is a van-mounted, height-finding radar associated with the SA-5
Gammon** surface-to-air missile (SAM) system.
Frequency: 2500 to 2700 mhz
Peak Power: 1.6 mw
Average Power: 1 kW
Maximum Detection Range: 310 km
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 400 Hz
Hit Per Scan: > 15
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
PRV-16 (Thin Skin B) Russian Height-Finder Radar
(RUS) > PRO Algeria > PRO Angola > PRO Armenia > PRO Azerbaijan > PRO Bosnia and
Herzegovina > PRO Cuba > PRO Czech Republic > PRO Egypt > PRO Ethiopia > PRO Hungary >
PRO India > PRO Iran (Islamic Republic of) > PRO Kazakhstan > PRO Kyrgyzstan > PRO Libya >
PRO Lithuania > PRO Myanmar > PRO North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) >
PRO Poland > PRO Russian Federation > PRO Saint Helena > PRO Serbia > PRO Slovakia > PRO
Syria > PRO Ukraine > Land > PRV-16 (Thin Skin B) Russian Height-Finder Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The PRV-16 (NATO name: THIN SKIN B) is an H-band nodding height-finder radar, generally
deployed as part of a ground-controlled interception formation. Both trailer and truck-mounted
versions have been observed and its operational role is probably in support of tactical air
defense units. In most cases, it will be associated with air search and surveillance radars to
provide them with complementary height information on targets detected.
System
Alternative Designation: PRV-16; Thin Skin B
Type: Height-Finder Radar
In Service: In service with nations that still operate the SA-4 Ganef, SA-6 Gainful and SA-8 Gecko.
Crew: 4 ea
Chassis: Normally mounted on a 6x6 shelter vehicle chassis. Type of chassis dependent on
country. Has been seen on both the Russian ZIL-157 and German MAN variants. Some older
models still in service seen mounted on trailers.
Start-up Time: Less than 5-minutes
Band: G-H (5-9 GHz)
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 400/800 Hz
Pulse Repetition Time (PRT): 1.6 and 2.5 milliseconds
Average Power: 470 W
Peak Power: 700 kW
Dimensions
Length (Truck-Mounted): INA
Width (Truck-Mounted): 6.9 m
Height (Truck-Mounted): 3.1 m
Length (Trailer-Mounted): INA
Width (Trailer-Mounted): 3.9 m
Height (Trailer-Mounted): 8.5 m
Weight: INA
Variants
PRV-16ML: The PRV-16ML is a C-/X-band (NATO G-/H-/I-band) (5–9 GHz) height-finding radar
associated with the Almaz/Antei 2K11 Krug (NATO reporting name SA-4 'Ganef'), the Tikhomirov
Instrument Research Institute 2K12 Kub (NATO reporting name SA-6 'Gainful') and the Almaz/
Antei 9K33 Osa (NATO reporting name SA-8 'Gecko') surface-to-air missile systems. The
PRV-16ML features digital signal processing and solid-state components. The antenna system is
equipped with a digital motor drive. Orientation of the primary surveillance radar antenna and its
topographic referencing is performed automatically by means of a GPS receiver with two
deployed antennas. The contractor claims improved performance and jamming immunity,
electromagnetic compatibility, and reduced power consumption.
RAC 3D (Flamingo) Danish Mobile 3D Short-Range
Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Denmark > PRO Australia > PRO Austria
> PRO Denmark > PRO Spain > Land > RAC 3D (Flamingo) Danish Mobile 3D Short-Range Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The RAC 3D is a three dimensional, multi-mode, radar for the co-ordination of medium-range,
short-range and very-short range air defense weapon systems. It provides a 3D air picture up to
100 km. Highly mobile and optimized for detecting low observable targets, the RAC 3D is capable
of operating under the most severe weather, jamming and propagation conditions. The RAC 3D
detects and classifies modern threats, including medium to very low-altitude hovering
helicopters.
The RAC alert and co-ordination 3-D radar operates in the G/H-Band which offers, within a 100
km range envelope, the best trade-off between atmospheric attenuation, transmitting power
resolution and antenna size versus detection of small targets, such as those flying at very low
Altitude in heavy clutter. RAC 3D employs a state-of-the-art planar phased-array and a digital
pulse compression.
Tree types of the RAC radar station are in service:

*A two-shelter radar station in order to separate the radar from the combat control system for
alerting the surface-to-air missiles “Stinger”, in service with the Danish Army.
*A compact radar station named “Flamingo” with the radar itself and the combat control system
housed on a single shelter, is being supplied to the Austrian Army for surface-to-air missile
“Mistral” alerting.
*The Austrian Air Force has acquired RAC 3D compact radars as gap fillers.
The RAC 3D alert and co-ordinating radar accomplishes the following tasks:
*warning and control for anti-aircraft guns and missiles over a range of 80 km
*detection and target identification
*air situation analysis
*Alerting of up to 12 “Mistral” or AAA units
The RAC 3D gap filler radars accomplishes the following tasks:

*Warning and control over a range of 100 km
*Detection and target identification
*Equipped with a computer and communications links two workstations interfaces with the
country's air defence systems.
System
Alternative Designation: RAC 3D Radar
Type: Mobile 3D Short-Range Radar
Manufacturer: Thales Raytheon Systems
Crew: INA
Chassis: 6×6 truck, Name: INA
Coordination: The defense of strategic sites, as well as the protection
troops on the move requires a multi-layered air defense.
Associated with its integrated Command and Control (C2),
the RAC 3D operates as a multi-mission system fully
interoperable with higher levels of command such as national
air defense or allied networks. The RAC 3D system activates weapon control orders and
provides target-weapon pairing to co-ordinate any mix of
MSAM, SHORADS and VSHORADS.
The RAC 3D is also used as a gap-filler system for low altitude air defense.
Efficiency: Currently in production, the RAC 3D equips Armies and Air
Forces in a number of European countries. More than 50
systems are already fielded, and the RAC 3D has successfully
participated in extensive NATO trials.
Details: The RAC-3D is intended as a gap-filling and warning radar for air defense units. It is
optimized for
detecting low observable targets. To maximize low altitude capabilities, the radar is attached to a
13 m hydraulic mast,
giving it a good capability against medium to very low-altitude targets. It can be unattended, as
well as operated as
either a stand-alone or networked with other radars.
Frequency: 4-8 GHz (G/H Band (NATO), C Band (IEEE))
Bandwith: 600 MHz
Beam Width, Transmit: 1.75°horizontal
Antenna Type: phased array
Transmitter Type: solid state
Minimum Detection Range: 1.2 km
Maximum Detection Range: 100 km
Azimuth: 360°
Elevation: 0° to 45°
Detection Altitude: 9,144 m
Scan Rate, Rotational: 10 rpm (low coverage operating mode)
Sidelobes: -50 dB (average)
Target Capacity, Radar Targets: 128
Target Capacity, System Targets: 200
Polarization: horizontal
Accuracy Azimuth: 0.4°
Accuracy Elevation: 0.5°
Resolution Azimuth: 4°
Data Refresh Rate: 2 s, 3 s, 6 s
Displacement Time: 15 min (2 people)
Emplacement Time: 15 min (2 people)
IFF: Yes, co-mounted, 1, 2, 3/A, C, S
Dimensions
Length: 10 m
Width: 2.5 m
Mast Height, Fully Extended: 13 m
Weight: 26,000 kg
Automotive
Note: There is no available information on what type of chassis the RAC 3D radar is stationed on.
S-125 Newa (LOW BLOW) Russian Tracking and Missile
Control Radar System
Federation > S-125 Newa (LOW BLOW) Russian Tracking and Missile Control Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
Russian designator: S-125 “Newa” (Kabina UNW)
Low Blow is the NATO reporting name given to a family of I-Band radars used with land-based
SA-3 “Goa” surface-to-air missiles. The name Low Blow reflects the ability of the radar to guide
the missile towards low-flying targets through heavy clutter.
It use pairs of electromechanically scanning (so-called Lewis scanner) antennas mounted

orthogonally, but to improve low-angle performance the antennas are mounted at 45 degrees
from the horizontal. Both antennas are mounted at a 45 degrees angle in an upside down “V”
shape. This change was introduced to reduce ground clutter. The antennas generate sawtooth
fan beams like Fan Song. Between these two antennas is a Lobe-On-Receive-Only (LORO) mode
antenna. When these antennas acquire a target the system can be switched to the LORO mode,
receiving from this central parabolic dish antenna. The target in Low Blow tracking antennas
scan in 6 degrees swathes, the beams are about 6 degrees wide in the fan and 1 degree in the
scanning direction. Inserted into the top of the inverted “V” is the square parabolic guidance
command antenna with a beam with of 12 degrees.
The system is equipped with a high-resolution television camera by default with an 144 mm lens.
Its infrared sensitivity allows working at night and at low-light conditions.
S-125 “Newa” (LOW BLOW) Radar System
System
Name: S-125 “Newa” (LOW BLOW) Radar System
Function: A Fire Control, Trk/FC, and Missile Guidance Radar
Mount: Four-wheeled trailer-mounted
Crew: INA
Frequency, Fire Control: I band
Range, Fire Control: 40 km
Scan, Fire Control: Scan (trough) 16HZ
Frequency, Trk/FC: I band
Range, Trk/FC: 40-85 km
Scan, Trk/FC: Scan (Para) 25HZ
Frequency, Missile Guidance: D band
Range, Missile Guidance: 29 km
Parabolic Dishes: Two scanning parabolic dishes one above the other
Associated Weapon System: SA-3 GOA SAM, FLAT FACE, SQUAT EYE acquisition radar.
SNR-75 (Fan Song) Russian Fire Control and Tracking
Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Russia (RUS) > PRO Angola > PRO
Armenia > PRO Azerbaijan > PRO Bulgaria > PRO China > PRO Cuba > PRO Egypt > PRO Ethiopia
> PRO Iran (Islamic Republic of) > PRO Kyrgyzstan > PRO Libya > PRO Mongolia > PRO Myanmar
> PRO North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) > PRO Pakistan > PRO Romania >
PRO Russian Federation > PRO Sudan > PRO Syria > PRO Tajikistan > PRO Viet Nam > PRO
Yemen > PRO Zimbabwe > Land > SNR-75 (Fan Song) Russian Fire Control and Tracking Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The SNR-75 (Fan Song) Russian Fire Control and Tracking Radar are capable of tracking a single
target at a time, and can guide up to three missiles at once to it.
System
Alternative Designation: SNR-75; NATO: Fan Song
Type: Fire Control and Tracking Radar
Crew: INA
Frequency: E/F band, G band
Search Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 828-1,440 Hz (E/F Band)
Tracking Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 1,656-2,880 Hz (G band)
Beam Width: 10x2deg (E/F band);
7.5x1.5deg (G band)
Pulse Width: 0.4-1.2 μs (G band)
Maximum Range: 60-120 km (E/F band);
75-145 km (G band)
Power: 600 kW (E/F band);
1.0 MW (G band)
Note: The radars feature two orthogonal antennas, one for azimuth and one for elevation, which
can operate in a track-while-scan mode. These antennas transmit 10 × 2 degree or 7.5 x 1.5
degree beams and perform a 'flapping' motion as they scan their sectors.
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Type 306B (LLQ305B) Chinese Self-Propelled 3D
Acquisition Radar
PRO China > Type 306B (LLQ305B) Chinese Self-Propelled 3D Acquisition Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Type 305B 3D acquisition radar appears to be a variant of the existing NRIET / CEIEC / CETC
YLC-2V, which has been photographed as part of a HQ-9 battery, and has been reported as
employed to support up to four HT-233 engagement radars, each with four TELs. Chinese
sources describe this radar as optimised for search and acquisition of aerial targets.
The principal distinction between the established YLC-2V and the Type 305B would appear to be
the absence of the IFF/SSR array mounted across the top of the antenna.
A Chinese language PRC publication has described the Type 305B as a “ three dimensional radar
which has an antenna height of 3.5 metres, and employs sixty 350 mm waveguide feeds. It
operates in the S-band at a wavelength of 11.67 cm.”3
The YLC-2V employs a single 6 x 6 truck carrying the antenna head and turntable, which is
hydraulically deployed, and three additional 6 x 6 trucks carrying cabins for electronics and
operator stations. None of the latter were displayed with the Type 305B antenna systems.
The hydraulically folded antenna used with the Type 305B has 58 element rows and will employ
frequency scanning like other radars in this family of designs. Row spacing suggests S-band
operation, like the YLC-2V.
System
Alternative Designation: Type 305B; LLQ305B
Type: Self-Propelled 3D Acquisition Radar
Crew: INA
Chassis: Mercedes-Benz NG 80
Mssion: Chinese sources have identified the radar as a long range 3D high altitude acquisition
and search design, intended to support missile guidance applications.
Maximum Range: 333.4 km
Minimum Range: INA
Minimum Altitude: INA
Band: S-band at a wavelength of 11.67 cm
Waveguide Feeds: employs sixty 350 mm waveguide feeds
Note: Very little info is released about this radar other than it can also act as Fire-control radar.
Dimensions
Length: 12 m
Width: 12 m
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Type SLR-66 Chinese Over-the-Horizon (OTH) Radar
People's Republic of > PRO China > Land > Type SLR-66 Chinese Over-the-Horizon (OTH) Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Chinese over-the-horizon (OTH) radar is a high frequency (HF) band (NATO A-band) (6–22
MHz) bistatic system, which is used to detect low-altitude penetrating bombers and has early
warning ability against intercontinental ballistic missiles and deployed long-range surveillance
ships.
System
Alternative Designation: Type SLR-66
Type: Over-the-Horizon (OTH) Radar
Crew: INA
Frequency: 6 MHz to 22 MHz (FM/CW waveform)
Transmission Beamwidth, Transmit Mode: 5° vertical, 7.5° horizontal (min);
36° vertical, 7.5° horizontal (max)
Transmission Beamwidth, Receive Mode: 5° vertical, 2.5° horizontal (min);
36° vertical, 2.5° horizontal (max)
Maximum Coverage Range: 3,500 km
Minimum Coverage Range: 700 km
Azimuth: 60°
Track Capacity: 100 (target batches per 12–24 s)
Polarisation: Vertical
Clutter Rejection Accuracy: 60 dB
Resolution, Azimuth: 2.5°
Resolution, Maximum Range: 40,000 m
Resolution, Minimum Range: 20,000 m
Antenna Gain, Transmit Mode: 18 dB (at 14.5 MHz, transmit)
Antenna Gain, Receiver Mode: 26 dB (at 14.5 MHz, receive)
Power: 200 kW (min, peak, output);
1,200 kW (max, peak, output);
1,000 kW (20 sets of 50 kW transmitters, peak, output)
Antenna Type: dipole (8 elements, transmitter; Log periodic (32 elements, receiver))
Note: The radar can counter low-altitude penetrating bombers and has early warning ability
against intercontinental ballistic missiles and deployed long-range surveillance ships.
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
VARIANT Danish 2D Surveillance and Target Indication
Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Air Defense Radars > Denmark > PRO Denmark > Land >
Denmark > Land > PRO Denmark > VARIANT Danish 2D Surveillance and Target Indication Radar
Tiers:
Notes
Variant is Thales Naval Nederland's latest 2D surveillance and target indication radar. Its principal
role is as an automatic, fast reaction time radar sensor supplying targeting data to weapon
systems. Targeting data is supplied for both air and surface targets simultaneously. Variant is a
dual-band radar, utilising both the I- and G-Bands. Fully coherent, Variant provides pulse doppler
operation for optimal clutter suppression and air target detection. Automatic “Hands off” target
detection and tracking is provided by Thales Naval Nederland's modular digital processing.
Outstanding ECM facilities are provided by the ability to operate over two frequency bands, an
octave apart, and an integral Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) radar sensor. This LPI sensor can
be used alone, thus providing Variant the unusual ability to operate in a mode that is almost
undetectable to external ESM. Variant's low power consumption, lightweight construction and
compact design, make the system well suited for use in fast patrol boats and other small ships.
Variant is based on a double pill-box antenna, having a horizontal beamwidth of 1.8° and a
vertical beamwidth of 14°. The transmitter is a Traveling Wave Tube with an average power of
200 W. Processing is based on digital pulse compression, Fast Fourier Transform processing,
plot processing and automatic tracking. Detection range against a typical air target is given as
about 30 km in G-Band and 28 km in I-Band.
The Variant radar system supplies the following principal functions:

*Surface target detection
*Surface target tracking
*Air target detection
*Air target tracking
*Gun-fire targeting support
These functions are supported by the following features:
*Automatic air target track initiation and maintenance
*Manual surface track initiation
*Automatic surface track maintenance
*Splash-spotting gunfire support for pre-action calibration
*Extensive ECM facilities including integral LPI radar
*Integral IFF antenna
System
Alternative Designation: VARIANT
Type: 2D Surveillance and Target Indication Radar
Manufacturer: Thales Group
Crew: INA
Military Features: VARIANT has typical military features including excellent
surface gun fire support, hovering helicopter detection and
protection against jamming. Its tracking is optimised for low
false alarm rate and high track continuity. Rigorous testing
to military standards ensures robust operation under the
most demanding circumstances.
Dual Band Operation: Dual band (X-band and C-band) operation is jammer
resistant. It always offers the best band to achieve robust
performance under varying environmental conditions such
as multipath, ducting and weather.
Low Probability of Intercept (LPI): Emissions from the integrated SCOUT antenna are difficult
to detect. The applied Frequency Modulated Continuous
Wave (FMCW) technique uses extremely low power. Unlike
pulse radars with quasi LPI modes, detection performance
is not sacrificed. This feature is called ‘True LPI‘ (Low
Probability of Intercept). It allows VARIANT to operate
covertly in in a hostile environment while providing a very
high resolution.
Features: • Fully automatic detection and tracking of air and surface
targets
• Surface Gun Fire support
• Helicopter detection and classification, based on Spread
Spectrum Indication (SSI)
• Extensive ECCM facilities including dual band operation
• Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) using the integrated
FMCW radar SCOUT
• Integral IFF antenna with monopulse capability
(Mode 5/S)
• Mechanical two axes stabilisation
Update Rate: 4.4 & 2.2 sec
Elevation Coverage: Up to 35°
Frequency Bands: G-band & I-band
Beamwidth Main Radar: 1.8° (G-band); 1.2° (I-band)
Beamwidth FMCW Radar: 1.5°
Peak Power: 2 kW (main radar);
3W (FMCW radar)
IFF Antenna: Integrated
MTBCF & MTBF: >1560 & >1270
Processing (Main Channel): Digital pulse compression
and FFT based pulse Doppler
processing
Air Targets Maximum Range: 120 km instrumented
Surface Targets Maximum Range: 70 km instrumented
Minimum Range: <25m
Tracking Capacity: 200 air tracks
200 surface tracks
Dimensions
Length: 1.16 m
Width: 2.35 m
Height: 2 m
Watchman British Mobile Medium-Range Surveillance
Radar
Kingdom > PRO United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland > Land > United Kingdom >
Land > PRO United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland > Watchman British Mobile
Medium-Range Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Watchman family of S-Band medium-range radars is designed to provide terminal area/
approach surveillance and ground controlled approach surveillance developed by Plessey Radar
Ltd during the 1970s. The radar can be configured from a number of modules which enables
users to match precisely equipments to operational needs. Options include transportable or
static aluminium or carbon-fibre antennas; adaptive or eight-filter Moving Target Detector (MTD)
signal processing and plot or track outputs. The Traveling-wave tube- based transmitter provides
frequency diversity and frequency agility and enables a single radar to provide a variety of
detection ranges out to a maximum of 222 km. The transmitter is available in a single tube
format or with multi-tubes which accommodates the “graceful degradation” often required by the
operator.
A dual pulse train is used; it has a very short pulse (0.4 microseconds) for high discrimination at
short ranges and a much longer pulse (20 microseconds) for long-range detection of aircraft with
small radar cross-sections. The long pulse is compressed in the receiver using a surface
acoustic wave equalizer. The basic compressed pulse length is 0.4 μs, giving a 60 m range cell
too. The signal separation is achieved by using different radio frequencies for the long and short
pulses. Target detection is further enhanced by interchanging frequencies at nine pulse repetition
intervals. A recent variant of Watchman (S) uses Solid-state transmitter. There are any upgrades
to a new digital receiver design with intelligent tracking routines. CFAR circuit and high definition
clutter map clutter map using a process of alpha smoothing (1/8 of current clutter amplitude
plus 7/8 of previous sweep clutter amplitude) compensate the influence of noise and clutter by
raising the detection thresholds.
The Watchman surveillance radar system provides Air Traffic Services for the vast majority of the
UK Ministry of Defence operational stations in the UK and worldwide. There are currently 40
systems in service worldwide. The Tactical variant (mobile equipment) of the Watchman system
allows the rapid deployment and installation of Air Traffic Services in locations where British
forces are on operational duty.
System
Alternative Designation: Watchman
Type: Mobile Medium-Range Surveillance Radar
Crew: INA
Band: S-Band
Frequency: 2,750 … 3,050
MHz
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): ≈ 1,100 Hz (9-fold staggered)
Pulse Width: 0.4 and 20 µs
Peak Power: 58 kW
Instrumental Range: 80 NM
Range Resolution: 60 m (190 ft)
Accuracy: INA
Antenna Rotation: 4 Seconds (15 rpm)
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Antenna Mast: INA
YLC-20 Chinese Emitter Locating System
> Land > YLC-20 Chinese Emitter Locating System
Tiers:
Notes
The Chinese YLC-20 is conceptually based on the KRTP-91 Tamara, but incorporates both
precision DF and DTOA capabilities to locate airborne and surface based emitters. The only
open source material at this time states the YLC-20 is intended to detect, locate and identify:
1. aerial emitting targets using active radar, including fighters, AEW&C aircraft and UAVs.
2. surface targets including early warning radars, acquisition radars and fire control radars.
3. emitting communications equipment.
Stated band coverage is 380 MHz to 12 GHz. Deployment time is claimed to be 1 hr, with all
system components on 8x8 or 6x6 trucks. At the time of writing no good quality imagery of
production equipment was available through open sources. This limits current assessments of
the system's capabilities. It is likely that DTOA techniques are used for target acquisition and
coarse tracking, and DF techniques used for precision tracking, using DTOA derived coordinates
to cue an interferometric DF antenna. Avaliable material does not state whether a heightfinding
capability is provided, if so this would likely be performed using interferometric techniques with
the DF subsystem. Once better quality imagery of the antenna arrangement becomes available, a
more precise definition of capabilities and limitations will be possible.
It is likely that much of the YLC-20 design is based on documentation acquired during the
abortive attempt to procure six Czech Vera E DTOA ELS systems. The YLC-20 was first disclosed
in 2006.
System
Alternative Designation: YLC-20
Type: Emitter Locating System
Crew: INA
Chassis: 8x8 or 6x6 trucks
Mission: The only open source material at this time states the YLC-20 is intended to detect,
locate and identify:
1. aerial emitting targets using active radar, including fighters, AEW&C aircraft and UAVs.
2. surface targets including early warning radars, acquisition radars and fire control radars.
3. emitting communications equipment.
Band Coverage: 380 MHz to 12 GHz
Maximum Range: INA
DIsplacement Time: Less than 1 hour
Emplacement Time: Less than 1 hour
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
YLC-2 (LLQ303) Chinese 3D Air Surveillance and
Acquisition Radar
> PRO Myanmar > PRO Pakistan > Land > YLC-2 (LLQ303) Chinese 3D Air Surveillance and
Acquisition Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The YLC-2 radar (domestic designation: LLQ303, formerly known as 385) is a three-dimensional
main guidance and surveillance radar developed by the Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics
Technology.
In the mid-2000s, an improved version labeled YLC-2A was deployed to the PLA. Equipped with a
new Giga-flops digital signal processor, it is capable of Digital Moving Target Indication (DMTI)
and Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) processing. An S-band variation called YLC-2U with similar
capabilities was also developed for SAM guidance. Both of these advanced YLC-2 radars have
been specifically designed to counter stealth fighters such as F-22, with a claimed range of up to
200km even in heavy ECM environment.
System
Type: 3D Air Surveillance and Acquisition Radar
Crew: INA
Chassis: INA
Band: L - band
Power Output: 5.5 KW
Peak Power: 85 KW
Detection Range: >500 km
Azimuth: 3600
Resolution Range: <100 m
MTI Improvement Factor: 44 dB
Antenna Sidelobe Level: -35 dB
Additional Features: *Phased array system and pencil beam scan technology
*Wide band low sidelobe planar array antenna
*Monopulse angle measurement
*Frequency diversity
*Distributed high power solid-state transmitter
*Advanced programmable digital signal processing
Dimensions
Length: 9.0 m
Width: 7.0 M
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Variants
YLC-2A: Upgraded version.
YLC-2V: Self-Propelled Version.
YLC-4 Chinese 2D Long-Range Surveillance Radar
PRO China > YLC-4 Chinese 2D Long-Range Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
YLC-4 is a Chinese UHF solid-state, fully coherent 2D long range surveillance radar, which is
mainly used for long range surveillance. The radar has the ability to synthesize data from up to
four other radars with a large data capacity, and to communicate and display the data and state
of the system through the net to realize remote control and detection. When equipped with
height-finding radar, it can perform the function of guidance and providing target data for an air
traffic control system. With long range detection range, high reliability and easy maintenance,
YLC-4 radar is a main radar in air defense network. The manufacturer of the system is Nanjing
Research Institute of Electronics Technology (NRIET)/Nanjing Institute No. 1.
System
Type: 2D Long-Range Surveillance Radar
Crew: INA
Frequency Range: 216~220 MHz
RMAX: 380 km
Coverage Azimuth: 0° < 360°
Coverage Elevation: 0° < 25°
Reliability MTBFC: => 500 hours
Reliability MTTR: <= 0.5 hours
Aperture: 16.5 x 7.12 m Super cosecant square beam in elevation
Peak Power: ~50 kW
Pulse Width/Duty Cycle: 2 usec / 13%
Sweep Rate: ~10 sec
Sideslobes: < -30dB
Processing/MTI Improvement Factor: Digital AMTI / 41 dB
Clutter Rejection: ~45 dB
Power Requirements: 2 x 120 kW diesel generators
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
YLC-8B Chinese 3D Long-Range Anti-Stealth
Surveillance Radar
People's Republic of > PRO China > Land > YLC-8B Chinese 3D Long-Range Anti-Stealth
Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The YLC-8B is a UHF-Band 3D long-range anti-stealth surveillance radar utilizing full coherent
digital pulse compression and dynamic target detection technology. This radar is optimized for
early warning detection of airborne targets and also has sufficient resolution to perform target
tracking functions. The YLC-8B radar reportedly has the capability to track stealth aircraft
because of its low, UHF-band operating frequency. This type of three-dimensional radar is
assessed to be able to track small-radar-cross-section missiles at long range as well as ballistic
missiles and other near-space objects.
System
Alternative Designation: YLC-8B or 609 Intelligence Radar.
Type: 3D Long-Range Anti-Stealth Surveillance Radar.
Crew: 6 ea
Chassis: 6x6 or 8x8 Truck
Frequency: UHF-Band
Azimuth: Covers a 360° azimuth at 6 rpm.
Detect and Track Aircraft Range: over 500 km
Detect and Track Missiles: over 700 km
Emplacement / Displacement: The antenna is fold-able array is designed for automatic, rapid
deployment and recovery. It is road, rail, and sea transportable, and is claimed to require less
than 30 minutes for a six-person crew to set up and tear down.
Deployment Role: Designed to supplement fixed radar networks with additional sensing capacity
to detect stealth aircraft and ballistic missiles.
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Protection
ECCM: Yes, Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) are available. Most commonly used
method is frequency agility, whereby the transmissions are made to “hop” over a large frequency
band in a random fashion.
ECM-Resistance Equipment: INA
702D Chinese Artillery Meteorological Radar Vehicle
People's Republic of > PRO China > Land > 702D Chinese Artillery Meteorological Radar Vehicle
Tiers:
Notes
The 702D meteorological radar station consists of two truck shelters, the meteorological radar
shelter, and the meteorological support shelter. These two shelters are mounted on a 4x4 truck
chassis. Associated Systems include: NORINCO 155 mm coastal defense gun system; PLZ-45
self-propelled howitzer; and the 90B 122mm MLRS.
System
Alternative Designation: 702D
Type: Artillery Meteorological Radar Vehicle
Crew: INA
Chassis: The station is based on two Steyr 4×4 trucks, with one carrying the radar and the other
the support equipment.
702D Package Includes: - Antenna assembly;
- Elevating ball guide screw mechanism;
- Main control console;
- Terminal computer system;
- Communication system;
- Power distribution box;
- Air conditioning unit
Frequency:
Altitude Range: 25 km
Tracking Accuracy Azimuth: 0.1 deg
Tracking Accuracy Range: 15 m
Onboard Equipment: Circular antenna, Elevating ball guide screw mechanism, Main control
console, Terminal computer system, Communication system, Power distribution box, Air
conditioning unit
Operating Temperature: –90° (min) to 55° (max)
Emplacement Time: Less than 20 minutes
Displacement Time: Less than 20 minutes
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Automotive
Engine Name: Deutz 1013/1015
Engineer Type: Diesel
Engine Power: 220~480hp
Fuel Capacity: INA
Maximum Speed: 85 km/h
Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: INA
Smoke Equipment: No
Bora-A 550 German Surveillance Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Battlefield Surveillance and Reconnaissance Radars >
Germany > PRO Germany > PRO Greece > PRO Pakistan > PRO Saudi Arabia > PRO Thailand >
Land > Bora-A 550 German Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Bora-A 550 German Surveillance Radar is a solid state, pulse Doppler radar that is designed
for the border, battlefield, coastline surveillance, intruder detection, and to aid helicopter
navigation. It comprises a radio frequency (RF) sensor package and an operator unit.
System
Alternative Designation: Bora-A 550
Type: Surveillance Radar
Band: X-band
Frequency: 8–10 GHz
Bandwidth: 200 MHz
Modes: Mode 1: Automatic 360° or sector search for moving targets.
Mode 2: Antenna controlled in range and bearing by the operator.
Mode 3: Small angle search of restricted area to locate, for instance, tracked vehicles which have
stopped or disappeared behind an obstacle in the field-of-view.
Mode 4: Automatic tracking in range and bearing of a single moving target.
Channels: 21 ea
Scan Rate, Rotational: 8°/s; 16°/s; 32°/s
Tracking Capacity: 40 ea
Accuracy Range: 5 m
Accuracy Azimuth: 0.16875°
Operation MTBF: >15,000 h
Power: 20 W (peak, output)
Antenna Type: Parabolic
Transmitter: Solid state
Interface Type: Video-in, video-out, display out, 1×ethernet, 2×RS-232, 4×RS-422, 1×USB,
loudspeaker, headset, keyboard, mouse, and TV in/out
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Variants
BOR-A 560: Available with a higher power transmitter of 40 W compared with the BOR-A 550 that
has a peak power of 20 W, the BOR-A 560 has the same features, antenna, and receiver, but a
larger number of frequency channels, longer range of up to 67 km, and higher bandwidth.
BS 903A Chinese Ground Surveillance Radar System
People's Republic of > PRO China > Land > BS 903A Chinese Ground Surveillance Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
The Chinese BS 903A is a small, lightweight modular designed ground surveillance radar (GSR)
that is able to detect, identify, and locate moving ground targets using a microstrip antenna at
any time of the day regardless of the season, and also in conditions of low visibility (fog, rain,
snow, dust, or smoke). The GSR is produced by China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO)
and has been in production since 2000. A low probability of intercept is achieved through
frequency agility and advanced waveform ability such as continuous wave low-power
transmission. The GSR is composed of two components: a tripod-mounted antenna and a
display unit.
No picture is available at this time.
System
Alternative Designation: BS 903A
Type: Ground Surveillance Radar System
Family: INA
Crew: INA
Operating Frequency Range: 10–20 GHz (J-band)
Detection Range, Tank: 20 km
Detection Range, Truck: 15 km
Detection Range, Person: 8 km
Detection Range, 155mm Shell Explosion: N/A
Azimuth, Scan Zone: INA
Range, Scan Zone: INA
Maximum Elevation, Scan Zone: INA
Minimum Elevation, Scan Zone: INA
Azimuth: 360 deg
Accuracy (Range/Azimuth): 10 m/0.4° m/deg
Resolution (Range/Azimuth): 50 m/3° m/deg
Scan Rate, Rotational: 0°/s; 2°/s; 6°/s; 12°/s
Median Errors in Determining the Coordinates for Range: INA
Median Errors in Determining the coordinates for Direction: INA
Power Consumption: INA
Continuous Operating Time: 24 hours
Antenna
Type: Micro Strip (strip line)
Transmitter
Type: Solid State
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Credo-1E Russian Unified Moving Target Locating Radar
(RUS) > PRO Russian Federation > Land > Credo-1E Russian Unified Moving Target Locating
Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Credo-1E unified moving ground target locating radar is designed to detect moving ground,
surface and low-flying targets (man, group of people, vehicles) and to support artillery fire round-
the-clock, in any season, and under zero visibility conditions (fog, smoke, and dust).
It can be used as a standalone surveillance asset (with its transceiver and antenna control unit
mounted on a tripod) or as part of a variety of artillery reconnaissance and mobile observation
posts (on telescopic masts).
The radar has standard interfaces allowing real-time transmission of target coordinates to the
user, as well as remote radar control via communication links.
System
Alternative designations: RP-200, IRL-133-3, Kredo-1, Credo-1, Credo-1E, & PSNR-8
Description: Ground Surveillance Radar (GSR) can be operated by a crew of 2 or 3; vehicle pintle
or mast-mounted or tripodmounted
Crew: 2-3 (operator; assistants); more for vehicle
Combat weight: 48 kg (up to 97 kg with battery & display)
Radio: INA
Protection: N/A
Equipment
Name: Kredo-1E
Console: INA
Radar: Motor-driven for azimuth adjustment
Azimuth coverage (°): 360 deg; 180 deg in scan sector; 18 in elevation
Antenna type: Slotted wave guide
Performance
Surveillance range: 40 km (detection); 30 km (tracking); 40 km (tanks); 20-40 km (light vehicles &
trucks); 35 km (helicopters); 30 km (large
aircraft); 12 km (ships); 15 km(personnel); 15 km (shell burst-155-mm); 0.2 km (minimum)
Tracking speed: 3-72 km/h
Resolution: 50 m range; 1.8° in azimuth
Countermeasure resistance: INA
Transceiver specifications: Multi-mode master oscillator & klystron
Signal: Coherent pulse Doppler J-band (10.00 -19.00 GHz, US Ku band)
Power: 250 w (Consumption)
Mode: Mono-pulse digital processing
Width of radiation pattern lobe: INA
Accuracy: 10 m in range); 0.12° in azimuth)
Emplacement time: 5 minutes
Polarization: INA
Compatibility: Can be used as the base for an integrated digital sensor suite or fused to process
data from other sensors
Remote Operation: 25-200 m away from dish
Target acquisition: Automatically detects, tracks, & identifies targets & reads coordinates
TV Monitor: INA
Display: Displays acquisitions on digital map display with various display colors
Tone Signal: INA
Remote user transmission: Transmit data digitally over network via standard interface
Variants
Kredo-1S: Ground recon vehicle with Kredo-1E radar/EO sensor pod on telescoping arm on
amphibious BAZ-5921 chassis
TBD: Same telescoping arm as the Kredo-1S, but on the BTR-based UNSh/K1Sh1 chassis
SNAR-10M: Russian upgrade for the SNAR-10 artillery battlefield surveillance radar vehicle
(replaces BIG FRED radar with the Kredo-1E)
JY-17A Chinese Ground Surveillance Radar System
People's Republic of > PRO China > Land > JY-17A Chinese Ground Surveillance Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
The Chinese JY-17A is a medium-range ground surveillance radar (GSR) that is designed to
detect, identify, and locate moving ground targets (including low flying aircraft such as
helicopters) at any time of the day regardless of the season, and also in conditions of low
visibility (fog, rain, snow, dust, or smoke). It is designed and manufactured by the East China
Institute of Electronic Engineering (ECRIEE), Hefei, Anhui Province, China. The GSR is modular
designed to facilitate customer needs or requirements. It can be mounted on a variety of vehicles
as well as deployed on the ground.
It is a fully coherent, solid-state GSR capable of a low probability of intercept. It features a solid-
state transmitter, digital pulse compression, pulse-Doppler filter bank processing, and automatic
target detection and tracking.
Picture obtained under copyright permission from Jane's C4I and Electronic Warfare Systems.
System
Alternative Designation: JY-17A
Family: INA
Crew: INA
Operating Frequency Range: 8–12.5 GHz (X-band)
Detection Range, 155mm Shell Explosion: N/A
Detection Range, Helicopter: 20 km
Detection Range, Ship: 30 km
Maximum Elevation, Scan Zone: +24°
Minimum Elevation, Scan Zone: - 15°
Azimuth: 360°
Sector Scan Width: 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, 180°
Accuracy (Range/Azimuth): ±10 m/±0.5625 ° or ±10 mils m/deg
Resolution (Range/Azimuth): INA
Scan Rate, Rotational: INA
Power Consumption: <300 W
Target Capacity: 10 tracks automatic extraction
Target Speed: 2 to 100 km/hr
Antenna
Type: Low sidelobe
Transmitter
Type: Solid State
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Model ST-312 Chinese Ground Surveillance Radar
System
People's Republic of > PRO China > Land > Model ST-312 Chinese Ground Surveillance Radar
System
Tiers:
Notes
The Chinese Model ST-312 is classified as a medium-range ground surveillance radar(GSR) that
is able to detect, identify, and locate moving ground targets as well as low flying aircraft such as
helicopters at any time of the day regardless of the season. The environmental conditions
include but are not limited to low visibility (fog, rain, snow, dust, or smoke). This includes a
temperature operating range of -20 to +50°C.
The GSR is produced by China National Electronics Import and Export Corporation, Beijing, and is
currently believed to be in production.
The GSR consist of features such as a low-noise, wide dynamic range receiver; digital signal
processing; coherent pulse-Doppler technology; microprocessor control, and a TV scanning,
multifunction display. The GSR can be mounted on a tripod or a vehicle using a tower-mounted
antenna. The antenna polarization may be linear vertical or circular.
No picture is available at this time.
System
Alternative Designation: Model ST-312
In Service: Present
Family: INA
Crew: INA
Operating Frequency Range: 8-12 GHz (J-band)
Detection Range, Tank or Truck: 40 km
Detection Range, Light Vehicle: 25 km
Detection Range, Helicopter: 35 km
Maximum Elevation, Scan Zone: INA
Minimum Elevation, Scan Zone: INA
Azimuth: INA
Accuracy (Range/Azimuth): 12 m/0.5°
Resolution (Range/Azimuth): 50 m/2.8°
Scan Rate, Rotational: INA
Power Consumption: < 200 w
Antenna
Type: INA
Antenna Performance: 2.8° (horizontal beam width); 4° (vertical beam width); > 32 dB (gain)
Transmitter
Type: INA
Transmitter Performance: 0.33 µs (pulse duration); > 3 kW (peak power); 3.125 kHz (PRF)
Receiver
Type: INA
Receiver Performance: < -3 dB (noise); 6 MHz (IF bandwidth); 78 dB (dynamic range); < -135 dBW
(sensitivity)
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: < 90 kg (tripod mounted)
MSTAR (AN/PPS-5C) British Man-portable Surveillance
and Target Acquisition Radar
Kingdom > PRO Australia > PRO Canada > PRO United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland > PRO United States of America > Land > MSTAR (AN/PPS-5C) British Man-portable
Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar
Tiers:
Notes
Man-portable Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar (MSTAR) is a lightweight all-weather
battlefield Doppler radar operating in the J band. It is usually used by artillery observers to
acquire and engage targets in bad visibility or at night. It is capable of detecting, recognizing and
tracking helicopters, slow moving fixed-wing aircraft, tracked and wheeled vehicles and troops,
as well as observing and adjusting the fall of shot.
The radar display is an electro-luminescent screen that can be overlaid with a map grid. It also
shows the areas of ground visible to the radar and those that are masked by terrain. Target
location can be presented as either map coordinates or bearing and distance (polar coordinates)
from the radar.
The complete radar weighs 30 kilograms (66 lb) It can detect targets out to 30 kilometres (19
mi), with a maximum range of 42 kilometres (26 mi).
The radar head (antenna and electronics) are connected by remoting cable to the display. The
rotating head can be mounted on either a tripod on the ground or an elevated mast, the latter
fitted to the Warrior Artillery Observation Post vehicle (FV514), or the Coyote Reconnaissance
Vehicle. When fitted to the mast power is taken from the vehicle supply and the display is inside
the vehicle. For dismounted use the radar uses standard military rechargeable dry batteries and
is man-carried in three loads. The radar can be set up in under three minutes.
The requirement for MSTAR was developed in the early 1980s by the UK Ministry of Defence as a
replacement for Radar GS No 14 (ZB298) that had entered service some 10 years earlier. The
primary users of MSTAR, like its predecessor, were and are artillery observation parties, although
it may be used by other reconnaissance and surveillance elements as required. MSTAR was
developed and produced in UK in the mid 1980s by Thorn EMI Electronics (now part of Thales)
and selected by competitive tender.
MSTAR entered UK service in early 1991, slightly accelerated for use in the Gulf War. Its official
UK designation is Radar, GS, No 22.
In about 2005 MSTAR underwent an upgrading programme.
MSTAR is used by the US Army as AN/PPS-5C and by the Australian Army as AMSTAR.[1] It is
also used for border patrols, airports, coastal patrols, and high security areas. The Canadian
Forces use the MSTAR on their Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicles.
MSTAR is now licensed and manufactured by DRS Technologies.
System
Alternate Designation(s): MSTAR is used by the US Army as AN/PPS-5C and by the Australian
Army as AMSTAR.
Type: Man-portable Surveillance and Target Acquisition Radar (MSTAR) is a lightweight all-
weather battlefield Doppler radar
Manufacturer: MSTAR was developed and produced in UK in the mid 1980s by Thorn EMI
Electronics (now part of Thales) and selected by competitive tender. MSTAR is now licensed and
manufactured by DRS Technologies.
Purpose: It is usually used by artillery observers to acquire and engage targets in bad visibility or
at night. It is capable of detecting, recognizing and tracking helicopters, slow moving fixed-wing
aircraft, tracked and wheeled vehicles and troops, as well as observing and adjusting the fall of
shot.
Frequency: J Band
Display: The radar display is an electro-luminescent screen that can be overlaid with a map grid.
It also shows the areas of ground visible to the radar and those that are masked by terrain.
Target Location: arget location can be presented as either map coordinates or bearing and
distance (polar coordinates) from the radar.
Target Detection Range: It can detect targets out to 30 kilometres (19 mi), with a maximum
range of 42 kilometres (26 mi).
Emplacement: under three minutes.
Displacement: under three minutes.
Target Location Accuracy, Tange: ±10 m
Target Location Accuracy, Azimuth: ± 5 mils
Radar Controls and Interface: 12.1 inch SVGA flat-panel display, 800 x 600 pixel resolution,
PentiumTMclass processor, 20 GB mass storage, 256 MB RAM, AGP high speed
video graphics, MIL connector panel, full QWERTY keyboard, internal
3.5 inch FDD, internal PCMCIA interface, communication ports include
parallel, RS-422, RS-232, Ethernet and USB, XML 2.0 ICD compliant/
USAF certified.
Note: The radar head (antenna and electronics) are connected by remoting cable to the display.
The rotating head can be mounted on either a tripod on the ground or an elevated mast, the latter
fitted to the Warrior Artillery Observation Post vehicle (FV514), or the Coyote Reconnaissance
Vehicle. When fitted to the mast power is taken from the vehicle supply and the display is inside
the vehicle.
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Aerial head Assembly Weight: 9.6 kg
Main Electronics Assembly Weight: 13.0 kg
Radar Control and Display Unit Weight: 7.4 kg
Tripod Kit Weight: 4.8 kg
Ancillary Equipment Weight: 3.9 kg
Total Weight: 30 kg
PSNR-5 Russian Ground Surveillance Radar
(RUS) > Land > PRO Russian Federation > PSNR-5 Russian Ground Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
Radar PSNR-5 Devices 1-RL-133
Russian designation:
ПСНР-5 (Подвижная Станция Наземной Разведки)
Určení:
Radar PSNR-5 is used to search the fixed and moving ground targets and to monitor their
movement in the event that the use of other technical means of the survey (from the toolbox of a
vehicle) is not possible or is not appropriate.
Allows you to identify the character and the polar coordinates of the goals/objectives, in the
present case, the distance and the side angle (azimuth).
the Basic TTD:

The survey of tanks, OT, cars:
- rate target in the range of 2-60 km/h.......... sound indication
- rate target in the range of 4-60 km/h.......... from the screen
Detecting moving people:
- rate target of around 2 km/h.......... sound indication
- rate target of approximately 4 km/h.......... from the screen
Dosah :
- vehicles, tanks, individually or in the column.......... 8 – 10 km
- a person individually or in a group.......... 3 – 4 km
- the minimum distance of the detection target.......... 0,2 km
- the width of the propátrávaného sector.......... 04-00 up to 20-00 dc
- power supply.......... 20-29V, direct current
at a wind speed ≥ 5 m/sec and the rains of greater than 4 mm/hr to reach reduced to ½
Zdroje:
- rechargeable battery pack summer P-81 .......... 2 ks
- battery winter P-81A.......... 1 ks (myself basking)
- nepřetržitýn operation.......... 20 pm
the detection Accuracy goals:
- sound indication – length.......... ± 25 m
- sound indication – delivery.......... 00 – 05 dc
- from the screen – length.......... ± 50 m
- from the screen – length.......... 00 – 10 dc
the Composition and the determination of the sets in the BPzV(composition is different from the
portable variants):
- receiver-transmitter (Block P-01) is designed to emit high-frequency radiation into the space
and the income from the goals/objectives of the reflected signal, to control the direction of the
radiation in the azimuth and in the polohovém angle
- the management and the indicating counter (Block P-02-1) is designed for remote control block
P-01, and for processing the received signal, and searching for information on the identified/
pursued objectives
- voltage stabilizer (Block P-87) is designed for power supply of individual equipment sets of
radar from the onboard network of the vehicle, at the same time changes the value of the voltage
on the value of the operating
- set with stand (Block P-03) in the composition:
on the stand (Block P-03A) is designed for the operation of the block P-01 out of the vehicle on a
tripod (the same for the observation device NNP-21)
the sighting telescope is designed to control the identity of the electronic and the optical axis of
the receiver-transmitter, to orientování antenna block P-01 off-road objects (for good visibility, if I
know their azimuth) and, where appropriate, to the visual observation of the observed/objective
pursued
the indicative igo is designed to orientování antenna block P-01 in a magnetic azimuth when the
establishment of the stand
about the connecting cable is designed to interconnect the blocks of the P-01 and P-02
- battery pack summer (Block P-81) ...2 pc is designed to supply a radar in operation outside the
vehicle without connection to its on-board network
- accumulator winter (Block P-81A) ...1pc is designed to supply a radar in operation outside the
vehicle without connection to its on-board network
- device-172R
- device Mu-351A
- koutový reflector
- insert between the rack and trojnožku
- the bracket between the rack and trojnožku
- the cable connecting 25 m (in the bag) is intended to link the blocks of the P-01 and P-02 in the
operation of block P-01 on the rack outside the vehicle, and a block of P-02-1 inside the vehicle or
outside of it (in secret)
- cabinet with aftermarket parts (č.19)
- box with accessories (č.20).
System
Alternative Designation : TALL MIKE (NATO); PSNR- 5/IRL133 (Ground); PSNR-
5K/1RL133-1 (Vehicle); IRL
133M (Kredo M-1 ground); 1RL
133M1 (PSNR-8 vehicle)
Description: Ground Surveillance Radar (GSR) can be operated by 1 or 2 soldiers; 3 soldiers
required for
dismounted carry
Ground Pressure : Varies by vehicle kg/cm2
Crew : 1 (Vehicle); 2 (Dismounted) ea
Notes: Sources: 2014 WEG. With the pintle mount, this radar can be mounted on almost any
vehicle to modify
It into a reconnaissance vehicle. (photos from 2014 WEG
)
Dimensions
Height, Overall : Varies by vehicle m
Length, Chassis Overall : Varies by vehicle m
Width, Overall : Varies by vehicle m
Weight, Combat: 56.0; 50 (including 2 batteries for Kredo-M1) kg
Automotive
Engine Name: Varies by vehicle
Engine Type: Varies by vehicle
Fording Depth : Varies by vehicle m
Range, Cruising : Varies by vehicle km
Speed : Varies by vehicle km/h
Communications
Radio
Radio: INA
Equipment
Name: PSNR-1 Kredo-M1 (both C & K used in translations);
Antenna Type: Parabolic dish with cable link
Azimuth coverage: 360; 180 in surveillance sector; +/- 18 (Tripod can be adjusted for more
vertical coverage) deg
Console: INA
Radar: Motor-driven for azimuth adjustment with remote control
Operation
Remote
Display: Monochrome digital readouts; color on Baget-14 notebook computer for Kredo- M1
Remote Operation: 25 m away for concealed operators
Remote user transmission: INA
Target Acquisition: INA
Tone Signal: INA
TV Monitor: INA
Performance
Countermeasure Resistance: INA
Range, Surveillance : PSNR-5/5M: 3-5 (personnel); 10-15 (vehicles); range reduced 50% at wind
speeds more than 5 m/second; 0.2 (minimum)
km
Resolution: 100 m in range; 50 mils in azimuth; 25 m for range & 50 mils for azimuth for
Kredo-M1
Tracking Speed: 2-60 km/hr (more for some targets)
Transceiver
Accuracy: INA
Compatibility: Operate using analog or digital
processing match user interface.
Emplacement Time : 5 minutes (vehicle mast mounted) min
Name: Transceiver Coherent pulse Doppler with magnetron
(With klystron for Kredo-M1)
Polarization: INA
Power : 90 (Consumption); 12 (Output); 110
(consumption for Kredo-M1)
W
Signal: I-band (9.00 GHz); J-band (10.00-19.00
GHz or US Ku band for Kredo-M1)
Width of radiation pattern lobe : INA deg
Variants
PSNR-5: Tripod mounted
PSNR-5K: Mount mast for vehicles (i.e. Russian BRM-1K)
PSNR-5M/Kredo-M: Updated PSNR-5K on vehicles with a notebook computer to display, process,
transmit; with GPS
Monitor-M: Links up to 4 PSNR-5M radars to provide 360 deg view
Kredo-M1/PSNR-5M Modernized: PSNR-5M with additional upgrades with range of 5 km 8.5 km
(personnel); 20 km (tanks); 32 km (trucks); with 12 km (tracking)
Strazh-ST: Vehicle sensor pod with Kredo-M1 & EO cameras (PRP-4M uses the PSNR-5M system;
the PRP-4MU has an option for the Kredo-M1)
PSNR-8 Kredo-M1 Russian Portable Ground
(RUS) > PRO Russian Federation > Land > PSNR-8 Kredo-M1 Russian Portable Ground
Tiers:
Notes
The PSNR-8 Kredo-M1 portable ground surveillance radar system was adopted by the Russian
Armed Forces only in 2002. The PSNR-8 Kredo-M1 portable ground surveillance radar system is
designed to detect moving targets on the ground or water and to support artillery fire at any time
of the day regardless of the season, and also in conditions of low visibility (fog, rain, snow, dust,
or smoke)
System
Alternative Designation: PSNR-8 Kredo-M1
Type: Portable Ground Surveillance Radar System
Family: INA
Crew: 2-3 ea
Operating Frequency Range: 2 cm (J)
Range, Scan Zone: 200 meters to 32 km
Azimuth, Scan Zone: from 12° to 180° with an adjustment discrete of 12°
Maximum Elevation, Scan Zone: +18 deg
Minimum Elevation, Scan Zone: -18 deg
Detection Range, Person: 7-8 km
Detection Range, 155mm Shell Explosion: 5 km
Power Consumption: 110 w
Median Errors in Determining the Coordinates for Range: 25 m
Median Errors in Determining the coordinates for Direction: 00–05 m (0.3°)
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
RASIT French 6x6 Ground-Surveillance Pulse Doppler
Radar Vehicle
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Battlefield Surveillance and Reconnaissance Radars > France
> PRO Estonia > PRO France > Land > RASIT French 6x6 Ground-Surveillance Pulse Doppler
Radar Vehicle
Tiers:
Notes
RASIT (RAdar de Surveillance des InTervalles) is a ground-surveillance pulse doppler radar
developed by Thomson-CSF (now Thales), and fielded by several militaries. The original version
of RASIT had a range of 20 kilometers and allowed a skilled operator to distinguish between
personnel, vehicles, and aircraft. RASIT operates in the I band and has a peak power of two
kilowatts. The system is deployed on vehicles (although it can be removed from its mount and
emplaced on the ground) and has been used by at least 32 nations. The latest version of RASIT,
the RASIT-E, has a range of 40 kilometers.
RASIT was developed in the mid-1970s and over 700 units had been sold by 1996. The latest
RASIT customer is Estonia, where the radar is used for border surveillance.
System
Alternative Designation : RASIT 3190B; RACIT E; DRPT-5; Basir 110D (Iran)
Description: Ground Surveillance Radar (GSR) can be operated by a crew of 1 or 2; entire system
breaks down to 3 90-kg sections; vehicle or tripod-
mounted
Crew : 2 (operator & assistant operator); more for vehicle ea
Dimensions
Height, Overall : Varies by vehicle m
Length, Chassis Overall : Varies by vehicle m
Width, Overall : Varies by vehicle m
Automotive
Engine Name: Varies by vehicle
Engine Type: Varies by vehicle
Fording Depth : Varies by vehicle m
Range, Cruising : Varies by vehicle km
Speed : Varies by vehicle km/h
Communications
Radio
Name: INA
Equipment
Antenna Type: Flat array type; slotted waveguide antenna; cable link
Azimuth Coverage : Operator section: 10 to 240 (200 to 4300 mils) deg
Console: Digitally operated including display
Name: Radar Acquisition de Surveillance Intermediare (RASIT)
Radar: Motor-driven for azimuth adjustment with remote control
Operation
Alternate Modes of Operation

Mode 1: Magnified mode:
Mode 2: FDC mode:
Mode 3: Air Defense (AD) mode:
Mode 4: Early Warning mode:
Mode 5: GPS mode:
Remote
Display: Plotting table or mapping computer
Remote Operation: Console 300 m from dish
Remote user transmission: Standard interface; RASIT E can be integrated with battle
management system using TCP/IP interface
Target acquisition: Automatically detects, tracks, & identifies all targets
Tone Signal: Yes
TV Monitor: Polar & Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates
Performance
Countermeasure Resistance: ECCM & LPI capable
Resolution: +/- 10 m range; +/- 0.6 in azimuth
Surveillance Range (Personnel): 22.0 km
Surveillance Range (Vehicles): 35.0 km
Surveillance Range (Aircraft): 34.0 km
Tracking Speed: 103 km/hr
Transceiver
Accuracy: 90% probability of detection
Compatibility: With IFF systems & ECCM capabilities
Name: Transceiver
Polarization: Linear & circular
Power : 3000 (consumption); 150 (Output) W
Signal: I-Band (8.00 10.00 GHz)
Width of radiation pattern lobe : -11 to 240 deg
SBR-3 (IRL 136) Russian Man-Portable Short-Range
Ground-Surveillance Radar
(RUS) > PRO Bulgaria > PRO Russian Federation > Land > Russia (RUS) > Land > PRO Bulgaria >
PRO Russian Federation > SBR-3 (IRL 136) Russian Man-Portable Short-Range Ground-
Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The IRL 136, also known as the SBR-3, is a short-range, ground-surveillance, man portable-
Doppler radar used to track moving targets including vehicles and personnel. The system
consists of a power and control unit; flat-array antenna/transmitter, which can be remoted from
the former during operations; battery pack; a scanning device; headphones; support cabling; and
associated mounting frames and devices. The total system, which weighs about 40 lbs (18.3 kg),
can be packaged in a backpack, and is capable of being carried by one soldier.
System
Alternative Designation: SBR-3 Fara; IRL 136
Type: Man-Portable Short-Range Ground-Surveillance Radar
Crew: 1 ea
Manufacturer: Strela Research Institute, Russia (design)
Rosvoorouzhenie (IRL-136) (Russian state export company), Russia
Kintex, Bulgaria (under license as the Kintex Fara SSBR-3)
Band: J (10-20 GHz)
Emitted Power: 5 W
Power Consumption: 50 W
Coverage Area: 6 sq km
Detection Range, Personnel: 2 km
Detection Range, Vehicles: 4 km
Moving Target Velocity Range: 0.55 to 13.9 m/sec
Resolution Azimuth: 00-67 mils
Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF): 1,000 hours
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: 18.3 kg kg
Note: can be packaged in a backpack, and is capable of being carried by one soldier.
Variants
IRL-136/SBR-3 Fara: Russian-built version.
SSBR-3 Fara: Version built by Kintex of Bulgaria.
Scanter 5000 Series Danish Surveillance Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Battlefield Surveillance and Reconnaissance Radars >
Denmark > PRO Colombia > PRO Denmark > PRO Germany > PRO Hong Kong > PRO Norway >
PRO Singapore > PRO Spain > Land > Scanter 5000 Series Danish Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Scanter 5000 series is an X-band, 2D, pulse compression radar, using solid state transmitter
technology with software-defined functionality. This system can be used for tracking vessels and
coastal surveillance applications.
System
Alternative Designation: SCANTER 5000 series
Type: Surveillance Radar
Dimensions
Length: 305 mm
Width: 497 mm
Height: 990 mm
Radar
Type: Solid State power amplifier
Frequency: 9.0 GHz to 9.2 and 9.225 to 9.5 GHz
Sector Transmission: up to 16 sectors
Sampling: 14 bit IF @ 400 MHz
Dynamic range: >140 dB overall
Noise figure: <2.5 dB
Emitter: 50 W and 350 W peak*
- 10 W and 70W average (at 20% duty cicle)
Profile settings: 16
Min. detection range: 30 m
BITE measurements: Fully integrated
Note:: In the 9.0-9.2GHz band 300W peak power
Variants
SCANTER 5502: System features include: • Doppler enhanced processing (MTI) • Pulse
compression • Open system architecture • Programmable Tx power levels • Complaint to
IALA V.128 for VTS • Frequency and time diversity and multiple sub-bands • Solid state
power amplifier (SSPA). In 2016 Terma introduced an anti-icing antenna to mitigate the risk of
ice building up on antennas, which rotate at 60 rotations per minute.
SCANTER 5202: This system can detect and track small remotely piloted or ultra-light aircraft
operating near wind farms. If mounted on top of turbines, SCANTER sensors mitigate the need
for multiple sensors to be installed on the wind farm's perimeter.
SNAR-10 (Big Fred) Russian Battlefield Surveillance
Radar
(RUS) > PRO CFE Treaty > PRO Russian Federation > Land > SNAR-10 (Big Fred) Russian
Battlefield Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The primary mission of the SNAR 10 "Big Fred" radar is to detect and track both moving ground
and water surface targets. Additionally, the radar can be used to provide friendly fire correction
data to artillery units. The SNAR-10 is not capable of amphibious operations (unlike other
members of the MT-LBu family) due to the heavy turret and radar configuration. The vehicles are
also equipped with an NBC filtration and overpressure system.
System
Alternative Designations: Big Fred, 1RL232, 1RL232-1, Leopard
Type: Battlefield Surveillance Radar
Crew: 5 ea
Platform: MT-LBu
Dimensions
Length: 7.62 m
Width Overall: 2.85 m
Height: 2.72 m
Combat Weight: 12.6 tons
Automotive
Engine Type: YaMZ-238
Engine Type: Diesel
Max Road Speed: 60 km/h
Max Off-Road Speed: 26 km/h
Cross-Country Speed: INA
Max Swim Speed: Cannot swim due to the weight of the radar and turret configuration.
Fording Depths: INA
Sensors/Components
Antenna Type: Parabolic
Operating Band: K (34.55 to 35.25 GHz)
Detection Range Against Moving Vehicles, Without MTI (km): 16.0
Detection Range Against Moving Ships, Without MTI (km): 30.0
Detection Range Against Moving Shell Impact, Without MTI (km): 10.0
Detection Range Against Moving Vehicles, With MTI (km):: 10.0
Emplacement Time (minutes): 5.0
Displacement Time (minutes): 5.0
Main Weapon System
System
Caliber/Length: 1 x PKT 7.62mm General-Purpose Machine Gun
Type: General-Purpose Machine Gun
Caliber: 7.62 mm
Direct Fire Range: 1300 m
Max Effective Range Day: 1000 m / 400-500 m on the move
Max Effective Range Night: 800 m
Fire on Move: Yes
Rate of Fire: 600rpm cyclic in 2-10 round bursts
Protection
Armor Turret Front: 20 mm
Armor Turret Top: INA
Armor Hull: 15 mm
NBC Protection System: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Variants
SNAR-10M: This updated vehicle replaces the BIG FRED radar with a Kredo-1E radar, for a ground
vehicle detection range of 40 km. It also has digital display and communications.
SNAR-10M1: Designed for reconnaissance of moving ground, air and surface targets. The radar
can detect vehicles, soldiers, and exploding shells at a range of 200m – 40km.
SNAR-10M1 (Big Fred) Russian Battlefield Surveillance
Radar
(RUS) > PRO Armenia > PRO Azerbaijan > PRO Belarus > PRO Bulgaria > PRO CFE Treaty > PRO
Moldova > PRO Romania > PRO Russian Federation > PRO Slovakia > PRO Ukraine > Land >
SNAR-10M1 (Big Fred) Russian Battlefield Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The SNAR-10M1 variant is a widely deployed battlefield surveillance "Big Fred" radar system,
mounted on a self-propelled armored vehicle. It is designed to locate stationary and moving
targets at the forward edge of the battle area. The radar operates at a frequency of about 35 GHz
and is capable of scanning the terrain in both a horizontal and vertical mode. This is done by
tipping the antenna, thereby overseeing a large area. The dipping antenna is designated as the
IRL-127-1.
The SNAR-10 M1 self-propelled radar, capable of detecting tanks at a distance of up to 40 km,

arrived at the Central Military District under a state defense order. The new station strengthens
the combat capabilities of the artillery units of the tank formation stationed in the South Urals.
The SNAR-10 M1 radar is designed for reconnaissance of moving ground, air, and surface
targets. The modern radar can detect vehicles, manpower, exploding shells at a range of 200m -
40km. The station is equipped with an internal and external communication system with
automated data transmission, and satellite navigation. Autonomous operation of the complex is
at least three days. The crew is four people strong. The radar can be deployed into combat
position in max 5 minutes.
System
Alternative Designation: SNAR-10M1; 1RL232-2M; NATO: Big Fred
Type: Battlefield Surveillance Radar
Crew: INA
Chassis: MTLB
Band: K (34.55-35.25 GHz)
Radar Beam: 0.36 deg x 1.3 deg
Range, Battlefield Surveillance: 12-15 km
Range, Maximum Against Moving Vehicles: 16 km
Range, Maximum Against Moving Ships: 30 km
Range, Maximum Against Moving Shell Impacts: 10 km
Output Power: 14-70 KW
Pulse Repetition Frequency: 4,410 Hz up to 16 miles (26 km)
Target Discrimination Traverse: 6 deg
Target Discrimination Range: 50 m
Grid Radial Error: 30 m
Search Sector: 26 deg
Time for Traget Location: 20 seconds
Precision Locating Coordinates Polar Traverse: <2 mils
Precision Locating Coordinates Polar Range: <66 ft (20 m)
Circular Error Probable for Mortar: 45 m
Dimensions
Length: 6.45 m
Width: 2.86 m
Height: 1.86 m
Weight, Combat: 12,700 kg kg
Ground Pressure: 0.46 kg/cm2 standard track / 0.28 kg/cm2 wide track
Automotive
Engine Name: YaMZ 238 (Newer versions have the KamAZ-740.50 engine / 360 horsepower)
Engine Type: Diesel
Speed Maximum Swim: 5 km/h
Primary Weapon System on Most Variants
System
Name: 1 x PKT 7.62mm
Type: General-Purpose Machine Gun
Caliber: 7.62 mm
Sights: Iron Sights
Ammunition
Type: API, API-T
Caliber: 7.62 mm
Muzzle Velocity: INA
Basic Load: 1,500 rounds
Max Effective Range (Day): 1,000 m
Max Effective Range (On the move): 500 m
Maximum Aimed Range: 1,500 m
Min Range: INA
Armor Penetration: 8 mm of RHA at 500 m
Other Ammunition Types: Light Ball, Ball-T, Heavy Ball, Incendiary
Fire Control
Name: PP-61AM, 2.6x
Computerized FCS: N/A
Thermal Sight Vehicle Commander: N/A
Thermal Sight Gunner: N/A
Main Gun Stabilization: N/A
Range, Day Sight: 1,500 m
Range, Thermal Sight: N/A
Field of View: 23 degrees
Protection
Hull Armor: 14 mm
Turret Armor: 14 mm
Applique Armor: No
Mine Clearing: No
Self-Entrenching Blade: Optional
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Night Vision Device Capable: Yes. Some versions have spot lights.
Variants
SNAR-10: Similar variant with the radar mounted on a MTLBu chassis in which the radar can be
used to provide friendly fire correction data to artillery units. The SNAR-10 is not capable of
amphibious operations due to the heavy turret and radar configuration.
SQUIRE French Man-Portable Medium-Range Ground
Surveillance Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Battlefield Surveillance and Reconnaissance Radars > France
> PRO Australia > PRO France > PRO United States of America > Land > France > Land > PRO
Australia > PRO France > PRO United States of America > SQUIRE French Man-Portable Medium-
Range Ground Surveillance Radar
Tiers:
Notes
SQUIRE is a man-portable medium-range ground surveillance radar that can detect and classify
moving targets on, or close to, the ground at ranges up to 48 km. Deployed worldwide for force
protection, reconnaissance and compound protection, it is equally suited for border, coastal and
site surveillance, counter-drug, smuggling operations and drone detection.
It consists of compact components to be carried in two backpacks. Each weighs less than 23
kgs., including batteries, and can therefore be easily carried by two persons.
SQUIRE is light, compact, and has a very low output power thanks to the application of FMCW
technology. SQUIRE is ideally suitable for use by the Army and Marines, e.g. air mobile and
amphibious units, but also by United Nations units or Border Guard units.
Squire is an X-Band man-portable medium-range ground surveillance radar that can detect and
classify moving targets on, or close to, the ground at ranges up to 48 km. Deployed worldwide for
force protection, reconnaissance and compound protection, it is equally suited for border, coastal
and site surveillance, counter-drug, smuggling operations and drone detection.
Squire is light, compact, and has a very low output power thanks to the application of FMCW
technology. Squire is ideally suitable for use by the Army and Marines, e.g. air mobile and
amphibious units, but also by United Nations units or Border Guard units. It consists of compact
components to be carried in two backpacks. Each weighs less than 23 kgs, including batteries,
and can therefore be easily carried by two persons.
Because of its low maximum power output (1W max) the Squire is a very safe radar concerning
the effects of RF radiation energy. There is no radiation danger for persons, even in the direct
vicinity of the system.
KEY BENEFITS
• SQUIRE is a man-portable ground surveillance radar
for detection/tracking and classification of moving
ground targets. It can assist artillery and mortar firing
units by giving feedback on shell impacts.
• Deployment of troops under all circumstances demands
a system that is easily transportable, not only by vehicles, but also by man. SQUIRE is a
lightweight radar
being man-portable and easy to install on a vehicle.
• The FMCW radar techniques applied in SQUIRE allow
very low transmit power which makes the system virtually undetectable. Even sophisticated
devices will not
detect SQUIRE. This gives a clear tactical advantage.
• Low level air surveillance for detection of slow moving
aircraft/UAV (< 300 km/h)
• Advanced doppler processing
• The use of reliable components like the solid state
transceiver, results in an extremely high Mean Time Between Failure [MTBF > 20.000 hr].
• This, combined with extensive use of "Commercial of
the Shelf“ components, ensures that the Life Cycle Cost
of SQUIRE are extremely low.
FEATURES
• Very Low Probability of Intercept (LPI)
• Instrumented range selection:
3 km, 6 km,12 km, 24 km and 48 km
• Track While Scan (option)
• Automatic and manual target classification
• Artillery fire deviation measurement
• Threat warning via alarm zones
• Day and night, all weather capability
• Very safe due to low output power
• Ease of operation (one man operation) with
user friendly man-machine interface
• Extremely low weight (man portable)
• Fast deployment and march-order
• Separation of radar unit and operator unit up to
100 m with cable TCP/IP network operation
• High operational availability
• Very low life cycle costs
• Suitable for mounting on a vehicle or a mast
• Sea mode (sea clutter filtering)
System
Alternative Designation: SQUIRE
Type: Man-Portable Medium-Range Ground Surveillance Radar
Crew: 2 ea
Band: X-Band
Mobility: The SQUIRE consists of compact components to be carried in two backpacks. Each
weighs less than 23 kgs., including batteries, and can therefore be easily carried by two persons.
Low Level Air Surveillance: Low level air surveillance for detection of slow moving
aircraft/UAV (< 300 km/h)
Average Power: 1 W max.
Range Resolution: 5 m
Accuracy: ≤ 5 m ; ≤ 5 mils
Maximum Range, Pedestrain: 9 km
Maximum Range, Vehicles: 19 km
Maximum Range, Tanks: 23 km
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: The SQUIRE consists of compact components to be carried in two backpacks.
Each weighs less than 23 kgs., including batteries, and can therefore be easily carried by two
persons.
1L219 Zoopark-1 Russian Mobile Counter-Battery
Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > Russia (RUS) > PRO China > PRO
Russian Federation > Land > 1L219 Zoopark-1 Russian Mobile Counter-Battery Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Zoopark-1 missile and artillery round reconnaissance radar system, referred to in the West
as a counter-battery radar, was developed by the former Soviet Union in the 1980s as the
replacement for the APK-1 Ris radar system. The Zoopark-1 is mounted on an MTLB tracked
chassis. It has been designed to automatically determine the coordinates of enemy artillery
positions such as mortars, howitzers, rocket launchers, and tactical missile systems. The
Zoopark-1 radar system can also serve to monitor the firing results of its own artillery systems.
The Zoopark-1 radar system was deployed to Syria in early 2016.
The Zoopark-1 intelligence radar system is completely autonomous and needs five minutes to
get set up. The radar can track artillery shells of 82 to 120mm (typically mortar ammunition) at
distances of up to 17 kilometers. It can detect 105 to 155mm projectiles at distances of 12
kilometers, multiple launch rocket systems at distances of 22 kilometers, and tactical missiles at
ranges of up to 45 kilometers. The radar can track up to 12 targets simultaneously detecting up
to 70 firing positions in a minute.
System
Alternative Designation: Zoopark-1 1L219
Type: Mobile Counter-Battery Radar
Crew: INA
Chassis: MT-LB
Design: Designed to automatically determine the coordinates of enemy artillery positions such
as mortars, howitzers, rocket launchers and tactical missile systems.
Band: NATO G-H (4-8 GHz)
Scan Sector: 90 degrees
Range, Tactical Missile: 35 km
Range, Multiple Rocket Systems: 12-20 km
Range, Mortars: 12-15 km
Range, Artillery Rounds: 8-10 km
Displacement Time: Less than 5 Minutes
Emplacement Time: Less than 5 Minutes
Service Life: 8 years guaranteed by manufacturer
Note: Zoopark-1 is accompanied by a 1L30 maintenance vehicle and a trailer mounted ED30-
T230P-1RPM generator in the field.
Dimensions (Chassis: MTLB)

Length: 6.45 m
Width: 2.86 m
Height: 1.86 m
Weight, Combat: 11,000 kg
Ground Pressure: 0.46 kg/cm2 (standard track) / 0.28 kg/Cm2 (wide track)
Antenna Length: INA
Antenna Height: INA
Mast Height: INA
Automotive (Chassis: MTLB)

Engine Type: Diesel
System
Name: PKT
Type: 7.62 mm, machine-gun
Ammunition
Type: API, API-T
Caliber: 7.62 mm
Muzzle Velocity: INA
Max Effective Range (Day): 1,000 m
Max Effective Range (On the move): 500 m
Maximum Aimed Range: 1,500 m
Min Range: INA
Armor Penetration: 8mm of RHA at 500m
Other Ammunition Types: Light Ball, Ball-T, Heavy Ball, Incendiary
Fire Control
Name: PP-61AM, 2.6x
Protection
Hull Armor: 14 mm
Turret Armor: 14 mm
Applique Armor: No
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Variants
Zoopark-1M: The variant entered service in January 2017, according to Russia's Sputnik (March
28, 2017). No details have been revealed. It does include a 1L216 missile and artillery ground
reconnaissance system, a 1I38 maintenance vehicle and a ED60 mobile power plant. The system
is service with artillery unit s in Russia's Eastern Military District.
1L220-U (Zoopark-2) Ukrainian Artillery Locating Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > Ukraine > PRO Russian Federation >
PRO Ukraine > Land > 1L220-U (Zoopark-2) Ukrainian Artillery Locating Radar
Tiers:
Notes
A Ukrainian export company reported the Ukrainian army would begin receiving the 1L220-U
(NATO: Zoopark 2) in 1999. The Artillery Locating Radar (ALR) has the capability of detecting
mortars, cannon artillery, rocket, and tactical missile batteries. It can estimate the impact points
of hostile fires as well as register friendly artillery. The ALR has an internal navigation and
orientation system to enable autonomous operations and is equipped with a communications
suite for command and control.
It is capable of friendly fire adjustment ranges as follows: 20-25 km for 152-mm artillery guns,
25-30 km for 82-mm/120-mm mortars; 21-40 km for BM-21-type MLRS; 80 km for rockets.
System
Alternative Designation: 1L220-U; Zoopark-2
Type: Artillery Locating Radar
Manufacturer: INA
Crew: 5 ea
Chassis: Multiple Options (See Images)
Time Between Failures: >400 hours
Dimensions
Length, Chassis Overall: 11.5 m
Weight, Combat: 23.5 tons (varies with chassis)
Radar
Detection Range, Mortar: >/=30 km
Detection Range, Artillery: >/=30 km
Detection Range, Rocket: 30-55 km
Detection Range, Tactical Missile: 80 km
Emplacement Time: 5 mins
Displacement Time: 3 mins
Transmitter
Transmitter Type: Traveling Way Tube (TWT)
Peak Power: 40 kw
Frequency Band: 3-4 GHz
Modulation Type: Pulsed
Receiver
Noise Figure: 5 dB
Single Pulse Processing: Coherent
Multiple Pulse Processing: MTI and Doppler Filters
Antenna
Type: Phased Array
Polarization: Vertical
Mode: Track
Scan Method: Electronic
Scan Type: Monopulse
Scan Width: 60 Deg
Notes: Scan Width is 10% of the full azimuth sector is assumed for a crossing trajectory.
1L260 Zoopark-1M Russian Mobile Counter-Battery
Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > Russia (RUS) > PRO Russian
Federation > Land > 1L260 Zoopark-1M Russian Mobile Counter-Battery Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The 1L260 Zoopark-1M is mobile artillery locating radar system designed to detect artillery
rocket positions even in heavy electronic countermeasures (ECM) environments. Besides, the
1L260 can detect mortar and howitzer gunfire sources as well as tactical ballistic missiles
launch pads. The radar system is mounted on a tracked armored chassis and includes a
maintenance vehicle. Besides, the system can provide assistance for friendly artillery systems
helping them to adjust their gunfire to effectively hit their designated target. The 1L260 radar
system can detect a 155mm artillery shell at a range of 23 kilometers or 27 kilometers for
203mm shells. It can detect artillery rockets at ranges between 32 and 45 kilometers. An
ATACMS-sized tactical ballistic missile can be detected at a range of 65 kilometers. The 1L260
can be ready for deployment or evacuation in five minutes while operating for over eight hours
tracking up to 12 targets simultaneously. In azimuth, it covers a sector of 2.5 to 90-degree.
System
Alternative Designation: 1L260 Zoopark-1M
Crew: INA
Chassis: MTLB
Designed: The 1L260 Zoopark-1M is a mobile artillery locating radar system designed to detect
artillery rocket positions even in heavy electronic countermeasures (ECM) environments.
Besides, the 1L260 can detect mortar and howitzer gunfire source as well as tactical ballistic
missiles launch pads.
Band: G-H (4-8 GHz)
Range, 155mm Artillery Shell: 23 kilometers
Range, 203mm Artillery Shell: 27 kilometers
Range, Artillery Rockets: between 32 and 45 kilometers
Range, Ballistic Missiles: 65 kilometers
Operating Time: 8 hours
Number of Targets: up to 12 targets simultaneously
Azimuth: In azimuth it covers a sector of 2.5 to 90-degree
Displacement Time: Less than 5 Minutes
Emplacement Time: Less than 5 Minutes
Dimensions (Chassis: MTLB)

Length: 6.45 m
Width: 2.86 m
Height: 1.86 m
Ground Pressure: 0.46 standard track / 0.28 wide track kg/cm2
Antenna Length: INA
Antenna Height: INA
Mast Height: INA
Automotive (Chassis: MTLB)

Engine Type: Diesel
System
Name: PKT
Type: General Purpose Machine Gun
Caliber: 7.62mm
Length: 1,098 mm
Barrel Length: 772 mm
Weight: 9 kg
Action: Gas-operated, open bolt
Rate of Fire: 700–800 rounds/min
Muzzle Velocity: 825 m/s
Maximum Firing Range: 4,000 m
Effective Firing Range: 1,500 m
Feed System: Non-disintegrating metal 50 round belts in 100 and 200/250 round ammunition
boxes
Sights: Iron Sights
Ammunition
Type: Rifle
Caliber: 7.62 mm
Cartridge: 7.62×54mmR
Fire Control
Name: PP-61AM, 2.6x
Protection
Hull Armor: 14 mm
Turret Armor: 14 mm
Applique Armor: No
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Variants
1L259 Zoopark-1: Zoopark-1 is a three-dimensional (3-D) multifunction phased-array artillery
location radar for use on the battlefield. The system tracks projectiles, calculates their trajectory,
pinpoints the position of enemy artillery and transfers the information to associated fire-control
systems for counter-b attery fire.
AN/TPQ-36(V) American Towed Firefinder Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > United States > PRO Australia > PRO
Canada > PRO Egypt > PRO Greece > PRO Iraq > PRO Jordan > PRO Kuwait > PRO Netherlands >
PRO Norway > PRO Pakistan > PRO Saudi Arabia > PRO Singapore > PRO Spain > PRO Sri Lanka >
PRO Thailand > PRO Turkey > PRO Ukraine > PRO United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland > PRO United States of America > Land > United States > Land > PRO Australia > PRO
Canada > PRO Egypt > PRO Greece > PRO Iraq > PRO Jordan > PRO Kuwait > PRO Netherlands >
PRO Norway > PRO Pakistan > PRO Saudi Arabia > PRO Singapore > PRO Spain > PRO Sri Lanka >
PRO Thailand > PRO Turkey > PRO Ukraine > PRO United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland > PRO United States of America > AN/TPQ-36(V) American Towed Firefinder Radar
Tiers:
Notes
Hughes AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder weapon locating system is a mobile radar system developed in the
mid-late 1970s by Hughes Aircraft Company and manufactured by Northrop Grumman and
ThalesRaytheonSystems, achieving initial operational capability in May, 1982. The system is a
"weapon-locating radar", designed to detect and track incoming mortar, artillery and rocket fire to
determine the point of origin for counter battery fire. It is currently in service at battalion and
higher levels in the United States Army, United States Marine Corps and Australian Army. Also
Turkish Army , Portugal and Ukrainian Army are among the users.
The radar is typically trailer-mounted and towed by a Humvee.
The AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder Radar is a lightweight, small, highly mobile radar set capable of
detecting weapon projectiles launched at any angle within selected 90-degree azimuth sectors
over 360 degrees of coverage. The AN/TPQ-36 can locate simultaneous and volley-fire weapons.
It can also be used to register and adjust friendly fire. Upon projectile detection, the weapon
location is computed and is used to direct counter-battery fires.
The system consists of an operational control group, OK-398/TPQ-36, and an antenna
transceiver group, OY-71/TPQ-36. It is used by the artillery battalions to provide an effective
capability to locate hostile weapons, both mortars and short- to medium-range weapons.
The Marine Corps will be receiving a Version 8 configuration, currently involving Toby Hanna
Army Depot & Grumman Electronics Programs. This new configuration consists of a new
Operations Control Group (OCG) using the Army Lightweight Multipurpose Shelter (LMS)
mounted on a M1097 HMMWV. This HMMWV tows the Antenna Transceiver Group (ATG) with
the integrated Modular Azimuth Positioning System (MAPS) mounted on the M116A2E1 trailer.
The OCG is controlled by an operator either located within the shelter or remotely located. The
second M1097 HMMWV will carry the MEP112A generator mounted on an M116A2E1 trailer. An
additional reconnaissance vehicle/crew carrier, a fourth HMMWV, will be added to the Marine
Corps Table of Equipment.
System
Alternative Designation: AN/TPQ-36; AN/TPQ-36(V)
Type: Towed Firefinder Radar
Manufacturers: Northrop Grumman manufactures the AN/TPQ-36(V)8 Firefinder radar. Before
acquisition by Raytheon, the Hughes Aircraft Co. developed the AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar at its
Fullerton, California facility, and manufactured it at its Forest, Mississippi plant.
Crew: INA
Upgarde: Firefinder (V)7 adds a modular azimuth position system (MAPS). MAPS has a north
seeking laser gyrocompass and a microprocessor controlled Honeywell H-726 inertial navigation
system. Prior Firefinders used a survey team to find site latitude, longitude, and direction to
North. With MAPS, reaction time was limited only by site set-up, since system geo-position was
pre-loaded before sortie deployment. Crew was reduced from 8 to 6.
Firefinder (V)8 extends system performance, improves operator survivability and lowers life cycle
cost. Greater processing power and the addition of a low noise amplifier to the radar antenna
improves detection range (by up to 50%) and performance accuracy against certain threats.
Frequency: 8 GHz to 12.5 GHz (32 sub-frequencies)
Coverage, Range: 8 n miles (14.5 km; 9 miles) (artillery, effective range); 10 n miles (18 km; 11
miles) (mortar, effective range); 13 n miles (24 km; 15 miles) (rockets, effective range)
Coverage, Azimuth: 90° (sector)
360°
Coverage, Target Capacity: 10
Coverage, Track Capacity: 99
Power, Volt: 115 V (400 Hz, AC, three phase, supply);120 V (400 Hz, AC, three phase, supply)
Power, Watt: 23 kW (transmit, peak);
10 kW (AN/MJQ-25 generator, nominal, supply)
Antenna Type: Phased Array
Transmitter: TWT
Note: The AN/TPQ-36(V) consists of the following:
*a trailer-mounted antenna-transceiver assembly;
*a power generator, and ;
*an operator shelter that houses the necessary processing equipment.
System Dimensions
Length: 4,600 mm
Width: 2,100 mm
Height, in Operation: 3,700 mm
Height, in Transit: 2,100 mm
Operations Shelter
Length: 2,692 mm
Width: 2,100 mm
Height: 1,800 mm
Weight: 1,089 kg
AN/MJQ-25 Generator with Trailer

Length: 4,350 mm
Width: 2,080 mm
Height: 2,490 mm
Weight: INA
Variants
AN/TPQ-46: Alongside the baseline AN/TPQ-36(V), the US Marine Corps (USMC) operates a
service specific variant that is designated as the AN/TPQ-46. Here, the US Armyʼs two element
configuration is replaced by a four HMMWV/trailer application. Subsequent to its initial fielding,
the service has commissioned the AN/TPQ-46A and -46B upgrades. Here, AN/TPQ-46A is
understood to have been based on the AN/TPQ-36(V)8 configuration and is believed to have
updated the architectureʼs operating shelter and electronics, enhanced its target detection,
survivability and interoperability capabilities and reduced its maintenance and logistics
requirements. For its part, AN/TPQ-46B mirrors the AN/TPQ-36(V)10 radar and feature that
sensorʼs upgraded processor. Here, the update reduced the circuit board count from nine to three
and is claimed to have provided ‘unlimited future growth potentialʼ.
AN/TPQ-37 American Firefinder Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > United States > PRO Egypt > PRO
Greece > PRO Hong Kong > PRO India > PRO Israel > PRO Jordan > PRO Saudi Arabia > PRO
Singapore > PRO South Korea (Republic of Korea) > PRO United States of America > Land > AN/
TPQ-37 American Firefinder Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder is a mobile radar system developed in the late 1970s by Hughes
Aircraft Company, achieving Initial Operational Capability in 1980 and full deployment in 1984.
AN/TPQ-36 radar was used to design and develop the AN/TPQ-37 radar. Thus, the AN/TPQ-37, is
considered to be a companion of the AN/TPQ-36. They both comprise the U.S. Firefinder artillery,
rocket and mortar-locating radar system. The AN/TPQ-37 (unlike the AN/TPQ-36) is capable of
locating artillery and rocket launchers at their normal ranges.
Currently manufactured by Thales Raytheon Systems, the system is a long-range version of an

artillery locating radar, designed to detect and track incoming artillery and rocket fire to
determine the point of origin for counter-battery fire. It is currently in service at brigade and
higher levels in the United States Army and by other countries. A typical AN/TPQ-37 system
consists of the Antenna-Transceiver Group, Command or operations Shelter and 60 kW
Generator. The radar is trailer-mounted and towed by a 5 ton truck. The 60kW generator is
mounted on the truck. The AN/TPQ-37 operations shelter can be transported on a 1-1/4 ton
vehicle such as a High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle - HMMWV.
The AN/TPQ-37 is an electronically steered radar, meaning the radar does not actually move
while in operation. The radar scans a 90-degree sector for incoming rocket, artillery and mortar
fire. Upon detecting a possible incoming round, the system verifies the contact before initiating a
track sequence, continuing to search for new targets. The incoming round/rocket is tracked
during its initial upward/launch trajectory (i.e., the linear portion of its flight path) prior to
reaching apogee. A computer program analyzes the track data and then extrapolates the round's
point of origin. This calculated point of origin is then reported to the operator with map
coordinates, thus allowing friendly artillery to direct counterbattery fire towards the enemy
artillery. The system has a reported range of up to 50 kilometers. The system may also be
operated in a friendly fire mode to determine the accuracy of counterbattery return fire.
The system requires only one operator since most of its functions are performed automatically.
However, a crew of eight to 12 is needed for mobile 24-hour operation.
System
Alternative Designation: AN/TPQ-37; AN/TPQ-37(V)
Type: Towed Firefinder Radar
Manufacturers: Currently manufactured by Thales Raytheon Systems.
Crew: 12
Upgrade: The AN/TPQ-37 (V) 9 is a reliability, availability, and maintainability upgrade. The
upgrades include a fully digitized operations shelter and a fully air-cooled modular transmitter;
with 12 power amplifiers, four of which can be allowed to fail..
Frequency: S-band, 15 frequencies
Communications: Radio
Power: 43kW (115/200 VAC, 3 phase, 400Hz
Minimum Range: 3 km
Detection Range: 10 km (Mortar)
Detection Range: 24 km (Artillery))
Detection Range: 50 km (Rocket)
Maximum Number of Targets: 10
Target Capacity: 99
Emplacement Time: 30 Minutes
Displacement Time: 15 minutes
Radar
Antenna Type: Phased Array
Antenna Gain: 34.75 dBi
Polarization: Vertical
Scan Method: Electronic
Mode: Search (Both hostile fire and friendly fire modes)
Scan Type: Sector
Scan Width: 92.4 deg (Hostile fire mode maximum azimuth sector width)
Scan Period: 0.54 sec
Scan Width: 26 deg (Friendly fire mode)
Scan Period: 0.15 sec
Mode: Verification (Both hostile and friendly fire modes)
Scan Type: Nonscanning
Mode: Track (Both hostile and friendly fire modes)
Scan Type: Nonscanning
Transmitter
Transmitter Type: Traveling Wave Tube (TWT)
Peak Power (at transmitter): 120 kW
RF (minimum): 3.11 GHz
RF maximum): 3.39 GHz
Modulation Type: Pulsed
Pulse Duration: 10.75 microsec
Receiver
Noise Figure: 2.8 dB
Single Pulse Processing: Coherent
Multiple Pulse Processing: Doppler Filters
Multiple Pulse Processing: Moving Target Indicator (MTI)
Display: Aural/Visual Indicator
Display: B Scope
Display: Moving Map
Control: Keyboard
ECCM
Transmit ECCM: Frequency Management
Transmit ECCM: Scan Management
Receive ECCM: Jam Strobe
System Dimensions
Length: 4,600 mm
Width: 2.44 m
Height, in Operation: 6.09 m
Height, in Transit: INA
Operations Shelter
Length: 2,692 mm
Width: 2,100 mm
Height: 1,800 mm
Weight: 1,089 kg
AN/MJQ-25 Generator with Trailer

Length: 4,350 mm
Width: 2,080 mm
Height: 2,490 mm
Weight: INA
Variants
AN/TPQ-47: The AN/TPQ-47 artillery locating radar is an product improved version of the AN/
TPQ-37 Firefinder radar. The TPQ-47 provides improved range, faster emplace and displace time,
and less manpower to operate and maintain.
AN/TPQ-49 American Counterfire Radar System
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > United States > PRO Australia > PRO
Canada > PRO Israel > PRO New Zealand > PRO United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland > PRO United States of America > Land > AN/TPQ-49 American Counterfire Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
The AN/TPQ-49 multi-mission radar leverages SRC’s LCMR and LSTAR software to provide the
warfighter with a versatile, powerful, all-in-one multi-mission radar capable of supporting early
warning weapon location for indirect fire, counterfire target acquisition (CTA), and air surveillance
missions. As there is a demand to immediately react to the emerging threats, counterfire radars
shall be characterized by a high degree of accuracy and a short span of reaction time. Thus,
rotating antenna arrays are seen as insufficiently efficient in the case of such systems, as the
refresh rate in the case of the rotating antenna is too low, to intercept artillery rounds traveling at
high velocities. Thereby, most of the counterfire radars use fixed and relatively large antenna
arrays.
The radar provides continuous 360-degree surveillance and 3-D target location using a non-
rotating electronically steered antenna. Its small footprint and lightweight design make the radar
ideal for fixed site emplacement in hard-to-reach areas where typical radars are impractical. The
system can simultaneously detect and track multiple targets from separate points of origin
within a 315 square kilometer surveillance area. The radar is designed to support a variety of
missions including air surveillance, force protection, CTA, very short-range air defense
(VSHORAD), small UAS detection and tracking, and critical infrastructure protection.
System
Alternative Designation: AN/TPQ-49
Type: Counterfire Radar System
Classification: AN/TPQ-49 counterfire radar is classified as C-RAM equipment (Counter Rocket,
Artillery, and Mortar). The primary purpose of such radiolocation is to provide own forces with
relevant information concerning the incoming RAM ordnance. Secondly, systems of this class are
also utilized in order to define the locations from which the rounds are fired, and thus make it
possible to develop firing solutions for own artillery assets.
Crew: 1 ea
Mission: Performs multiple missions
simultaneously including
early warning, counterfire
and air surveillance
Multi-Mission: The AN/TPQ-49 radar is multi-mission
capable, allowing the operator to
configure the radar to support a
variety of missions simultaneously,
including early warning for indirect
fire, CTA, air surveillance, and counter UAS missions. In multi-mission mode, the radar can
perform the tasks of two
or more radars and can be configured
to prioritize specific capabilities to fit
mission needs.
Features: Performs multiple missions
simultaneously including
early warning, counterfire
and air surveillance
Extremely reliable with
almost no moving parts
Supports multiple
interface standards
Rooftop, tower, or
tripod mountable
Complete integrated
logistics support
3-D location display
360 degree coverage with
non-rotating, electronically
steered antenna
Powered by AC grid,
generator, 24 VDC vehicle,
or battery
Benefits: • Transports easily and installs rapidly
(< 20 minutes) in challenging terrain;
• Low lifecycle cost;
• Unattended remote operation;
• Few false alarms in
challenging clutter;
• Ideal for integrated solutions
- EO/IR camera or
counterfire response
- ADS-B or secondary
surveillance radar
Applications: Air surveillance:
• Counterfire target acquisition;
• Counter-UAS;
• Critical infrastructure protection;
• Force protection;
• Ground-based sense and avoid;
• VSHORAD
Power: The radar power consumption is low (up to 1.2 kW), which does not require a specific
purpose dedicated power supply unit. It is enough to provide 110/240 VAC or 24 V DC electricity
(generator or a vehicle).
Battery: Alternatively, a battery may also be used as a power supply for the system.
Electronically Scanned Antenna: This electronically scanned antenna is the main feature that
distinguishes this radar. The antenna in question allows for 360 degrees observation and 3D
target tracking (elevation from 0 to 30 degrees). However, directional (sector) operation is also
possible, which enhances the refresh rate achievable by the radar. The antenna system itself may
also be installed on masts, thanks to which the observation range could be potentially extended,
which is especially valuable in rough terrain. The antenna array is shock-proof as it does not
feature any moving parts, which also translates into low maintenance requirements. This, on the
other hand, significantly diminishes the operational costs throughout the radar’s lifecycle. The
antenna itself consists of 24 identical longitudinal column-shaped antenna systems, uniformly
distributed with 15 degrees increments around the central base. The above makes it possible to
create 24 overlapping beams. The columns may be arranged and freely dismantled. In a
transport setting, they may be packed separately.
Operating frequency: L-Band
Tripod: The antenna section is based on a special tripod that may be deployed anywhere, also on
the buildings, or as a part of the forward operating base infrastructure.
Remotely Operated Capability: According to the Americans, the radar in question may also be
used by small elements stationed at forward operating bases. This is one of the reasons that
motivated the designers to give the AN/TPQ-49 an ability of being operated remotely.
Weapon Location: SRC’s AN/TPQ-49 radar system is a
trusted U.S. Marine Corps program of
record. Combined with SRC’s LCMR
software, the system is designed
to detect, track, classify and warn
of incoming RAM threats while
determining point of origin and point
of impact locations. The system can
track multiple weapons simultaneously and has a detection range of greater
than 10 kilometers, and a point
of origin accuracy of 75 meters
at 5 kilometers.
Air Surveillance: With SRC’s LSTAR software, the radar can detect and track a wide range of
traditional and non-traditional
aircraft, with an instrumented range
of 30 kilometers. The LSTAR software
extends the radar coverage volume
by employing air surveillance specific
waveforms tailored to airspace
monitoring. This capability makes the
radar an ideal solution for general air
surveillance for VSHORAD, wind farm
gap-filling, and small UAS detection
and tracking.
Detection Range: The system can track multiple weapons simultaneously and has a detection
range of greater than 10 kilometers, and a point of origin accuracy of 75 meters
at 5 kilometers.
Azimuth coverage: 360°
Elevation coverage: 0 - 30°
Emplacement Time: Less than 20 Min
Displacement Time: Less than 20 Min
Note: AN/TPQ-49 is a modular expandable design. Tests are in progress, the goal of which would
be to integrate the antenna array with an optronic sensor, which would make it possible to create
a complete security and observation system. The same method is used for setting up secondary
radar antenna array with IFF system integrated. This makes it possible to utilize the AN/TPQ-49
radar as a part of airspace monitoring and air traffic control solution.
Dimensions
Diameter: 1020 mm
Height: 2160 mm
Weight: 68 kg
Variants
AN/TPQ-49A: A 2018 upgrade variant of which the delivery contract provided sustainment
support and a technology refresh of the USMC inventory of AN/TPQ-49 systems. Contract
specifics include: system refresh kit installation, program management, initial/sustainment
spares provisioning, live fire testing, and new system production and equipment training.
Although exact details are unconfirmed at this time, it is assessed this variant is available for
export to select US partner nations.
AN/TPQ-50 American Counterfire Radar System
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > United States > PRO Netherlands >
PRO United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland > PRO United States of America >
Land > AN/TPQ-50 American Counterfire Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
The AN/TPQ-50 Lightweight Counter Mortar Radar (LCMR) is a highly mobile counterfire target
acquisition radar organic to Brigade Combat Teams, field artillery brigades and division
artilleries. The system provides 360 azimuth coverage between the ranges of .5 to 10 km while
automatically detecting, classifying, tracking and locating points of origin of projectiles fired from
mortar, artillery and rocket systems. The system is fielded in the vehicle-mounted configuration
but can be operated in the tripod-mounted configuration.
The Q-50 can quickly detect, track, classify and accurately determine the point of origin of enemy
indirect fires and provide projectile impact locations with sufficient accuracy to warn Soldiers
and provide point of origin information for engagement. The Q-50 is networked with existing
counterfire systems to provide the maneuver commander increased counterfire radar flexibility. It
can be assembled and disassembled quickly by two Soldiers.
System
Alternative Designation: AN/TPQ-50
Type: Multi-Mission Radar
Mission: Early warning, counterfire
target acquisition and
air surveillance
Crew: 1 ea
Performance: The AN/TPQ-50 counterfire radar is an
official U.S. Army Program of Record,
a distinction of its effectiveness at
filling a critical need for America’s
warfighters. The radar has been
designed and tested against strict
U.S. military standards, including:
• MIL-STD-461E, Requirements for
the Control of Electromagnetic
Interference, Characteristics of Subsystems and Equipment
• MIL-STD-464A, Electromagnetic
Environmental Effects Requirements
for Systems
• MIL-STD-810G, Test Method
Standard for Environmental
Engineering Considerations &
Laboratory Tests
The predecessor of AN/TPQ-50
received the Top 10 Army Greatest
Invention award in 2004. This award
recognizes the best technological
solutions for soldiers, and how
these new technologies increase
competence for the U.S. Army.
Benefits: Saves lives by providing early
warning of incoming fire
• Quickly locates enemy
RAM launchers
• Cues a counterfire response from
any integrated system
• Transports easily in
challenging terrain
• Low lifecycle cost
• Unattended remote operation
Operating Frequency: L-Band
Detection Range: 15 km, depending
on weapon type and trajectory
Point of Origin Accuracy: 50 m
at 10 km
Azimuth Coverage: 360°
Elevation Coverage: 0 - 30°
Power Requirements: 1,200 W,
110/240 VAC 50/60 Hz, 24 VDC
Dimensions
Diameter: 102 cm
Height: 216 cm
Weight: less than 227 kg
AN/TPQ-53 (EQ-36) American Counterfire Target
Acquisition Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > United States > PRO Romania > PRO
Saudi Arabia > PRO Singapore > PRO United States of America > Land > AN/TPQ-53 (EQ-36)
American Counterfire Target Acquisition Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The AN/TPQ-53 (EQ-36) American Counterfire Target Acquisition Radar provides enhanced
flexibility by incorporating Battle Command Systems (BCS) and the system is capable of being
deployed as part of the Indirect Fire Protection Capability (IFPC) system of systems (SoS) to
provide a warning capability for fixed and semi-fixed sites. As such, the radar is equipped with an
active-array antenna that the cited sources report as having been based on transmit/receive (T/
R) module technology that was developed for SRCʼs Advanced Technology Objective (ATO) radar.
TPQ-53 radars consist of 1,024 T/R modules in groups of eight, called an octapack. These
modules use gallium arsenide (GaAs) high-power amplifiers.
System
Alternative Designation: AN/TPQ-53; EQ-36
Type: Counterfire Target Acquisition Radar
Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin
Crew: INA
Capabilities: Detects and Classifies Hostile Indirect Fire; Rockets, Artillery and Mortars. • Reports
Launch and Impact Point Locations. Provides Friendly Fire Registration. Links to Shooters
(through AFATDS and
FAADC2).
Antenna: Phased-array
Operating Frequency: 2–4 GHz (S-band)
Maximum Coverage Range, Rockets at 90° mode: 60 km
Maximum Coverage Range, Artillery at 90° mode: 34 km
Maximum Coverage Range, Mortars at 90° mode: 20 km
Maximum Coverage Range, Rockets, Artillery, and Mortars at 360° mode: 20 km
Azimuth: 90° (sector); 360°
Power: 60 kW (one primary, one backup, nominal, supply)
Transmitter: Solid State
Interface: Wireless, fiber optic, AFATDS, FAADC2 capable
Dimensions
Length: 6.93 m
Width: 2.43 m
Height: 2.84 m
Automotive
Note: The AN/TPQ-53 (EQ-36) American Counterfire Target Acquisition Radar comprises of 2 x
M1083 five-ton, 6×6 medium tactical vehicle (MTV) chassis (both equipped with two-man
armored cabs and the radar's active-array assembly in one case and an operations shelter in the
other) together with a pair of trailer-mounted 60 kW electrical power generators (one primary, one
backup). The system is divided into two groups, namely: One MTV truck, the Mission Essential
Group, contains the radar antenna and power generator;
the second truck, the Sustainment Group, carries the operations shelter and back-up power
generator.
Protection
Armor: Armor Cab
Applique Armor: No
NBC Protection: INA
Smoke Equipment: NO
ARK-1M RYS Russian Artillery Locating Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > Russia (RUS) > PRO CFE Treaty >
PRO Russian Federation > PRO Slovakia > PRO Turkmenistan > PRO Uzbekistan > Land > ARK-1M
RYS Russian Artillery Locating Radar
Tiers:
Notes
MT-LBu based ARK-1M is a tracked vehicle mounted H-band artillery locating radar. Usually found
in the division's reconnaissance battery. Designed to flash range firing mortars, field artillery
pieces, MRL systems and tactical missiles. It also provides fire-control for counter fire.
System
Alternative Designation: 1RL-239, Lynx
Crew: 4 ea
Chassis: MT-LBu
Dimensions
Length, Chassis Overall: 7.61 m
Weight: 15.7 mT
Automotive
Engine Name: YaMZ-238N
Engine Type: V-8 diesel
Speed, Cross Country: 30 km/h
Fording Depth: INA
Amphibious: May not be amphibious based on the weight of the radar system.
Radar
Antenna Type: 3-D, 5 cm wavelength, monopulse radar
Detection Range (Mortar): 13 km
Detection Range (Artillery): 8 km
Detection Range (Rocket): 25 km
Detection Range (Missile): 30 km
Frequency Band: NATO H Band (6 - 8 Ghz)
Receiver (Noise Figure): 8.0 dB
Max Number of Targets: 3 tracks / minute
Protection
Armor, Hull: 15 mm
Armor, Turret Front: 20 mm
NBC Protection: Yes
Smoke Equipment: No
Variants
ARK-1: Baseline Model
ARTHUR Norwegian Counter-Battery Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > Norway > PRO Canada > PRO Czech
Republic > PRO Denmark > PRO Greece > PRO Italy > PRO Malaysia > PRO Norway > PRO
Singapore > PRO South Korea (Republic of Korea) > PRO Spain > PRO Sweden > PRO United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland > Land > ARTHUR Norwegian Counter-Battery
Radar
Tiers:
Notes
ARTHUR is an acronym for "ARTillery HUnting Radar", and is a counter-battery radar system
originally developed jointly for and in close co-operation with the Norwegian and Swedish armed
forces by Ericsson Microwave Systems in both Sweden and Norway. The system is partly based
on the same technology as Saab’s Giraffe radar, and simultaneously scans 100 targets per
minute, while tracking own shells and calculating impact points during registration. It is also
used by the British Army, under the name Mobile Artillery Monitoring Battlefield Radar, or Mobile
Artillery Monitoring Battlefield Asset (MAMBA).
The ARTHUR detects hostile artillery by tracking projectiles in flight. The original ARTHUR Mod A
can locate guns at 15 - 20km and 120mm mortars at 30 - 35km with a circular error probable of
0.45% of range. This is accurate enough for effective counter-battery fire by friendly artillery
batteries. ARTHUR can operate as a stand-alone, medium-range weapons locating radar or a
long-range weapon locating system, consisting of two to four radars working in coordination.
This flexibility enables the system to maintain a constant surveillance of an area of interest.
The upgraded ARTHUR Mod B meets the British Army's MAMBA requirement for locating guns,
mortars, and rockets. It can locate guns at 20 - 25km and 120mm mortars at 35 - 40km with a
circular error probable of 0.35% of range. MAMBA was successfully used by the British Army in
Iraq and Afghanistan.
ARTHUR Mod C has a larger antenna and can detect guns at 31km, mortars at 55km and rockets
at 50 - 60km depending on their size, and locate targets at a rate of 100 per minute with CEP
0.2% of range for guns and rockets and 0.1% for mortars.
ARTHUR can be operated in two main modes: Weapon locating and Fire direction. Weapon
locating is used to determine the location of the guns, mortars or rocket launchers that fired and
their target area. Fire direction is used to adjust the fire of own artillery onto target coordinates.
It can be carried by a C-130 or slung under a heavy lift helicopter such as a Chinook. Its air
mobility allows it for use by light and rapid reaction forces such as airborne and marine units.
It is a mobile, passive electronically scanned array C-Band radar for the purpose of enemy field
artillery acquisition and was developed for the primary role as the core element of a brigade or
division level counter battery sensor system. The vehicle carrying the radar was originally a
Bandvagn 206 developed and produced by Hägglunds, but is now more often delivered on trucks
with ISO fasteners.
The radar is now developed by SAAB Electronic Defense Systems (after EMW was sold to SAAB
in June 2006) and Saab Technologies Norway AS.
System
Alternative Designation: MAMBA
Crew: 4
Chassis: Hägglunds Bandvagn 206 (Can be carried on most 6x6 vehicles as well)
Dimensions of the Hägglunds Bandvagn 206

Height: 2.4 m
Length: 6.9 m
Width: 1.87 m
Weight: 4,500 kg
Automotive
Engine: 2.8L 99 kW Ford Cologne V6, Gasoline
Speed, Cross: INA
Cargo load: 2240 kg (630 kg in front unit and 1610 kg in trailer unit)
Gearbox: MB W 4A-018 automatic transmission
Ground Pressure: 1.97 PSI
Crew Capacity: Driver and 6 Passengers
Maximum Slope (Dry Land): 60 %
Maximum Slope (Snow): 30 %
Side Slope: 40 %
Vertical Step: 1 m
Trench: 2 m
Minimum Operating Temperature: -60 deg
Radar System
Frequency Band: C
Modification A
Range for Locating Artillery: 15 - 20km
Range for Locating 120mm mortars: 30 - 35km
CEP: 45% of range
Modification B
Range for Locating Artillery: 20 - 25km
Range for Locating 120mm mortars: 35 - 40km
CEP: 35% of range
Modification C
Range for Locating Artillery: 31km
Range for Locating 120mm mortars: 55km
Range for Locating Rockets: 50 - 60km
CEP: 2% of range for guns and rockets; 1% of range for mortars
Number of Simultaneous Tracks: 100
Protection
Hull Armor: Protection from small arms and shell splinters
Window Armor: INA
Applique Armor: INA
NBC: INA
Note: The ARTHUR radar is unprotected. The prime mover will have the protection
characteristics inherent to the system
BL-904 (Type 704) Chinese Artillery Location and Fire
Correction Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > China, People's Republic of > PRO
China > Land > BL-904 (Type 704) Chinese Artillery Location and Fire Correction Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The BL-904 is the artillery locating radar developed by China North Industries Group Corporation
(NORINCO). The radar system is based on the phased-array radar (PAR) technology and was
developed as a part of the Plz-45 155mm self-propelled howitzer system. Operating in the C-
band, the radar can detect the trajectory of enemy mortar bombs, howitzer projectiles and
rockets, and can also be used to correct the own-side artillery fire. The radar has a response time
of 5 seconds, and its performance is said to be comparable to the U.S. TPQ-36.
A complete BL-904 radar system consists of two 6X6 trucks, one carrying the phased-array radar
antenna and the other carries the operation center. The system takes 10 minutes to be ready for
operation. The radar’s vertical range of detection is –5 to +12 degrees and the azimuth range of
detection is 180 degrees. The system has a maximum detection range of 15km (for mortar
bomb) and 18km (for 122/152/155mm howitzer projectile and 122mm rocket), and can track
eight targets simultaneously. It is also equipped with the GPS and can transmit the target
information to the battery command post in real-time.
System
Alternative Designation: BL-904
Type: Artillery Location and Fire Correction Radar
Manufacturer: NORINCO
Crew: INA
Chassis: 6x6 truck
Emplacement Time: less than 10 min
Displacement Time: less than 10 min
Note: The BL-904 radar is part of the NORINCO 155 mm PLZ-45 self-propelled artillery system.
Dimensions
Length: 6.84 m
Width: 2.40 m
Height: INA
Weight: 11,500 kg
Radar System
Type: Phased Array
Frequency Band: 8 GHz to 12.5 GHz (X-band)
Azimuth: 30° (narrow scan)
90° (wide scan)

Elevation: -5° to +12°
Target Capacity: 8 ea
Accuracy, Noise Figure: 8 dB
Transmitter Type: TWT
Antenna Gain: 43.3 dB (isotropic)
Operating Temperature: 55° (max)
–20° (min)
Range, Wide Scan Mode 82mm Mortar: 14.8 km
Range, Wide Scan Mode 122mm Howitzer and Rocket: 16.7 km
Range, Wide Scan Mode 155mm Howitzer: 18.52 km
Range, Narrow Scan Mode 122mm Howitzer: 20.37 km
Range, Narrow Scan Mode 155mm Howitzer: 24.07 km
Range, Narrow Scan Mode 273mm Rocket: 29.632 km
Automotive
Note: A complete BL-904 radar system consists of two 6X6 trucks, one carrying the phased-array
radar antenna and the other carries the operation center.
Protection
Hull Armor: INA
Turret Armor: INA
Applique Armor: No
Self-Entrenching Blad: No
NBC Protection: INA
Smoke Equipment: No
Variants
CS/RB1: A new light weight counter battery radar designated as CS/RB1 was unveiled at the 9th
Zhuhai Airshow held in November 2012. CS/RB1 is lighter than the BL 904 and can be carried by
individual soldiers by dismantling the system down into various parts. CS/RB1 radar operates in
a passive phase L-band.
J/MPQ-P7 Japanese Towed Artillery Locating Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > Japan > PRO Japan > Land > J/
MPQ-P7 Japanese Towed Artillery Locating Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The Japanese J/MPQ-P7 artillery locating radar developed in Japan for use by he Japanese
Ground Self-Defense Force. The radar system is based on the phased-array radar technology.
Operating in the X-band, the radar can possibly detect the trajectory of enemy mortar rounds,
howitzer projectiles, and rockets. The radar was commissioned in 1976 and shows some
characteristics of the U.S.AN/TPQ 36 Firefinder radar.
The J/MPQ-P7 phased array radar is mounted on a 4 wheel trailer and towed by a track prime
mover/operations vehicle. The system is powered by a generator. The antenna produces a high
peak power of 250kW and has an accuracy of of 100m; 0.17 degrees.
System
Alternative Designation: J/MPQ-P7
Crew: INA
Chassis: Towed
Displacement Time: Less than 15 minutes
Emplacement Time: Less than 15 minutes
Dimensions
Height, Overall: INA
Length, Chassis Overall: INA
Width, Overall: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Radar System
Type: Phased Array
Frequency Band: 16 GHz
(KU-Band)
Detection Range, Mortars: INA km
Detection Range, Artillery: 30 km
Detection Range, Rockets: INA km
Number of Targets Radar Can Track Simultaneously: INA
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF): 7 000Hz
Pulse Width: 0.25 µs
SLC-2 Chinese Mobile Counter-Battery Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > China, People's Republic of > Land >
PRO China > SLC-2 Chinese Mobile Counter-Battery Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The SLC-2 Radar is a Chinese active electronically scanned array counter-battery radar designed
to locate hostile artillery, rocket and ground-to-ground missile launchers immediately after firing,
and to support friendly artillery by guiding counter-battery fire.
SLC-2 radar can also be applied in adjusting firing of friendly weapons or rockets. With slight
modification to software parameters the radar can also be used to detect and track low flying
targets such as light aircraft, helicopters and RPVs.
SLC-2 systems have sometimes been mounted on a Dongfang EQ2102 3.5 ton truck.
Four AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radar were sold to China, and these became the foundation of SLC-2
radar development. Aside from political reasons, the US$10 million plus unit price tag of TPQ-37
(including after sale logistic support) was simply too costly for Chinese. The decision was made
to develop a domestic equivalent after mastering the technologies of TPQ-37. After the initial
test of TPQ-37 in Tangshan ( )Range near Nanjing in 1988, and in Xuanhua District in October
of the same year, several shortcomings of TPQ-37 were discovered and further intensive tests
were conducted and completed in 1994.
The requirement of the Chinese domestic equivalent was subsequently modified to address
these issues revealed in trials. Due to the limitation of the Chinese industrial capability at the
time, decision was made to develop the Chinese domestic equivalent in several steps. The first
step was to develop a smaller one, which would result in the Chinese equivalent of AN/TPQ-36
Firefinder radar, and based on the experience gained from this program, a more capable larger
version in the same class of AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radar would be developed, which eventually
resulted in SLC-2 series.
As Chinese capability in microelectronics matured, an updated version of passive phased array

Type 373 radar is developed, designated as SLC-2. This is a fully solid-state, highly digitized
version that adopts planar active phased array antenna.
One of the shortcomings of TPQ-37 revealed in tests was in its multi-targeting capability. When
enemy artillery batteries located more than two hundred meters apart fires simultaneously,
TPQ-37 could provide accurate coordinate for distance, but coordinates for positions were less
accurate. This would not be a problem for most users because TPQ-37 can be used in pairs in
conjunction, provide accurate coordinates for locations. However, these costly radars could not
be purchased in large numbers and China thus developed the capability for SLC-2 to provide
accurate coordinates for both distance and position. Bangladesh Bought two in 2012. Pakistan
also operates significant number of SLC-2 Radar.
System
Alternative Designation: SLC-2
Manufacturer: Norinco
Mission: SLC-2 radar can also be applied in adjusting firing of friendly weapons or rockets. With
slight modification to software parameters the radar can also be used to detect and track low
flying targets such as light aircraft, helicopters and RPVs.
Chassis: Dongfang EQ2102
Crew: 1 ea
Configuration: 6x6
Load: 5,000 kg (road); 3,500 kg (cross-country)
Towed Load: 4,800 kg
Radar System
Bande: S - band
Detection Range for Artillery: 35 km
Detection Range for Rockets: 50 km
Accuracy: 0.35% of range (for range more than 10 km); 35 m (for range less than 10 km)
Peak Power: 45 kW
Noise: 3 dB
Clutter Improvement Factor: 55 dB
Additional Features: *Active phased array antenna with electronic scanning both in azimuth and
elevation
*Sophisticated computer-controlled digital signal processing
*Comprehensive online or offline BITE
*Automatic/manual height correction with digital/video map
*Various effective ECCM
*Tracking while scanning
Dimensions
Length: 7,495mm
Width: 2.470mm
Height: 3.240m (with canvas and bow kit)
Weight, Without Winch: 6,920 kg
Weight, With Winch: 7,120 kg
Wheelbase: 3,475mm / 1,250mm
Ground Clearance: 305mm
Automotive
Engine Name: INA
Engine Type: Diesel
Engine Power: INA
Cruising Range: INA
Protection
Armor: Protection from small arms and shell splinters
Applique Armor: No
Mine Clearing: No
NBC Protection: INA
SLC-2E Chinese Artillery Locating Radar
PRO Bangladesh > PRO China > PRO Pakistan > SLC-2E Chinese Artillery Locating Radar
Tiers:
Notes
The SLC-2 Radar is a Chinese active electronically scanned array counter-battery radar designed
to locate hostile artillery, rocket and ground-to-ground missile launchers immediately after firing,
and to support friendly artillery by guiding counter-battery fire.
As Chinese capability in microelectronics matured, an updated version of passive phased array
Type 373 radar is developed, designated as SLC-2. This is a fully solid-state, highly digitized
version that adopts planar active phased array antenna.
In addition it is equipped with optical infrared system and sound measuring systems that enable
to discover enemy’s stealth attack.
In contrast to the original model, the 2E variant is not only designed to support counter-battery
missions against hostile artillery, rockets, and surface-to-surface missile systems, but also
detect airborne threats with a dedicated air defense mode.
A complete SLC-2E system comprises a control cabin with associated processing equipment, on-
board power supply, and the radar transmitter.
Bangladesh Bought two in 2012. Pakistan also operates significant number of SLC-2 Radar.
System
Alternative Designation: NA
Crew: INA
Chassis: 6×6 Beiben truck chassis / Dongfeng EQ2102 3.5 ton truck
Dimensions
Height: 3.2 in travel mode m
Length: 7.5 m
Width: 2.5 m
Weight: INA
Automotive (Dongfeng EQ2102 3.5 ton truck)

Engine Name: Dongfeng Diesel
Engine Type: Diesel
Speed, Cross Country: INA
Speed, Maximum Swim: NA
Fording Depth: 1 m
Radar
Detection Range, Artillery: 35 km
Detection Range, Rockets: 50 km
Detection Range, Mortars: Range not available however, a source reports that the SLC-2E is
successful at detecting mortar rounds at a rate of 80%
Peak Power: 45 kW
Band: S
CEP for Targets Beyond 10km: 35% of range
CEP for Targets Within 10km: 35m
Clutter Improvement Factor: 55 dB
Noise: 3 dB
Other Features: Active phased array antenna with electronic scanning both in azimuth and
elevation.
Sophisticated computer-controlled digital signal processing.
Comprehensive online or offline BITE.
Automatic/manual height correction with digital/video map.
Various effective ECCM.
Tracking while scanning.
Communications
Radio
Name: INA
Protection
Note: The SLC-2E offers no protection to the crew or system
SNAR-2 (Pork Trough) Russian Mobile Counter-Battery
Radar
Radar Systems > Ground Radars > Counter-Battery Radars > Russia (RUS) > PRO Azerbaijan >
PRO Belarus > PRO Bulgaria > PRO Moldova > PRO Russian Federation > Land > Russia (RUS) >
Land > PRO Azerbaijan > PRO Belarus > PRO Bulgaria > PRO Moldova > PRO Russian Federation
> SNAR-2 (Pork Trough) Russian Mobile Counter-Battery Radar
Tiers:
Notes
Pork Trough** (SNAR-2) is a Russian counter-battery radar used to locate enemy artillery and
provide position information. It employs a rotating horizontal parabolic cylinder antenna mounted
on a fully tracked AT-LM artillery tractor.
System
Alternative Designation: SNAR-2; NATO: Pork Trough
Crew: INA
Chassis: AT-LM
Band: I (8-10 GHz)
Range, Surveillance: 40 km
Range, Arillery Detection: 9 km
Note: There is very little unclassified information available about the SNAR-2
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Combat: INA
Antenna Length: INA
Antenna Width: INA
Mast Height: INA
Variants
Pork Trough-2 (SNAR-6): Operates in the J band.
Cheetah: This is a mobile Chinese version of the SNAR-2. It operates in the Ku-band. See
separate database entry.
Type 704 Chinese Counter-Battery Radar System
PRO Bangladesh > PRO China > PRO Kuwait > PRO Saudi Arabia > PRO Zimbabwe > Type 704
Chinese Counter-Battery Radar System
Tiers:
Notes
The Type 704 is a counter-battery radar designed to accurately locate the hostile artillery, rocket
and ground-to-ground missile launcher immediately after the firing of enemy, and support friendly
artillery by providing guidance of counter fire. Built by NORINCO, it was first displayed publicly in
1988's ASIADEX defence show.
Type 704 radar shares the same root as its larger cousin, the SLC-2 Radar: four AN/TPQ-37
Firefinder radar have been sold to China and this had become the foundation of SLC-2 radar
development. Aside from political reasons, the US$10 million plus unit price tag of TPQ-37
(including after sale logistic support) was simply too costly for Chinese. Decision was made to
develop a domestic equivalent after mastering the technologies of TPQ-37. After the initial test
of TPQ-37 in Tangshan ( )Range near Nanjing in 1988, and in Xuanhua District in October of the
same year, several shortcomings of TPQ-37 were discovered and further intensive tests were
conducted and completed in 1994.
The requirement of the Chinese domestic equivalent was subsequently modified to address
these issues revealed in trials. Due to the limitation of the Chinese industrial capability at the
time, decision was made to develop the Chinese domestic equivalent in several steps. The first
step was to develop a smaller one, which would result in the Chinese equivalent of AN/TPQ-36
Firefinder radar, Type 704 series radar, and based on the experience gained from this program, a
more capable larger version in the same class of AN/TPQ-37 Firefinder radar would be
developed, which eventually resulted in SLC-2 series.
Type 704 is the first of the Type 704 series of counter-battery radars. Developmental work of
Type 704 begun in parallel with the introduction of AN/TPQ-37 radar into Chinese service, and the
reported experience gained on the Chinese reverse engineering of TPQ-37 has influenced Type
704 radar.
One problem revealed in the tests was that the reliability of TPQ-37 is much lower than what was
claimed. The reason was that when TPQ-37 was deployed in environments with high humidity
and high level of rainfall (southern China), high salinity (coastal regions), high altitude
(southwestern China), and subjected to daily high temperature differences (northwestern China),
malfunctions occurs more frequently. Type 704 radar was designed specifically to improve the
reliability against these harsh environmental factors.
System
Alternative Designation: Type 704
Type: Counter-Battery Radar System
Crew: 3 (driver, radar operator, power
supply operator) ea
Chassis: INA
Package: The system consists of an antenna-transceiver vehicle and a command-operations
vehicle.
Band: I-J (8-20 GHz)
Range, 81mm Mortar: 12.00 km
Range, 120mm Mortar: 15.00 km
Range, 155mm Howitzer: 16.00 km
Accuracy, Flat Trajectory Gun: 40 m
Accuracy, Mortar: 30 m
Accuracy, Registration Fire: 40 m
Accuracy, Rocket Launcher: 60 m
Power Supply: 60 kW est (AN/TPQ-37)
Scan Sector, Beam Width: 6 deg (107 mils)
Scan Sector, Rotation: -0.5 to +90 deg (-9 to +1,600 mils)
Scan Sector, Tilt Angle: -0.5 to +27 deg (-9 to +480 mils)
Stored Targets: 99 est (AN/TPQ-37)
Simultaneous Tracks: 8
Dimensions
Length: INA
Width: INA
Height: INA
Weight, Antenna-Transceiver Vehicle: 3,820 kg
Weight, Command-Operations Vehicle: 3,920 kg
Variants
Type 704 radar: Type 704 is the first of the Type 704 series of counter-battery radars.
Developmental work of Type 704 begun in parallel with the introduction of AN/TPQ-37 radar into
Chinese service, and the reported experience gained on the Chinese reverse engineering of
TPQ-37 has influenced Type 704 radar. One problem revealed in the tests was that the reliability
of TPQ-37 is much lower than what was claimed. The reason was that when TPQ-37 was
deployed in environments with high humidity and high level of rainfall (southern China), high
salinity (coastal regions), high altitude (southwestern China), and subjected to daily high
temperature differences (northwestern China), malfunctions occurs more frequently. Type 704
radar was designed specifically to improve the reliability against these harsh environmental
factors.
Type 704A radar: Type 704 is followed by its successor, Type 704A, which is fully solid state, fully
digitized version, which further improved reliability and simplified logistics, and thus reduced the
operational cost. One of the limitations of TPQ-37 revealed in tests was that the it was less
effective against projectiles with flat trajectory, so it is much more effective against howitzer and
mortar rounds than rounds from 130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46) and its Chinese
derivative Type 59-1. Type 704A radar is designed to overcome this shortcoming by improving
the capability against rounds with flat trajectory.
BL904 radar: A further improved variant based on Type 704A designated as BL904 has also been
introduced. This latest version of Type 704 radar family reportedly utilizes the more advanced
lens arrangement for its planar passive phased array antenna, instead of earlier simple horn
arranged used in earlier versions. Unconfirmed Chinese claims also concludes that the BL904
radar also incorporate former-USSR counter-battery radar Zoopark-1 radar, two of which was
purchased by China from Ukraine, but such claim has yet to be verified by official sources and
sources outside China.
CS/RB1 radar: At the 9th Zhuhai Airshow held in November 2012, a new, lightweight, counter
battery radar designated as CS/RB1 made its public debut.[1] Like Type 704 and BL904 radars,
CS/RB1 is also designed primarily for detecting incoming projectiles down to the size of mortar
round, though larger objects can be tracked as well. CS/RB1 is designed to be a lightweight
version of Type 704/BL904 to be carried by individual soldiers (when systems are breaking down
into portions). CS/RB1 radar operates is a passive phased radar operates in L-band, and it is fully
solid state, highly digitized, conformal array in cylindrical shape., and it can be airdropped.

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1L119 Nebo-SVU Russian Early Warning / Target

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*Ultra-low side lobes

Saab ILS experts have solid experience in tailoring

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2,500 PPS (50 km mode)

32 n miles (60 km; 37 miles) (fighter, RCS 3 m²)

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