Lecture overview

† 3G
† UMTS concept
† UTRA
„ FDD
„ TDD
 3rd Generation of Mobile Systems
† Goal to create a global system enabling global roaming
† International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT-2000)
requirements:
„ Throughput rates:
† Up to 2 Mb/s indoors and pedestrian throughput rate
† 384 kb/s for terminals moving with the speed 120 km/h and
less in urban areas
† 144 kb/s in rural areas and fast moving vehicles
„ Support global mobility
„ Service independent of radio interface technology (multimode
terminals must be used)
 „ Seamless switching between fixed and wireless
communications
„ Support of circuit- and packet-switched services
„ Support of multimedia and real-time services
† The implementation of system fulfilling these requirements
responsibility of regional bodies:
„ ETSI (European Telecommunications Standard Institute) –
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and
Wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
„ T1P1 committee in USA – multicarrier CDMA based on IS-95
„ ARBI (Association for Radio Industries and Business) in Japan
„ TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association) in South
Korea
† Three different IMT-2000 standards were agreed upon:
„ UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) – wideband CDMA
transmission with FDD and TDD modes and 5 MHz carrier
spacing
„ MC CDMA (Multicarrier CDMA)
„ UWC136 (Universal Wireless Communications) – based on
convergence of IS-136 and GSM EDGE – extension of TDMA
† Initially the UMTS system will use the GSM core network
† Interworking functions added to enable roaming and other
services
† In longer perspective all IMT-2000 systems will work with IP
core network
 Spectrum Allocation
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

2010 MHz

ITU “IMT-2000” IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS

2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

1885 MHz

Europe GSM 1800 DECT UMTS MSS UMTS MSS

1880 MHz 1980 MHz 2170 MHz

1919.6 MHz

Japan PHS IMT 2000 MSS IMT 2000 MSS

1893.5 MHz
2160 MHz

USA PCS MSS Reserved MSS

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

 Concept of UMTS
† UMTS requirements:
„ Operation in various types of environment – rural to indoor, pico-
to macrocells, satellite link a supplement for underdeveloped and
low density areas
„ Choice of duplex transmission – FDD or TDD transmission
„ Wide service offer: voice, data, symmetric and asymmetric
„ Cooperation with fixed networks e.g. ISDN – offers basic access
at 144 kb/s rate (two B plus D channel)
† High level of security (tele-banking, e-commerce)
† High quality Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) speech coding with
discontinuous transmission and comfort noise insertion
† 8 different bit rates (4.75 – 12.2 kb/s) – choice depends on
network load, service level and current SNR
 UMTS Radio Access Network Architecture
† There are 3 main elements of architecture:
„ User Equipment (UE):
† Mobile equipment – radio terminal
† UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) – smart card similar
to SIM in GSM – contains subscriber identity, authentication
algorithms, encryption keys etc
„ UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) –
† BS’s called Node B – channel coding, data interleaving rate
matching, modulation etc.
† Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) – manage radio resources
assigned to them, participate in handovers, connected to single
MSC/VLR for routing of circuit-switched and to single SGSN
for packet-switched traffic
 „ Core Network (CN) – shared with GSM and GPRS:
† Home Location Register
† Mobile Switching Centre/Visitor Location Register
† Gateway MSC
† Serving GPRS Support Node
† Gateway GPRS Support Node
† Interfaces in UMTS have been defined in detail to allow
different elements of system to be produced by different
manufactures
„ Uu Interface – radio interface between terminals and BS
„ Iub Interface – between BS and RNC
„ Iu Interface – connects UTRAN with core network
Uu Iub Iu
 UMTS Air Interface
† UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA – also known as
Wideband CDMA) was defined by the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP)
† It has 2 modes of operation differing in applications and air
interface:
„ Paired bands operate in FDD
„ Unpaired use TDD mode
 Protocol Layers
UMTS Air interface layer structure covers three lowest
layers of OSI model:
† Layer 1 – Physical Layer:
† Layer 2 – Data link Layer (MAC & RLC)
„ Medium Access layer
„ Radio Link Control layer
† Layer 3 – Network Layer
„ Radio Resources Layer
† Physical layer: information transfer in form of transport
channels
„ Signal processing
„ Channel coding
„ Interleaving
„ Spreading
„ Synchronization etc.
„ Mapping transport channels onto physical channels
† Data Link Protocol Layer consist of following sub-layeres:
„ Medium Access Control (MAC) - Data transfer on logical
channels
„ Radio Link Control (RLC) – ARQ algorithm, segmentation
and assembly of user data, controls data blocks sequences
and ensures avoiding block duplications
„ Transport Format (TF) decision - possible mapping,
encoding and interleaving for transmission
 „ Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) – transmission
and reception of networks Protocol Data Units (PDU) in
acknowledged or unacknowledged or transparent RLC
modes
„ Broadcast/Multicast Control (BMC) broadcast and multicast
transmission in transparent or unacknowledged mode
† Radio Resource Control (RRC) (Network Layer) –
broadcasting system information, radio resources handling,
control of quality of service requests, measurements reports
and control (slow power control)

Communication between RRC and RLC/MAC is performed through

logical channels, which are then mapped onto transport channels.
Transport channels are then mapped onto physical channels
 Channel types in UMTS
† Logical channels – communication between MAC/RLC and RRC
„ Control Channels (CCH)
† Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) – broadcast of system control
information
† Paging Control Channel (PCCH) – paging MS – downlink
† Common Control Channel (CCCH) – transfer control information
(bidirectional)
† Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH) – point-to-point, control
information between network and MS during establishment of RRC
connection
„ Traffic Channels:
† Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) – point-to-point, transfer of
data between user and network
† Common Traffic Channels (CTCH) – point-to-multipoint,
information for group of users
† Logical channels are mapped by MAC onto Transport
Channels:
„ Dedicated Transport Channel (DTCH) – point-to-point channel
carrying both user data and higher level control data
„ Common Transport Channels:
† Broadcast Channel (BCH) – system- and cell-specific
information at low bit rate, carries part of logical BCCH
† Forward Access Channel (FACH) – downlink, another part of
BCCH
† Paging Channel (PCH)
† Random Access Channel (RACH) – uplink low rate channel
† Common Packet Channel (CPCH) – optional uplink transport
channel, transmission of bursty data, (true packet channel)
† Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) – associated with DTCH,
optional transport channel shared by several users
† After channel coding and interleaving several transport channels
can be multiplexed together and the received data stream is
assigned to the physical data channel
† Physical channels:
„ Dedicated Physical Channel
† Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) pilot
symbols for coherent detection, commands for fast power
control, may include Transport Format Identifier (TFI) –
block containing applied TF
† Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
„ Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)* general reference
channel for received signal power ad quality, coverage of
this channel defines coverage, fixed bit pattern
„ Synchronisation Channel (SCH)* no spreading or
scrambling, , cell search and timing synchronization
 „Primary & Secondary Common Control Physical
Channels* broadcast system information, uses constant
spreading factor of 256, assigned code no 1 –allows the user to
read information immediately after acquiring scrambling code,
initiates an incoming call
„Acquisition Identification Channel (AICH)* indicates
whether system can be accessed (response to access request
from UE on PRACH)
„Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)* indicated incoming call
using simple bit mask, simplifies idle mode of mobile station
„Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)**
„Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)**- packet
transmission
* Downlink only, ** Uplink only
One DPCCH & up to 6 DPDCH - assigned to each connection
 UTRA FDD Mode
† In the physical layer of UTRA time is divided into 10-ms frames
† Each frame is divided into 15 slots 666.67 µs long
† In FDD slot are time units in which the transmission of
appropriate channel blocks takes place (not multiple access
method)
† Each time slot carries 2560 chips (3.84 Mchip/s)
† Physical channel is determined by:
„ carrier frequency,
„ spreading sequence,
„ applied signal component (in uplink inphase and quadrature
components can carry different physical channels)
† In uplink the binary stream of DPDCH is fed to the in-phase
input, DPCCH to quadrature input of the transmitter
† If there is more than 1 DPDCH odd-numbered channels are
transmitted using in-phase and even-numbered using quadrature
component
† DPDCH – transmits user data
† DPCCH – pilot signal for channel estimation, TFI block (format
of the DPDCH), Feedback Information for downlink diversity
and Transmit Power Control
† Both data streams are spread using two different mutually
orthogonal channelisation codes
† Due to different bit rates in both channels there could be power
difference between both components. Therefore applied
spreading matches the current data rate
† Cell search:
„ MS searchers for Primary Synchronisation Channel (SCH – physical
channel in form of 256-chip sentence common to all cells used in
downlink). It allows for allocation of the starting point of the slots.
MS chooses the cell with strongest signal
„ Next MS acquire the frame synchronisation and find a code group
used in secondary SCH. There are 64 possible secondary
synchronisation code words applied in this channel each determines
different code group
„ Finding the scrambling code – MS correlates received signal with all
possible scrambling signals belonging to the given code group. After
this the MS is able to read the primary common control channel,
which holds system parameters sent on broadcast channel.
Once in the network MS is allocated a paging group. It reads Paging
Indicator Channel (PICH) for its paging indicator, stating that there is
a message for it in the Common Control Channel
† Power Control – realised in a open and closed loop
† Closed loop control is performed in each slot and the resulting
decision on reduction/increase in power is transmitted using
DPCCH
† Handover in UTRA:
„ Soft handover – all cells operate on the same frequency therefore
MS can be connected to multiple BS simultaneously. Uplink
signal is received by all BS’s participating in handover and
combined to perform macro-diversity. Softer handover – when
MS is connected to 2 sectors served by the same BS
„ Inter-frequency handover – when BS’s transmit on different
frequency (e.g. if MS moves from pico- cell to micro-cell etc.).
MS employing dual receiver can perform the space diversity, in
single receiver a compressed mode is used – with certain period
BS transmits frame content in a shorter time (5 instead of 10 ms).
Rest of the frame is used by MS for measurement at different
carrier frequency. Reduction in frame length is achieved by code
puncturing and changing FET
„ Handover between FDD and TDD is possible if MS can operated
in dual mode
„ Handover between UTRA and GSM is called a intrer-system
handover
 UTRA TDD Mode
† Uses unpaired spectral bands
† Time can be asymmetrically divided between uplink and
downlink - dynamic adjustment to current traffic.
„ Symmetric/asymmetric with multiple switching
„ Symmetric/asymmetric with single switching
„ At least one slot has to be assigned in uplink and one in
downlink in each frame
† Frame lasts 10 ms and is divided into 15 slots
† Physical channel is determined by carrier frequency, time slot
within the frame and applied spreading sequence.
† Time slot lasts 2560 chips, transmission in form of bursts
† Each burst has 2 data fields, mid-amble and ends with a
guard time
† Transmitted data is spread in the data fields in 2 steps using
channelisation code and a complex scrambling code
† Handover – only hard handover by several types:
„ TDD - TDD
„ TDD - FDD
„ WCDMA (TDD) - GSM
 Establishing the radio connection
† Starts via a random access procedure using the PRACH
channel - uplink, response to paging message or initiated by UE
† RRC Connection Request:
„ establishing cause (to determine required QoS)
„ Transmit UE identity
„ Reports on initial channel measurements
† RRC Connection Setup – assignment of dedicated control
channel to the mobile station (frequency channel no., max.
transmit power, scrambling code, spreading code)
† RRC Connection Setup Complete - UE can activate uplink
DPCCH – closed power control, confirmation of the connection
setup
Three phases of connection establishment:
† Radio connection establishment
„ Paging or initiated by random access procedure
„ End of phase – dedicated logical control channel exists to allow
Node B and UE o converse
„ Physical layer power control responsible for connection quality
† Connection between UE and core network (MSC or SN)
„ identification of UE through authentication procedure
(comparing subscriber data with HLR)
„ Sequrity mechanisms established (data encryption)
† Connection between UE and requested party – radio
connection between parties established with desired QoS
Separate phases allow network components to act independently.
It minimises burden upon the rest of the network.
Mobile Originated Call
Mobile Terminated Call
 Evolution of 3G Systems
† 3G Partnership Project and 3G Partnership Project 2 work on
enhancements to both 3G standards: WCDMA and CDMA 2000
† The extension are:
„ Evolution Data-Optimised (1xEV-DO) or High Rate Packet
Data
† Data optimised evolution of CDMA 2000 by 3GPP2
† 2.4 Mb/s (Rev-0) and 3.1 Mb/s (Rev-A) peak downlink rates
† 153.6 kb/s (Rev-0) and 1.8 Mb/s (Rev-A) in uplink
† Standardisation of EV-DO Rev B – DL 4.9 Mb/s
† All in 1.25 MHz channel
† Initially in South Korea – now being deployed
 „ High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
‡ Data optimised evolution of WCDMA by 3GPP
‡ 14 Mb/s peak downlink rates in 5 MHz channel
„ High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) enhancement in
uplink data rates
† HSDPA includes:
„ Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC - QPSK and 16 QAM)
„ Multi-code operation
„ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (H-ARQ): FEC + ARQ
„ De-centralised architecture – scheduling moved from Radio
Network Controller to Node-B – reduced latency and enabled
fast scheduling
„ Reduction in frame length from 10 to 2 ms
† Combination of HSDPA and HSUPA is known as High-
Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
„ Enhanced Uplink includes several new physical channels for
support of high-speed data transmission for Enhanced Data
Channel
† Roadmap of 3G enhancements:
„ 1xEV-DO Rev 0 first deployed in South Korea and Japan in
2003
„ EV-DO Rev A in Korea and Japan in 2005
„ Commercial launch of HSDPA announced in December 2005
„ HSUPA/HSPA not expected until 2007/2008
„ Long term WCMDA evolution leading to UTRAN Long Term
Evolution (3.99G or Evolved UMTS) standards expected in
2007 – products probably available in 2009 or later
 Summary

† 3G
† UMTS concept
† UTRA
„ Protocol model
„ UTRA Channels
„ FDD
„ TDD