HKPhO 香港物理競賽 2005

The following symbols and constants will be used throughout the examination paper unless
otherwise specified:

g – gravitational acceleration on Earth surface, 9.8 (m/s2)

G – gravitation constant, 6.67 x 10-11 (N m2/kg2)
e – charge of an electron, –1.6 x 10-19 (A s)
0 – electrostatic constant, 8.85 x 10-12 (A s)/(V m)
me – electron mass = 9.11 x 10-31 kg
c – speed of light in vacuum, 3.0 x 108 m/s
Radius of Earth = 6378 km
Sun-Earth distance = 1.5 x 1011 m
Density of water = 1.0 x 103 kg/m3
Density of iron = 7.7 x 103 kg/m3
Density of mercury = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3
Speed of sound in air = 340 m/s

除非特別說明，本卷將使用下列符號和常數：

g – 地球表面重力加速度, 9.8 (m/s2)

G – 重力常數, 6.67 x 10-11 (N m2/kg2)
e – 電子電荷, –1.6 x 10-19 (A s)
0 – 靜電常數, 8.85 x 10-12 (A s)/(V m)
me – 電子質量, 9.11 x 10-31 kg
c – 真空光速, 3.0 x 108 m/s
地球半徑 = 6378 km
太陽-地球距離 = 1.5 x 1011 m
水的密度 = 1.0 x 103 kg/m3
鐵的密度 = 7.7 x 103 kg/m3
水銀的密度= 13.6 x 103 kg/m3
空氣中聲速= 340 m/s

The following conditions will be applied unless otherwise specified:

1) All objects are near Earth surface and the gravity is pointing downwards.
2) Neglect air resistance.
3) All speeds are much lower than the speed of light.

除非特別說明，本卷將使用下列條件：

1) 所有物體都處於地球表面，重力向下；
2) 忽略空氣阻力；
3) 所有速度均遠低於光速.

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 HKPhO 香港物理競賽 2005

Multiple choice questions (2 points each. Select one answer in each question.)
選擇題（每道題二分，每道題選擇一個答案）

[1] *A car of mass m is slipping down a slope of inclination angle  at a constant

acceleration a. The static friction coefficient between the wheels and the slope is .
What is the friction force between the wheels and the slope?
一質量為 m 的小車從斜度為 的斜坡以勻加速度 a 滑落下來。其輪與坡面的靜
磨擦係數為。求輪與坡面的磨擦力。

(a) mgcos. (b) mg. (c) mg(sin - ). (d) m(g - a).
(e) mgsin - ma.
(Static friction coefficient does not apply to slipping. As the acceleration is given,
applying Newton’s 2nd law will bring the answer.)

[2] Refer to the figure, rectangle PQRS represents the cross-

section of a uniform magnetic field region of 0.20 T. An
electron is projected at a speed of v = 2.0  106 m/s into
the region at an angle of 30 to the direction of the
magnetic field. The length of the magnetic field region is
0.01 m. Find the number of revolutions made by the
electron before it leaves the magnetic field region.

[3] *Two weights, both of mass m, are joined by a weightless spring of natural length l
and force constant k. They are placed on a smooth surface and at rest. One weight is
suddenly given an impulse and acquires an initial velocity v towards the other weight.
What is the speed of the center of mass of the weights-spring system?

在光滑平面上有兩質量均為 m 的物體，中間由一自然長度為 l 、力常數為 k 的

輕彈簧相連。現突然給其中一物體一衝量，使它具有指向另一物體的初速度
v。求兩物體的共同質心的速度。

(a) 0.5v. (b) . (c) .

(d) v. (e) .
(After the initial impact, the net external force on the system containing the two
weights and the spring is zero, so the center of mass moves at constant velocity.)

[4] *Following the above MC. What is the minimum distance between the two weights?
接上題。求兩物體間最小距離。

(a) . (b) . (c) . (d) .

(e) .
(Choose the reference frame on the center of mass of the system. Then one sees the
two weights moving at v/2 towards each other. Then apply energy conservation.)

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[5] *As shown, a wheel of weight W and radius 0.8 m is placed against a 0.3 m height
rectangular block fixed on the ground. The wheel has an axle of radius 0.1 m. A force
F is applied tangentially to the axle to lift the wheel. The minimum value of F is___.

如圖所示。一重量為 W 半徑為 0.8 m 的輪子放在 0.3 m 高的固定方磚前。輪軸

的半徑為 0.1 m。現沿輪軸切向施力 F 以拉起輪子。求所需最小力。

0.1 m F

0.8 m
0.3 m

(a) 1.05W (b) 0.86W (c) 0.69W (d) 0.32W

(e) 2.45W
(Choose the contact point of the wheel with the block edge as the pivot, and apply
torque balance.)

[6] *A helicopter is trying to land on a ship deck which is drifting south (unit vector )
at 17m/s. A 12m/s wind is blowing from east (unit vector ). The ship crew sees the
helicopter descending at 5 m/s. Take the downwards direction as unit vector . What
is its velocity relative to water and air?
一直升機要降落在以 17m/s 向南(單位向量 )飄流的船上。此時刮的是風速為
12m/s 的東風(單位向量 )。船員見到直升機以 5 m/s 的速度垂直降落下來。取
向下方向為單位向量 。求直升機相對于水和空氣的速度。
(a) m/s; m/s
(b) m/s; m/s
(c) m/s; m/s
(d) m/s; m/s
(e) m/s; m/s
(Relative motion.)

[7] *Suppose the force by air to a plane is always perpendicular to its wings’ surfaces.
The plane is moving in a circle of radius R at speed v. The inclination angle  of the
wings should satisfy ________.
假設空氣對機翼的力總是與機翼面垂直，當飛機以速度 v 作半徑為 R 的圓周運
動時，機翼面與水平線的角度應該滿足________。

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)
(Net force provides the acceleration for circular motion.)

[8] *The mass of the sun is______.

太陽的質量為______。

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(a) 2 x 1027 kg (b) 2 x 1028 kg (c) 2 x 1029 kg

(d) 2 x 10 kg
30
(e) 2 x 10 kg
31

(Use the Sun-Earth distance given, and the fact that Earth revolves around the sun
once a year.)

[9] A loudspeaker L is placed in the hall with two doors D1 and D2 open to the …

[10] *As shown in the figure, a smooth rod is mounted horizontally

on a tabletop. A 10-kg collar, which is able to slide on the rod A
without friction, is fastened to a spring whose other end is
fixed at point-O. The nearest point of the rod to point-O is
point-A, and the distance is 20 cm. The spring has a natural
length of 10 cm and of negligible mass, and a spring constant
of 500 N/m. The collar is released at 15 cm from point-A. Find O
its speed when reaching point-A.

如圖，水平桌面上有一固定的光滑杆，上套一重 10-kg 的環。一彈簧一端連著環，另一

端固定在距離杆 20 cm 的 O 點。彈簧自然長度為 10 cm，力常數 500 N/m。A 點是杆上
離 O 點最近點。現將環拉到離 A 點 15 cm 處放開。求環到 A 點時的速度。

(a) 0.59 m/s (b) 0.791 m/s (c) 1.04 m/s (d) 0.88 m/s
(e) 1.24 m/s
(Energy conservation.)

[11] *As shown, a big box of mass M is resting on a horizontal

smooth floor. On the bottom of the box there is a small
block of mass m. The block is given an initial speed v0
relative to the floor, and starts to bounce back and forth v0
between the two walls of the box. Find the final speed of
the box when the block has finally come to rest in the box.

一質量為 M 的大盒放在光滑地板上。盒底有一質量為 m 的物體。現給該物體一

初速度 v0，使它在盒的兩壁來回碰撞。求最後物體在盒裏停下後盒的速度。
(a) 0 (b) v0 (c) (d) (e)

(Center of mass speed remains unchanged in the process.)

[12] *A jet of water from the 30cm-diameter nozzle of a fire hose can reach the maximum
height of 25 meters. How large is the force from the water jet to the hose?
從直徑為 30 cm 的消防水管射出的水柱最高可達 25 米。求水柱對水管的力。

(a) 15 kN (b) 3.46 kN (c) 346 N (d) 3.46 N

(e) 34.6 kN
(First, using the maximum height to find the initial speed of the water just leaving the
nozzle, then calculate how much water is given such speed every second.)

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[13] *As shown in the figure, AB = 3.5 m, AC = 3.0 m, AD C

= 0.5 m. The two rods AC and BC weight 150 N each.
The floor is frictionless. Find the tension in the rope.
500 N
如圖，AB = 3.5 m, AC = 3.0 m, AD = 0.5 m。杆 AC 和 D Rope绳

BC 各重 150 N。地板與杆間無磨擦。求繩的張力。 A Floor地板 B

(a) 280 N (b) 500 N (c) 150 N

(d) 300 N (e) 180 N
(Do force analysis. The force at C by one rod to the other is unknown. The forces of
floor on A and B are upwards. Consider the whole structure as one, we get the force
at A is half the total weight (= 800 N). The tension in the rope is horizontal. Choose C
as the pivot.)

[14] *9 kg of mercury is poured into a glass U-tube with inner

diameter of 1.2 cm. The mercury can flow without
friction within the tube. Find the oscillation period.

一內徑為 1.2 cm 的 U 型玻璃管裏裝有 9 kg 的水銀。設水銀

可無磨擦地在管裏流動。求振盪週期。

(a) 1.2 s (b) 3.4 s (c) 5.6 s (d) 7.8 s

(e) 8.9 s
(Find the restoring force when the mercury is displaced as shown by x.)

[15] *A tank contains water on top of mercury. A cube of iron is

sitting upright in equilibrium in the liquids. Find the fraction of
its total volume in mercury.

一水缸的下部是水銀，上部是水。一立方體的鐵塊正放在
液體裏。求鐵塊在水銀裏的體積與總體積之比。

(a) 0.35 (b) 0.53 (c) 0.1 (d) 0.62 (e) 0.73
(Simple buoyancy problem)

[16] *The average density of Earth is _____ x 103 kg/m3. 地球的平均密度為____ x 103
kg/m3。

(a) 3.1 (b) 2.2 (c) 5.5 (d) 1.1 (e) 4.1
(Using the radius of Earth and the known value of g.)

[17] Each of the four cells shown has an emf of 3.0 V and a
0.0075- internal resistance. Find the current through the
3- resistor.

[18] *The mass in the figure below slides on a frictionless surface. When the mass is
pulled out, spring 1 is stretched a distance x1 from its equilibrium position and spring
2 is stretched a distance x2. The spring constants are k1 and k2 respectively. Find the
force pulling back on the mass.

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如圖，物塊可在光滑平面滑行。現將物塊拉出，使彈簧-1 拉長了 x1 ，彈簧-2 拉

長了 x2。彈簧-1 和彈簧-2 的力常數分別為 k1 和 k2。求彈簧對物塊的拉力。

(a) . (b) . (c) –

(d) (e) .

(Separate the three objects, namely the mass and the two springs, and do force
analysis on each.)

[19] An empty open bottle has an inner volume of 1.31 x 10-4 m3. It has a mass of 112 g
when filled with air at 1 atm, and it displaces 1.63 x 10-4 m3 of water when fully
submerged. What fraction of the total volume of the bottle will be beneath the surface
when it floats on water but without water inside the bottle?

一開口小瓶的內體積為 1.31 x 10-4 m3。裝滿 1 個大氣壓時的總質量為 112 g。當

完全浸在水裏時小瓶排開的水體積為 1.63 x 10-4 m3。現將小瓶口向上浮在水面
上，瓶裏無水，求在水面下的體積部分與總體積之比。

(a) 69% (b) 18% (c) 38% (d) 100%

(e) 46%
(Simple buoyancy problem)

Q2 (8 points)
As shown in the figure, separating two sealed gas chambers is a
piston of mass m and area A that can move horizontally without
friction. The volume and temperature of the left chamber is V1
and T1, and that in the right chamber is V2 and T2. At equilibrium
the pressure in both chambers is P. Giving the piston a small
displacement x off balance to the right, find the maximum
displacement to the left and the time needed to get there. The
temperatures remain the same. (Hint: for x << 1)

題 2（8 分）
如圖所示，兩封閉氣室間有一質量為 m 面積為 A 的活塞可無摩擦地左右滑動。左右氣
室的體積和溫度分別為 V1 、T1 和 V2 、T2。平衡時兩邊的氣壓均為 P。現把活塞向右推
一小距離x，求活塞可向左運動的最大位移和所需時間。過程中兩邊溫度不變。(提示:
，如果 x << 1)

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 HKPhO 香港物理競賽 2005

Solutions:

(2’)

(1’)

(1’)

Which shows that the piston performs simple harmonic oscillation with

, the maximum displacement is on the left side from

equilibrium position. (2’)

(2)

Q4 (10 points)

As shown, a large ball of mass M is connected on each end by

a weightless thread of length l to a small ball of mass m. v
Initially the three balls are along the straight line on a smooth
surface. The large ball is suddenly given an initial velocity v in m m
M
the direction perpendicular to the line. Find
(a) The tension in the thread at the moment the large ball gets the impact;
(b) The tension in the thread at the moment the two small balls meet.

題 4（10 分）

長度為 2 l 的輕繩，兩端各系一個質量為 m 的小球，中央系一個質量為 M 的大球。同

一直線上的三個球均靜止於光滑的水平桌面上。現給球 M 以一個衝量，使它獲得與繩
垂直的水平速度 v。試求:
v
(a) 當 M 剛受到衝量時，繩中的張力。
m M m
(b) 在兩端小球發生碰撞的瞬間，繩中的張力。

Answers:

(a) Consider we observe the motion in the reference frame of mass , the two small
mass will seen to be performing circular motion with initial velocity . The

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 HKPhO 香港物理競賽 2005

acceleration of , by symmetry of the forces acting upon it, will be along and
perpendicular to the acceleration of the small masses. (1’)

So, we have
(2’)

(b) Ans:

(1) (1’)

taking into account the initial force：

(2) (1’)

From (1) and (2) one gets . (1’)

According to conservation of energy, kinetic energy of small balls in translational

direction can be related as
(1’)

(1’)
Finally one gets
(2’)

Q5 (13 points)

A wooden toy horse rests on a tablecloth on a table, with its

front legs 0.3 m from the cloth edge. It weighs 100 grams and
its center of mass is 0.05 m from the front legs and 0.05 m
above ground. The distance between the front and back legs is
0.15 m. The tablecloth is suddenly yanked horizontally with
constant acceleration of 9.0 m/s2 relative to the table. The
friction coefficient between the cloth and the horse is  = 0.75.
Find

(a) the acceleration of the horse relative to the table;

(b) the force on each leg of the horse by the tablecloth;
(c) the velocity and the distance the horse has traveled relative to table when the edge of the
tablecloth reaches the front legs.
(d) If the height of the center of mass could be adjusted, find the value above which the
horse would tip off.

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題 5（13 分）

一玩具木馬，質量為 100 克，重心在離前腿 0.05 m，離地 0.05 m 處，前後腿距離為

0.15 m，放在平桌面的桌布上，前腿離桌布邊 0.3 m。布與木馬間的磨擦係數為 =
0.75。現突然將桌布以相對於桌面 9.0 m/s2 的加速度拉走。求

(a) 木馬相對於桌面的加速度;
(b) 桌布對木馬前後腿的力; Pull
(c) 當木馬到達桌布邊時相對於桌面的速度和位移。
(d) 如重心高度可變，求可保持木馬不翻轉的最大重心高度。

Answers:

(a) Let the acceleration of horse relative to the table be ,

(1’)
(1’)

(b) The net torque acting on the toy horse should be zero, we have
(1’)
(2’)

(1’)

(1’)

(c) Let the acceleration of horse relative to the tablecloth be ,

(1’)
The time required for the horse reaches the edge of tablecloth is

(1’)

The velocity of horse relative to table at time t is

(1’)
The displacement on the table is
(1’)

(d) When the horse is about to fall, . It implies that

(1’)
(1’)