Science 10 FINAL Review 2014
Science 10 FINAL Review 2014
Science 10 FINAL Review 2014
THIS NOTE PACKAGE IS JUST THE BARE BONES! IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY TO KNOW
EACH TOPIC IN GREATER DETAIL!
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.CHEMISTRY
WHMIS – Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System; symbols used to identify dangerous materials
Atomic Theories –Early Chemists devised theories about Elements Compounds Solutions
Mechanical
Mixtures
the structure of an “atom”.
o Dalton’s Atomic Theory: billiard ball
All matter is made up of small particles called atoms
Atoms cannot be created, destroyed or divided into smaller parts
o J.J. Thomson: raison bun
Thought atoms might be made up of smaller particles
Proved that negatively charged electrons were part of an atom using cathode ray tube
Viewed atom as a “raisin bun”
o Rutherford: planetary model
Using alpha particle streams showed that positively charged protons and neutral neutrons
existed within an atom’s nucleus.
A volume of empty space surrounded the nucleus
Atomic model looks like a “solar system” 3 e-
o Bohr:
8 e-
Thought electrons were associated with certain energy levels
2 e-
13 p+
Periodic Table:
-2- nonmetals
metals
o Organizes elements to help us predict their properties
o Three major sections:
Metals - left side
Non-metals – right side
Metalloids – border the “staircase line” that separates metals and non-metals
.
o Elements are arranged into periods (horizontal rows) and groups (vertical
columns)
Periods = occupied energy levels.
Groups – Sometimes called “families”, having the same number of valence
electrons (electrons in the outer most shell)
eg. Group 1 is the Alkali Metals (1 valence electron)
Group 2 is the Alkaline Earth (2 valence electrons)
Group 7 is the Halogens (7 valence electrons)
Group 8 is the Nobel gases
Octet rule– Atoms want their valence shell to be full so they gain or lose electrons so
that there are 8 electrons. Uneven numbers of electrons and protons result in a charge
creating an ion.
Formation of Ions:
o Positive Ions are called CATIONS – they have lost electrons (metals do this)
o Negative Ions are called ANIONS – they have gained electrons (non-metals do this)
o Polyatomic Ions:
A group of different atoms joined by a covalent bond with an overall charge or + or -.
You will find the names, formulas and charges of these on the back of your periodic table
To name use the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion – no suffix change
Eg. NO3- is called nitrate. It has an overall charge of 1-. When bonded with Zn2+ we get –
Zn (NO3)2 or zinc nitrate
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o Acids
An acid contains hydrogen as the cation (the first element in a formula)
Name first as an ionic compound and then apply the acid rules depending on the result
hydrogen ____ide = hydro____ic acid HCl = hydrogen chloride = hydrochloric acid
hydrogen_____ate = _________ic acid HClO3 = hydrogen chlorate = chloric acid
hydrogen_____ite = _______ous acid HClO2 = hydrogen chlorite = chlorous acid
Chemical Reactions
o Occurs when one or more substances change to form different substances
o Substances that undergo change are called reactants substance that result are called products
Reactants → Products: all chemical reactions involve a change in energy
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o A precipitate is an insoluble solid formed out of solution. We can predict if a cation and an anion
will mix to form a precipitate using the Solubility chart on the back of your periodic table
High Solubility = (aq)
Low Solubility = (s)
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Everything is soluble if NH4+, NO3-, or Group 1 is involved
Balanced Equations:
There needs to be the same number of atoms on one side of the equation as the other
Called the Law of Conservation of Mass. We use Coefficients (big numbers in front of formulas)
to balance atoms on either side.
1. Write out formulas for all compounds and elements, add arrow and plus signs if needed
2. Identify unbalanced atoms and polyatomic ions & add coefficients where necessary.
3. Check balancing at the end
Types of Reactions
o Reactions are classified to help predict the products
Formation– two or more reactants combine to make a new compound (product) A+B→AB
Decomposition– a compound breaks into simpler compounds or elements AB→A+B
Single Replacement – one element replaces another in a compound A + BX → AX + B
Double Replacement – cations & anions exchange partners to form new compounds
AX + BY → AY + BX, these reactions may form a precipitate so check solubility chart
Combustion- contain hydrogen, carbon and oxygen and always result in carbon dioxide and
water as your products.
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water
The Mole
o Avagadro’s number is 6.02 x 1023 – called a Mole (symbol mol)
o The atomic molar mass is the average of all the isotopes of a compound.
i.e. carbon has three isotopes: carbon 12 (6 neutrons), carbon 13 (7 neutrons) and carbon 14 (8
neutrons) to give an average of 12.01 g/mol.
Converting between mass and molar mass can be accomplished by using ratios or the formula:
n=m/M
Coefficients of a balanced equation refer to the number of moles of each atom, molecule or formula unit
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Name Symbol # protons # electrons # neutrons Charge
arsenic atom
17
Sb5+
54
10 2+
Hydride
S2-
10 3+
N3-
Naming Review - Use subscripts to indicate the state at room temperature
I, M,
Name Chemical Formula
or A
1. sodium chloride
2. CaCO3
4. sodium hydroxide
5. CaO
6. MgSO4
7. carbon dioxide
8. acetic acid
9. carbon
10. calcium sulfate
11. Na2SiO3
12. Ca(HCO3)2
13. magnesium hydroxide
14. potassium chloride
15. sodium thiosulfate
16. sodium hypochlorite
17. Na2CO3
18. HCl(aq)
19. potassium nitrate
20. CuSO4
21. magnesium oxide
22. KI
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23. H2SO4(aq)
24. Ca(OH)2
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SCIENCE 10 PHYSICS REVIEW 2008
Balance the following equations.
1. ___K(s) + ___ Cl2(g) à ___ KCl(s)
1) 2,1,2
2. ___Fe(s) + ___S8(s) à ___FeS(s) 2) 8,1,8
3) 2,2,1
3. ___H2O(l) à ___H2(g) + ___O2(g) 4) 2,2,1
5) 2,3,1,6
6) 1,1,5
4. ___NaCl(s) à ___Na(s) + ___Cl2(g)
7) 4,1,2
8) 1,2,2,1
5. ___AsCl3(aq) + ___H2S(aq) à ___As2S3(s) + ___HCl(aq) 9) 3,4,4,1
/conversion/tmp/activity_task_scratch/664020947.docx
21. Adding aqueous chlorine to aqueous sodium bromide.
24. There was a terrible accident in the lab! Someone took all the labels off and you need to help Ms.
Williams re-label. The following is data collected from the unlabeled chemicals:
Unknown State at Solubility Blue Litmus Test Red Litmus Test Conductivity
SATP
A Solid High Blue Blue High
B Liquid - Red Red High
C Solid High Blue Red High
D Liquid - Blue Red None
E Solid Low Blue Red High
F Solid High Blue Red None
Using your knowledge of ionic, molecular, acid and base properties and the data above, fill in the chart below
and identify the unknown compounds. You have the following chemicals to choose from:
C6H12O6, Ba(OH)2, CaCO3, HF, LiCl, CH3OH,
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25. In each sample, determine what amount (in mol) of the compound is present.
(a) 8.40 g of NaOH (b) 4.2 kg of water
26. Balance the chemical equation in each table, and use the mole numbers to complete the table. For example:
2H2O 2H2 + O2
5.00 mol 5.00 mol 2.50 mol
1.20 mol 1.20 mol 0.600 mol
3.00 mol 3.00 mol 1.50 mol
Chemistry Key
Page 4
Name Symbol # protons # electrons # neutrons Charge
arsenic atom As 33 33 42 0
Chlorine atom Cl 17 17 18 0
Antimony ion Sb5+ 51 46 71 5+
Xenon atom Xe 54 54 77 0
Magnesium ion Mg2+ 12 10 12 2+
hydride H- 1 2 1 -1
Sulphide ion S2- 16 18 16 2-
Aluminum ion Al3+ 13 10 14 3+
Nitride ion N3- 7 10 7 3-
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I, M, Name Chemical Formula
or A
Page 7
D Methanol CH3OH(l)
25. a) 0.210 mol b) 2.3 x 102 molc) 0.169 mol d) 0.0143 mol e) 62.3 mol
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26.
2 Na + 2 H2O 1 H2 + 2 NaOH
8.0 mol 8.0 4.0 8.0
0.20 0.20 mol 0.10 0.20
9.6 9.6 4.80 mol 9.6
16.0 16.0 8.0 16.0 mol
Physics
Significant Digits (When multiplying express your answer to the number of digits as the number with
the least digits)
Motion
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o Uniform Motion – straight line on a graph
o Non-Uniform Motion – curved line on a graph
Displacement – the straight line distance from the start point to the end point (vector)
v (m/s)
d (m) Rise
Run
t (s) t (s)
v (m/s)
d (m) Rise
Run
t (s) t (s)
Acceleration
speed
distance
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time time
Work
o For work to be done force and movement must both be going in the same direction.
Force
Movement
Types of Energy
o Potential Energy
Potential energy is stored energy (due to change in position and restoring force).
Potential energy = mass x gravitational acceleration x height
Ep = m g h
o Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is energy of motion
Kinetic energy = ½ mass x (velocity)2
Ek = ½ mv2
o Mechanical Energy
Total mechanical energy of an object in motion is potential and kinetic energy combined.
Mechanical energy = Potential energy + Kinetic energy
Em = Ep + Ek
Em = m g h + ½ mv2
Pendulum Energy Conversions
o Imagine a pendulum swinging between points A & C. Label the types of energy (Ep, Ek or both)
present at points A, B & C.
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A C
Laws of Thermodynamics
o Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed from one form to another or
transferred from one object to another.
o Every energy transformation results in the loss of some useful energy to unusable heat energy. That
is, energy flows from an organized to a disorganized state, thus increasing entropy.
Efficiency
Efficiency = useful work output x 100%
total work input
o No process is 100% efficient. Some energy will always remain in the form of thermal energy (heat).
1. The reservoir stores water at a higher level than the generator below the dam, so the water has
gravitational potential energy due to its higher position.
2. Water is the released into the penstock. As it flows down the penstock it loses gravitational
potential energy but gains kinetic energy as it increases speed.
3. As water reaches the turbines, its kinetic energy pushes the blades of the turbines. The kinetic
energy of the water is converted to kinetic energy of the turbines.
4. The turbines turn a coil of wire in a magnetic field, which converts the turbine’s kinetic energy
into electrical energy.
5. This electricity is then distributed
from the station to our homes.
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a. 12 c. 1.2 x 103
b. 13 d. 1.3 x 103
3. The symbol ∆ (delta) means that you must
a. multiply two values
b. divide one value by another
c. subtract to find the difference between two values
d. add to find the sum of two values
6. Which statement correctly describes the relationship between distance and displacement between two
specific points?
a. Distance is always equal to the magnitude of the displacement.
b. Distance is always greater than the magnitude of the displacement.
c. Distance is never equal to the magnitude of the displacement.
d. Distance is sometimes equal to the magnitude of the displacement.
7. Which quantity depends on the path that is taken between two points?
a. distance
b. displacement
c. velocity
d. acceleration
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Use the following graph to answer the next two questions
8. From t=1 s until t=2 s, the car is
Velocity vs. Time of a Car's Trip
a. stopped
b. accelerating uniformly 12
Velocity m/s
10
d. travelling at uniform speed 8
0
1 2 3
Time (s)
9. The distance that the car travelled from t =0 s to 1 s and from t = 1 s to 2s are, respectively,
a. 5.0 m and 0 m
b. 5.0 m and 10.0 m
c. 10.0 m and 5.0 m
d. 10.0 m and 10.0 m
Numerical Response 2
If Gretzky shoots
Wayne Gretzky is arguably the greatest hockey player of all time. He holds many the puck at a
individual including the NHL career record for points scored. speed of 90 km/h
from the top of the
offensive face-off
circle 15 m from the net, how long will the puck take to reach the net? _________ s
Some of the fastest moving arachnids are the long-legged Sun spiders (genus Solpuga) 10. Moving at
found in semi-desert areas throughout the world. These spiders are capable of moving up to maximum
16 km/h. speed, what
is the
shortest time it would take a Sun Spider to run between two fig trees that are 3.6 m apart?
a. 0.23 s
b. 14 s
c. 1.5 s
d. 0.81 s
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Use the following information to answer the next question.
11. Which velocity-time graph describes the same motion as the displacement-time graph shown above?
A. B.
C. D.
v
12. Which statement about a graph of position versus time is not true?
13. What force is needed to lift a 4.54 kg bag of sugar at constant speed?
a. 4.54 N
b. 44.5 N
c. 0.463 N
d. The force cannot be calculated unless you know the distance the sugar is lifted.
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14. The weight of an object is
Numerical Response 3
Imagine that you carry a box of books, weighing 67.8 N, up a flight of stairs. If each step is 15.0 cm high, and
there are 22.0 steps in the flight of stairs, how much work do you do on the box of books?
______________________ J
15. According to the formula for kinetic energy, what combination of units is the same as a joule? [Hint:
consider what you use to calculate potential energy]
A C.
B. D.
16. When you throw a ball into the air and it reaches its maximum height
17. A soccer goalie catches and holds the fast-moving ball. What happens to the kinetic energy of the ball?
18. How can you increase the kinetic energy of a person moving on a playground swing?
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Use the following information to answer the next three questions
Pierre Lueders from Edmonton, Alberta, is a world and Olympic champion in the two- 19. A bobsled
man bobsled event. Lueders trains at one of the world’s most challenging runs located in including its
Calgary Alberta. The bobsled run at the Calgary Olympic Park has a length of 1500 m and riders, has a
a height of 121 m. mass of 250
kg, how much potential energy doe the bobsled have as it is about to start its run?
a. 297 MJ c. 29.7 MJ
b. 297 kJ d. 297 J
20. If all the potential energy from the bobsled is converted into kinetic energy as the bobsled speeds past the
finish line, what is the bobsled’s velocity?
21. Although this potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, some potential energy is
22. A race car races a 100 m sprint track at an average speed of 9.50 m/s. If the car's kinetic energy is 9.40 x
103J what is its mass?
23. Which statement about the relationship between work and kinetic energy is not true?
a. When a force does work on an object, the object might gain kinetic energy.
b. When a force does work on an object, the object might lose kinetic energy.
c. When a force does work on an object, the object always gains kinetic energy.
d. When a force does work on an object, the object might have no change in its kinetic energy.
a. All the energy is gravitational potential energy at the top of the swing.
b. All the energy is gravitational potential energy at the bottom of the swing.
c. All the energy is kinetic energy at the bottom of the swing.
d. The energy is partly gravitational potential energy and partly kinetic energy between the top and
bottom of the swing.
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25. The useful output energy of a motor is
a. sound
b. heat
c. light
d. kinetic energy
26. The motor described above is 73% efficient. What does this mean?
27. For every 100 J of input energy supplied to the motor, how much energy is wasted?
a. 27 J c. 73 J
b. 46 J d. 100 J
a. kinetic energy
b. potential energy
c. light energy
d. thermal energy
Numerical Response 4
Approximately 4.2 X 104 kJ of energy from sunlight strikes the leaves of a plant in one day. Of this energy 4
200 kJ is converted into useful energy by the plant. The efficiency of photosynthesis in this plant is _____ %
(Round and record your answer correct to two significant digits)
Part II Matching:
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Match each of the following descriptions to the correct quantity. You may use each answer once,
more than once, or not at all.
18. ____ any form of stored energy A. Acceleration
19. ____ change in velocity during a unit time interval B. Chemical potential energy
20. ____ describes size and direction C. Conservation
21. ____ describes size but not direction D. Displacement
22. ____ difference between two times E. Distance
23. ____ displacement in a unit time (for example, one second F. Elastic potential energy
or one hour) G. Force
24. ____ distance traveled in a unit time (for example, one H. Gravitational potential
second or one hour) energy
25. ____ energy stored in a material that is bent, compressed, I. Interval
or stretched and will return to its original shape when J. Magnitude
released. K. Nuclear potential energy
26. ____ energy stored in the bonds which hold atoms, ions, L. Position
and molecules together M. Potential energy
27. ____ energy stored in the inner core of an atom N. Scalar
28. ____ length of a path from one point to another O. Speed
29. ____ location relative to a particular reference point P. Vector
30. ____ size or amount Q. Velocity
31. ____ stored energy associated with the force of gravity R. Work
between two objects
32. ____ straight line distance and direction from one point to
another
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2. While riding up a chair lift, a 54.8 kg skier gains 4.22 105 J of gravitational potential energy. The top of
the ski lift is what vertical distance above its base?
3. In a toy, a 92.4 g ball rolls into a spring and compresses the spring. If the ball is rolling at 4.28 m/s when it
collides with the spring and, at maximum compression, the spring is storing 0.560 J of elastic potential
energy, with what efficiency is the ball’s kinetic energy converted into elastic potential energy of the
spring?
Fill in the following chart, the first example is done for you:
Graph Sketch Calculations obtained from
graph
Distance vs. Time
(uniform motion)
d Slope of graph = velocity
t
Distance vs. Time
(at rest)
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PARTII:
Graph Sketch Calculations obtained from
18. M
graph
19. A
Distance vs. Time
20. P
(uniform motion)
d 21. N
22. I
23. Q
t 24. O
Distance vs. Time 25. F
(at rest) 26. B
d 27. K
28. E
29. L
t 30. J
Velocity vs. Time 31. H
(uniform velocity) v 32. D
PART III:
1. 14.8
m/s2
t
2. 785 m
Velocity vs. Time 3. 66.2%
(positive v
acceleration)
t
Answer Key:
1. C 22. B
2. D 23. C
3. C 24. B
4. A 25. D
5. D 26. C
6. D 27. A
7. A 28. B
8. D NR1: 2.34
9. B NR2: 0.60
10. D NR3: 224
11. B NR4: 10
12. B
13. B
14. B
15. B
16. D
17. C
18. A
19. A
20. C
21. D
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BIOLOGY
The smallest functional unit of life & all living things are composed of cells
All Cells:
o Need energy
o Produce wastes
o Respond and adapt to their environment
o Reproduce
o Grow
PLANT Cells
1) Only plant cells contain chloroplasts
2) LARGE central vacuole & contain a cell wall
ANIMAL Cells
Only animal cells contain lysosomes
Animal cells have centrioles
Organelles Structure & Function - You must know all the organelles and their function.
The Microscope
TRANSMISSION LIGHT TRANSMISSION SCANNING ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE MICROSCOPE (SEM)
(TEM)
GREATEST 1 000 100 000 (to 1 million) 20 000
MAGNIFICATION
IMAGE PRODUCED light passing through electrons passing through electrons reflected from the
BY the material the material material
ADVANTAGES colour image, living very great magnification, great magnification, images
material can be viewed details of internal can be easily understood
structure
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Is bigger better?
Cells can’t get too big for if they do they will not be able to get material into the cell fast enough.
Photosynthesis
Glucose + Oxygen
6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g)
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)
Cellular Respiration
Glucose + Oxygen
Water + Carbon Dioxide
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)
6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g)
Gas Exchange
Structures in a leaf
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Root to Leaf Water Transport
o Xylem and phloem vessels
Phototropism
o Response to light
o Bends toward the light because of the release of
auxin from the tip of the plant
o Auxim results in the side in the shade growing faster
and therefore bending.
Gravitropism
Nastic Response
o A plant responds to touch
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Practice: Convert the following
2. At 40x the field of view is measured to be 0.55 mm. What would the FOV be at 300x? Give your answer
in m.
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4. Label the following Diagram
5. Estimate the length of the following organisms given that the FOV is = 500 m.
a
a=
b= b
c
c=
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b. hypertonic -
c. hypotonic -
d. osmosis -
e. diffusion -
f. semi-permeable -
g. concentration gradient -
h. equilibrium –
7. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occurs in the chloroplast of a plant cell.
8. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occurs in the mitochondria of a cell.
a) hypotonic solution?
b) hypertonic solution
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c) isotonic solution
10. Discuss what would occur if plants had no hormones called auxins. Include the effects from gravity, the
sun and from water.
11. What are the specialized cells that move water from the roots to the leaves of a plant?
A. phloem tissue cells
B. xylem tissue cells
C. water pump cells
D. water tubules
12. The transport of water up the plant is aided by root pressure. How is this pressure created?
A. The weight of the surrounding dirt on the roots of the plant.
B. Root pressure is created when water flows into the root system, trying to dilute the solutes inside.
C. Tiny pump cells within the roots create this pressure.
D. The cambium of the root creates this pressure.
13. Many plants have adaptations to help them survive in certain climates. The cactus is one such plant. Its
leaves have been modified into spines in an effort to:
A. increase the amount of surface area for photosynthesis.
B. reduce the amount of shade produced by the plant.
C. reduce the amount of water lost by transpiration.
D. increase the surface area for dew to collect.
14. One major difference between xylem cells and phloem cells is:
A. Xylem cells are very square in shape while phloem cells are not.
B. Phloem cells are covered in tiny hair-like projections to increase absorption while xylem cells are
not.
C. Phloem cells are dead while xylem cells are alive.
D. Xylem cells are dead while phloem cells are alive.
15. Water has two special properties that make it possible for plants to transport water up great distances within
their vascular tissues. One property is __________________, which is a tendency of water molecules to
stick to each other, and the other is __________________, which is a tendency for water molecules to stick
to other surfaces.
A. cohesion, adhesion
B. cohesion, attraction
C. adhesion, cohesion
D. adhesion, attraction
16. A number of processes and forces are necessary for moving water and nutrients from the soil around the
plant to the leaves. In order, these processes are:
A. adhesion/cohesion, osmosis/diffusion, transpiration
B. adhesion/cohesion, transpiration, osmosis/diffusion
C. osmosis/diffusion, adhesion/cohesion, transpiration
D. osmosis/diffusion, transpiration, adhesion/cohesion
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17. Why do trees that have their outer bark and xylem damaged quite often die?
A. They are no longer able to move food from the leaves to the roots of the plant, and once the roots die,
the plant dies.
B. They are no longer able to move water from the roots to the leaves, and once the leaves die, the plant
dies.
C. The damaged area allows disease to get into the tree and kill it.
D. The tree dries out as a result of the damaged area.
18. Plants are able to respond to stimuli from around them. What are these responses called?
A. reactions
B. tropisms
C. controls
D. auxins
19. In 1880, Charles Darwin and his son devised an experiment in which they used oat seedlings. They set up
four treatment groups of developing seedlings. In the first group, they removed the tip, in the second, they
covered the tip with foil, in the third, they covered the base of each seedling with foil, and they left the
fourth group untouched. What were they trying to test?
A. phototropism
B. gravitropism
C. oilotropism
D. nastic response
20. There are many reasons that a plant might need to be able to sense where "up" is. Which of the following is
NOT one of the potential reasons?
21. In the early 1900s, a Dutch researcher named Frits Went confirmed that there was a chemical produced in
the stem tips of growing seedlings that stimulated growth. He named this chemical:
Color the following structures. Then create a legend matching the color to the structures name.
Xylem Vacuole
Chloroplast Cytoplasm
Nucleus Phloem
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Cuticle Stoma
Epidermis Guard cell
Palisade Tissue Cell wall
Spongy Tissue
Answers:
1.
Ocular Objective Total
1x 4.5x 4.5x
10x 4x 40x
3x 5x 15x
10x 225x 2250x
40x 600x
2x 5x 10x
10x 100x 1000x
5x 10x 50x
2x 20x 40x
2. 75 um
3. a) mitochondria b) ribosomes c) vacuole d) nucleous e) chloroplast f) lysosome
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g) cellwall h) golgi body i) er j) membrane k) mitochondria
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Unit D: Energy Flow in Global Systems
Defining Systems
system – the specific object or group of objects under observation
surroundings – everything over than the system; implies that the system has a boundary
classes of systems:
o open system – allows energy and matter to cross the system’s boundary
o closed system – allows energy but not matter to cross the boundary
o isolated system – allows neither energy or matter to move across the boundary
The Biosphere
biosphere – the thin layer of air, land and water on or near Earth’s surface that contains all life on Earth
o hydrosphere (water)
cryosphere – water that is temporarily frozen in polar ice caps, snow, permafrost and
glaciers
o lithosphere (___________________)
o atmosphere (______________)
types of radiation
► radio waves ► microwaves ► infrared radiation
► visible light ►ultraviolet radiation ► X-rays
► gamma rays
the different types of radiation are affected differently as they enter Earth’s atmosphere – visible light
passes through virtually unchanged
radiation _________________ – the energy and temperature balance maintained on Earth by radiating
the same quantity of energy into space as is absorbed from the Sun
greenhouse effect – the retention of heat on and above Earth’s surface by greenhouse gases (water
vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone and CFC’s)
natural phenomenon that maintains Earth’s _____________________
Climate and Seasons
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_____________________– trend in temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity and precipitation over
a period of many years
Phase Changes
phase change – a physical change from one state to another
heat of fusion (Hfus)- the quantity of energy required to melt one mole of a substance
Q=nHfus Q = amount of heat or energy in joules (J)
n = number of moles
Hfus = heat of fusion (J/mol)
heat of vaporization (Hvap) – the quantity of energy required to convert one mole of a substance from a
liquid to a gas
Q=nHvap Q = amount of heat or energy in joules (J)
n = number of moles
Hvap = heat of vaporization (J/mol)
the amount of energy that is released when a mole of substance freezes is the same as the amount
required to melt it.
o El Nino – a disruption of the ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific that typically
occurs every 3 – 7 years
wind direction over the South Pacific reverses and the wind flows eastward
causes pronounced ___________________ during the winter months in western North
America
air currents
o an area of low pressure occurs as warm air ______________, becomes _____________ dense
and ___________________
o an area of high pressure occurs as cold air ____________, becomes more _____________ and
___________________
o as air begins to move north or south from the equator it cools and sinks before it reaches the
poles
air descends at three separate latitudes in each hemisphere
30o (N & S), 60o (N & S) and the Poles
known as the “three-cell model”
o ______________ streams – currents of extremely fast-moving air located about 10-15 km above
Earth’s surface
form at the boundaries of cold and warm air
generally move from west to east
larger in the winter due to greater differences in air temperature
How Oceans and Mountains Influence Climate
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sea breeze – a current of moving air blowing from an ocean or a large lake towards land
land breeze – a current of moving air blowing from land out onto an ocean or large lake
orographic precipitation – precipitation that develops when warm, moist air cools and condenses as it
rises against mountains
rain shadow – a region that receives little rain because it is situated on the side of a mountain farthest
from the prevailing winds
Describing Climate
climatograph – a graphical representation of climate data for a specific region and time period
ecosystem – the community of living organisms (biotic factors) that interact with each other and with
the non-living environment (abiotic factors)
o Earth’s orbit – the shape of the Earth’s orbit fluctuates over periods of about 100,000 years;
influences the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth.
o continental drift – theory that proposes that about 225 million years ago the tectonic plates of the
Earth formed a giant supercontinent (Pangea). As the tectonic plates have moved the different
continents have been formed. This movement affected how the oceans could transfer heat
around the Earth.
o weathering – rocks are broken down into smaller pieces – can occur through physical and
chemical processes. Chemical weathering uses up atmospheric carbon dioxide.
o catastrophic events – meteors, asteroids, and volcanic eruptions release a lot of dust, ash and
smoke into the atmosphere. A thick cloud of smog may have prevented sunlight from reaching
the earth’s surface.
o feedback – responses to climate change can result in additional changes to climate – this is
known as feedback.
mass extinction events – living organisms respond to changes in their environment; if the change is too
sudden or too drastic organisms may not be able to adapt and they may die.
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complex mathematical models that predict future climate using the laws of conservation of momentum,
mass, moisture and energy
2 major uncertainties when predicting climate:
o predicting the amount of greenhouse gases in the future
o predicting how climates will respond to an increase in greenhouse gas concentration
precautionary principle – the principle that, in order to protect the environment, lack of scientific
certainty will not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent environmental damage
Unit Test
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3. Weather occurs in which layer of the atmosphere?
a) troposphere
b) mesosphere
c) stratosphere
d) thermosphere
4. Which of the following statements is an example of scientific evidence of climate change?
I. The growing season seems longer now.
II. There are fewer elk now than there were 20 years ago.
III. Snow cover has increased by 4% over the past 10 years.
IV. The average global surface temperature has increased by 0.5C in the last century
a) I and II
b) I and IV
c) II and III
d) III and IV
5. In order with increasing altitude, Earth’s atmospheric layers are:
a) troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, stratosphere
b) troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
c) thermosphere, mesosphere, troposphere, stratosphere
d) mesosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere
14. Which of the following factors would not influence the net radiation budget of a biome?
a) albedo
b) longitude
c) time of year
d) cloud cover and atmospheric dust
15. On average, which biome has the highest precipitation level and average temperature?
a) taiga
b) grassland
c) rain forest
d) deciduous forest
16. Which of the following biomes is most important to the agricultural industry?
a) taiga
b) tundra
c) grassland
d) deciduous forest
17. Two cities are located at the same latitude but in different regions of Earth. Which of the following factors
could cause these cities to have different climates?
a) the angle of inclination of Earth
b) the number of hours of daylight
c) the biome in which each city is located
d) whether either city is situated close to a large body of water
18. Which of the following greenhouse gases has the highest Global Warming Potential (GWP)?
a) CFCs
b) methane
c) nitrous oxide
d) carbon dioxide
19. Which of the following removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
a) Earth’s oceans
b) the ozone layer
c) using public transit
d) conserving electricity
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20. A scientist reports that her conclusions on the historic greenhouse gas concentrations, deduced from data
taken from ice core samples, are very likely to be correct. These conclusions should be considered to have:
a) a low level confidence
b) a medium level confidence
c) a very high level of confidence
d) an extremely low level of confidence
21. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was important because it provided:
a) an outline for future agreements
b) an opportunity to recognize the issue of climate change
c) a process to charge countries producing too much greenhouse gas
d) an opportunity to identify countries producing the most greenhouse gases
22. One of the major limits to making better computer-based climate models is:
a) faster computers
b) understanding global climate processes
c) collecting more data from existing research projects
d) more support for research on the use of technology to study climate
23. If the amount of carbon dioxide were to double, which of the following biomes is predicted to increase in
area in Alberta?
a) desert
b) tundra
c) grasslands
d) deciduous forest
24. Which of the following sectors is NOT included in Canada’s Action Plan on Climate Change?
a) tourism
b) industry
c) agriculture
d) transportation
26. When 200 g of an unknown substance absorbs 4.30 kJ of thermal energy, the temperature of the substance
changes from 30.0C to 80.0C. Determine the experimental specific heat capacity of the unknown
substance. (3 marks)
27. How much thermal energy is absorbed when 1.00 kg of ice melts completely, without a change in
temperature? The theoretical heat of fusion of ice is 6.01 kJ/mol and the molar mass of ice is 18.02 g/mol.
(3 marks)
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28. a) How much thermal energy is needed to heat 100 g of water at 25.0ºC to 100.0ºC, without a change in
phase? The theoretical specific heat capacity of water is 4.19 J/g·ºC. (3 marks)
b) How much thermal energy is absorbed when 100 g of water at 100.0ºC evaporates completely, without a
change in temperature? The heat of vaporization of water is 40.7 kJ/mol and the molar mass of water is
18.02 g/mol. (3 marks)
c) Using your answers from part a) and b) of question 28, calculate the amount of thermal energy needed
to heat 100 g of liquid water at 25.0ºC to water vapour at 100.0ºC. Assume that all the water evaporates.
(1 mark)
continued…
Unit D—Energy Flow in Global Systems
30.a) On a clean sheet of graph paper or with spreadsheet software, create climatographs for the following
cities. (4 marks)
Banff, Latitude 51.1 N
Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
Temperature (°C) –5.3 0.1 3.8 9.0 14.2 18.7 22.1 21.6 16.1 10.1 0.5 –5.3
Precipitation (mm) 31.0 23.9 21.5 32.4 57.5 60.0 51.2 51.3 43.8 30.3 30.4 34.6
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b) Use your climatographs to predict whether the cities will or will not have similar vegetation. Give
reasons for your prediction. (2 marks)
32. Assess the risks and benefits of global warming to life in Alberta. (5 marks)
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31.a) Sample climatographs are shown below.
Average Temperature
Average Precipitation
Banff, AB, 51.1 ºN
30 80
(mm)
20 60
(ºC)
10 40
0 20
-10 0
J FMAMJ J A SOND
Month
30 100
Fort McMurray, AB, 56.4ºN
Average Precipitation
Average Temperature
20 80
10 60
(mm)
0 40
(ºC)
-10 20
-20 0
J FMAMJ J ASOND
Month
b) Students are likely to predict that these areas will have similar vegetation, since they have similar
seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation. However, Fort McMurray in general is colder and
drier, and so will not support frost- or drought-sensitive plants. Some students will note that Banff is
located in a mountainous region, and that vegetation will vary from that of Fort McMurray as altitude
increases.
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