SWOT Notes

Topic 1 - When Alchemy became Chemistry - Swot Notes
Atomic structure & The Periodic table

A student should be able to……..
Describe briefly some historical models of the atom and understand why models change over time as scientific
knowledge advances
Name the key scientists and describe their discoveries related to the atom. Put them in date order.
1.John Dalton (1803, Solid sphere model) drew up the Ancient Greek idea of atoms, indivisible
2.J.J Thomson (1904, Plum pudding model) discovered electrons in atoms in 1897, for which he won a Nobel Prize. It
shows the atom as composed of electrons scattered throughout a spherical cloud of positive charge.
3.Ernest Rutherford (1911, Nuclear Model) fired positively charged alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold foil. Most
passed through with little at large angles. This was only possible if the atom was mostly empty space, with the positive
charged concentrated in the centre: the nucleus.
4.Niels Bohr (1913, Planetary model) modified Rutherford’s model of the atom by starting that electrons moved around
the nucleus in orbits of fixed sizes and energies. Electron energy in this model was quatised; electrons could not occupy
values of energy between the fixed energy levels.
5. Erwin Schrödinger (1926 Quantum model) stated that electrons do not move in set paths around the nucleus, but in
waves. It is impossible to know the exact location of the electrons; instead, we have ‘clouds of probability’ called orbitals,
in which we are more likely to find an electron.
State the relative charges and approximate relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons
Draw up a table to present the properties (charge, mass and location) of the subatomic particles; include a diagram
charge mass location
Protons +1 1 In the centre of the atom
Neutrons 0 1 In the centre of the atom
Electrons -1 1/1836 Around the nucleon
Define proton number and nucleon number
Draw a diagram with a chemical symbol and the two numbers associated with the element; include names/definitions of
each; include how the numbers of each subatomic particles can be calculated from these two numbers
Use proton number and the simple structure of atoms to explain the basis of the Periodic Table, with special reference to
the elements of proton number 1 to 20.
How is the position in the PT controlled by the subatomic particles?

Number of protons = Number of nuclear charges = The greater the number of electrons outside the nucleus, the
further back the element is in the periodic table.
Define isotopes as atoms of the same element which have the same proton number but a different nucleon number
Understand that isotopes have the same properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell
Describe the build-up of electrons in 'shells' and understand the significance of the noble gas electronic structures and of
valency electrons
How are the electrons arranged? What is the sequence? How can the arrangements be represented?
They want to fill each of the outer shell. The sequence of how many elements there are in the same period. The shells of
the atom.
What is the significance of the outer shell?
It wants to form the balanced condition
What is the significance of the “noble gas electronic structures”?
The balanced condition is the “noble gas electronic structures”.
Describe briefly the history of the modern Periodic Table

Before the discovery of protons, neutrons and electrons, Dobereiner found some groups of three elements that showed
similar properties. He called these groups ‘Triads’.
John Newlands arranged the elements on the periodic table by their atomic mass.
He called this arrangement the Law of Octaves. When he did this, he found that each element was similar to the element
eight places further on. For example, starting at Li, Be is the second element, B is the third and Na is the eighth element.
John Newlands’ table showed a periodic pattern of properties, however this eventually collapsed.By ordering strictly
according to atomic mass, Newlands was forced to put some elements into groups E.g. - he put iron in the same group
as oxygen and sulphur. (metal and two non-metals) Because of this, his table was not accepted by other scientists.
In 1869, five years after Newlands’ Law of Octaves, Dmitri Mendeleev published a periodic table.
Mendeleev also arranged the elements known at the time in order of atomic mass, but he did some other things that
made his table much more successful…
He realised that the physical and chemical properties of elements were related to their atomic mass in a 'periodic' way,
and arranged them so that groups of elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in his table.
Sometimes this method of arranging elements meant there were gaps in his horizontal rows or 'periods'. But instead of
seeing this as a problem, Mendeleev thought it simply meant that the elements which belonged in the gaps had not yet
been discovered.
He was also able to work out the atomic mass of the missing elements, and so predict their properties. And when they
were discovered, Mendeleev turned out to be right. One of these was Gallium.
Henry Mosely using atomic number instead of atomic mass as the organising principle was first proposed by the British
chemist Henry Moseley in 1913, and it solved anomalies like this one. Iodine has a higher atomic number than tellurium.
So, even though he didn't know why, Mendeleev was right to place it after tellurium after all!
Describe the Periodic Table as a method of classifying elements and its use to predict properties of elements
The Periodic Table is a method of classifying chemical elements based on their atomic number and properties. It
arranges elements in rows (periods) and columns (groups) to show recurring patterns in their behavior. This systematic
organization aids in predicting element properties and understanding their relationships.
Describe the change from metallic to non-metallic character across a Period
Describe the relationship between Group number, number of valency electrons and metallic/non-metallic character
Outline the patterns that govern the structure of the periodic tables.
The number of the electrons in the outer shell.
Describe the noble gases as being unreactive and monoatomic.

The number of electrons on the outer shell of Noble Gases is balanced.
Relate the noble gas unreactivity to electron configuration.
The outer shell of the noble gases atoms is full and balanced so it is not easy to react.
Describe the uses of the noble gases in providing an inert atmosphere, i.e. argon in lamps; helium for filling balloons
Helium fill porty balloons and airships.
Krypton and Xenon ore used in some types of lasers and in display manufacturing Xenon since 1990 s is being
increasingly for car headlines.
Electrical current is passed through neon itemits a brig orange light.
Argon is filled in light bulbs.
They help in machines.
Radon is a characteristic that has been pit to use in radiotherapy.
Krypton is used as a filler in double glazing.

Xenon is used as a propellant in the space industry.
Describe the gaining/losing or sharing of electrons
An element of a positive one charge which wants to lose one electron can react with that of a negative one charge
which wants to gain electron.
Concept of valency/bonding power
The Concept of valency depends on the number of the electrons on the outer shell. It can help us to find the chemical
formula of some elements. We just need to multiply the number of the element and the concept of valency and plus them
to get zero.
Outline the unique properties of the noble gases and how this relates to the electron configuration
How do other elements achieve the unreactive configuration of noble gases? How does this relate to compound
formation?
Describe lithium, sodium and potassium in Group 1 as a collection of relatively soft metals showing a trend in melting
point, density, in reaction with water
What is the trend for Group 1 metals going down the group in
● melting point?
The melting point of the Group one metals go down when going down the group.
● Density?
The density of the Group one metals go up when going down the group because there are more electrons in one
atom.
● Reactivity with water?
The react is more severe when going down the group because the nuclear has less force to attract the electron
Describe chlorine, bromine and iodine in Group VII as a collection of diatomic non-metals
Formula Colour State at room temp
Chlorine Cl Green Gas
Bromine Br Brown Liquid
Iodine I Purple Solid
Compounds, Formulae and Chemical equations

Understand the idea that other atoms (or groups of atoms) need to share or transfer electrons to get a stable electronic
arrangement like the noble gases, to do this they need to react to make compounds.
Describe the formation of ions by electron loss or gain
Complete the following statements:
Metals have____ , or ____ electrons in their valence shell and need to __________ these electrons to achieve a full
outer shell and become stable. Metals form _____________charged ions as they end up with ________protons than
electrons.
Non metals have ____, ____ or ____ electrons in their outer shell and need to __________ these electrons to achieve a
full outer shell and become stable. Non metals form _____________charged ions as they end up with ________
protons than electrons.
Describe the formation of ionic bonds between elements from Groups I and VII
Describe the formation of ionic bonds between metallic and non metallic elements
Write the formula for:
Sodium chloride Lithium bromide potassium iodide
NaCl LiBr KI
Explain the electron transfer between the elements in the examples above using a dot cross diagram
Use the symbols of the elements and write the formulae of simple compounds (inc Roman numerals).
Deduce the formula of a simple compound from a model or a diagrammatic representation
Deduce the formula of a simple compound from the relative numbers of atoms present
How can a chemical formula be determined from a) models/diagrams b) the numbers of atoms present c)
charges/valancy of an ion/element?
a) From models/diagrams, you can determine a chemical formula by counting the number and types of atoms
represented in the structure.
b) The numbers of atoms present in a compound are used to determine the chemical formula. Each element's subscript
indicates how many atoms of that element are present.
c) Charges/valency of ions or elements help determine the chemical formula by balancing the charges in a compound.
The ratio of positive to negative charges (add them together to zero)gives the appropriate subscripts for the elements.
Construct word equations and simple balanced chemical equations
Construct equations with state symbols, including ionic equations
Deduce the balanced equation for a chemical reaction, given relevant information
How to balance chemical equations?
Balance in the order of alphabet. We can make sure that the total amount of each kind of elements is equal.
What are state symbols and how are they used?
State symbols are Solid, Liquid, Gas and Aqueous Solid.
Solid(s) e.g.Mg(s)
Liquid(l) e.g.H2O(l)
Gas(g) e.g.CO2(g)
Aqueous Solid(aq) e.g.HCl(aq)
What is an ionic equation?
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that occurs between a metal and a non-metal. In ionic bonds, electrons are
transferred from the metal to the non-metal, resulting in the formation of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively
charged ions (anions). The electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged ions holds them together in a stable
ionic compound.

SWOT Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SWOT Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SWOT Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Topic 1 - When Alchemy became Chemistry - Swot Notes

Atomic structure & The Periodic table

Define proton number and nucleon number

How is the position in the PT controlled by the subatomic particles?

Describe briefly the history of the modern Periodic Table

Describe the noble gases as being unreactive and monoatomic.

Helium fill porty balloons and airships.

Argon is filled in light bulbs.

They help in machines.

Radon is a characteristic that has been pit to use in radiotherapy.

Krypton is used as a filler in double glazing.

Formula Colour State at room temp

Chlorine Cl Green Gas

Bromine Br Brown Liquid

Iodine I Purple Solid

Compounds, Formulae and Chemical equations

protons than electrons.

You might also like