General Chemistry Lesson 3

LESSON 3
Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions
LESSON 3: ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND IONS
Lecture 1: FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF CHEMISTRY
Lecture 2: DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
Lecture 3: THE TRUCTURE OFF THE ATOM
Lecture 4: IONS AND MOLECULES
Lecture 5: COMPOUNDS WHEN ATOMS COMBINE

LECTURE 1
FUNDAMENTAL
LAWS OF
CHEMISTRY
Fundamental laws of chemistry
The law of definite proportions or constant
composition explains that elements
combine in ratios of simple whole numbers
to form a compound. If you will get
samples of water (H2O) from different
areas and subject this sample to chemical
analysis, you would find that a molecule of
water, regardless of its source, is always
composed of two atoms of water and one
The law of multiple proportions explains

that when two elements react to form
two or more different compounds, with
one fixed or constant element, the mass
ratio of constant elements in the
compounds is expressed in the smallest
whole number. Thus, different
compounds with the same of fixed
The law of conservation of matter explains

that the amount of the reactants is always
equals to the amount of the products in any
reaction. This is a restatement of the fourth
postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory. This law
states that in any chemical reactions, atoms
are always conserved. No atoms will be
destroyed or automatically created. They just
undergo formation of new substances, but
LECTURE 2
DALTON’S
ATOMIC THEORY
The atomic theory comprised the following postulates:
1.Matter is made up of extremely small particle indivisible particles

called atoms.
2.Atoms of the same element are identical, and are different from those
of other element.
3.Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in
certain whole-number ratios.
4.Atoms rearrange only during a chemical reaction to form new
compounds.
LECTURE 3
The Structure of
the Atom
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
The Subatomic Particles
After the postulation of Dalton’s atomic Theory, numerous experiments and
inferences allowed scientists to conceptualize the structure of the atom and discover
the subatomic particles- electrons, protons, and neutron.
 Electron e-
The electron is the negatively charged subatomic particle with a mass of
9.11x10-28 g. It was discovered by J.J Thomson (1856-1940) using the
cathode ray tube experiment.
Proton p+
The proton is the positively charged subatomic particle with a mass of 1.6726x10 -24
g. It is located at the center of atom called the nucleus. It was discovered by Ernest
Rutherford (1871-1931) using his famous gold foil experiment.
Rutherford made the following observations:
• Most alpha particles passed through the gold foil without deflection.
• Few alpha particles were strongly deflected
• Some alpha particles slightly deflected to more than 90º
Name Symbol Mass(g) Mass(amu) Charge
Proton p+ 1.6726x10-24 1.00728 +
Electron e- 0.00055 or -
9.109410x10 -28
5.486x10-4
Neutron n0 1.6749x10-24 1.008665 No charge

ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER
(Z) • The atomic number of an element
represents the number of protons in
its nucleus.
(A)
• The mass number indicates the total
number of protons and neutrons; it is
an estimate of the element’s atomic
mass. For an electrically neutral
atom, the number of electrons is the
Z= number of protons
same
A= number of proton as the number
+ number of of protons.
neutrons
Number of neutrons = A – Z
ISOTOPES
Atoms of the same element, however, can have different number of neutrons. This
means that they have different mass numbers but the same atomic number. These
atoms are referred to as isotopes, which follow the same configuration of
elements. A neutral hydrogen atom, which consists of only one proton and one
electron has three different isotopes-protium, deuterium, and tritium.
ISOTOPES
Radioactive Isotopes Application
Carbon-14 Carbon dating of organisms and
substances (archaeology), research to
determine steps involved in plant
photosynthesis
Iodine-131 Locate brain tumors, monitors cardiac,
liver, and thyroid activity
Sodium-24 Study blood circulation

Technetium-99 Used to produce images of specific
organs in the body for medical diagnosis
and treatment.
LECTURE 4
Ions and
Molecules
Ions
When a neutral atom gains or loses one or more
electrons, it becomes an electrically charged particle
called ion. Metals tend to lose electrons and become
positively charged cations. Non-metals, on the other
hand, gain electrons and become negatively charged
anions. The number of electrons lost or gained is the
charge number.
Na → Na+ + e-
Cl + e- → Cl-
Ions
An ion that consists of only one atom is
referred to as a monoatomic ion.
Different atoms can also combine and form
polyatomic ions.
Monoatomic ions:
Na+, Mg2+, Fe3+, S2-, Cl-
Polyatomic ions:
MnO4-, PO43-, HCO3-, SCN-
Ions
Elements that belong to Group 1A (alkali metals) of
the periodic table that can give of one electron only,
while those in Group 2A (alkaline earth metals) can
lose two electrons. Thus, alkali metals produce ions
with positive one (+1) charge, while alkaline earth
metals produce positive two (+2)+ ions. The ions are
Group 1A: Na sodium
named simply as the name of the+ metal.
K potassium
Group 2A: Mg2+ magnesium

Ca2+ calcium
Naming Metals and Transition Metals
Transition metals (Groups 1B to 8B of the periodic table) vary in the number of
electrons they tend to lose resulting in a variety of electrical charges of their ions. As
such, a systematic method of naming their ions is employed.
In the classical method, the ion with the lower charge ends with –ous, while that with
the higher charge ends with –ic. These suffixes are attached to the first few syllables of
the foreign name of the metal (nor its English name). In the stock method, a Roman
numeral in indicating the charge is written in parentheses after the English name of the
metal.
classical stock
Fe2+ Ferrous Iron (II)
Fe3+ Ferric Iron (III)
Non-metals take a different
nomenclature
The monoatomic anions are named by attaching the suffix –ide to the first
few letters (root) of the non-metal name. Elements in Group 7A (halogens)
and Group 6A (oxygen family) accept one and two electrons, respectively.
Br bromide
-
S sulfide
2-
Naming Compounds
Write and name the ions formed by oxygen (Group 6A) and
fluorine (Group 7A)
Non-metals can also form polyatomic ions with oxygen. The
anion with lesser oxygen atoms ends with –ite and the one with
more oxygen atoms ends with –ate.
NO2 nitrite
-
NO3 nitrate
-
Name of the following ions:
Ternary polyatomic ions (consisting of three different
elements) may be formed by the addition of hydrogen
atoms to binary polyatomic ions (consisting of two
different elements). If there is only one type of ternary
ion formed, a prefix bi- is added to indicate the presence
of hydrogen in the chemical formula. If there are several
types of ions formed with hydrogen, Greek prefixes are
used to indicate the number of hydrogen atoms present
in the ion.
Ion Name Greek Prefixes
NH4+ Ammonium Number Prefix
H3O+ Hydronium 1 mono-
OH Hydroxide 2 di-
CN- Cyanide 3 tri-
NO2- Nitride 4 tetra-
NO3- Nitrate 5 penta-
HSO3- Bisulfite 6 hexa-
HSO4- Bisulfate 7 hepta-
MnO4- Permanganate 8 octa-
S2O32- Thiosulfate 9 nona-
CO32- Carbonate 10 deca-
CrO42- Chromate
Cr2O72- Dichromate
C2O42- Oxalate
PO33- Phosphite
PO43- Phosphate
Molecules
When atoms of nonmetals share electrons, they form an
electrically neutral aggregate called a molecule. Nonmetallic
elements exist in nature as diatomic molecules, consisting
of two atoms of the same element. They are more stable
this ways rather than as individual atoms.
Examples : N2
LECTURE 5
Compounds When
Atoms Combine
Ionic Compounds
An ionic compound results from an attraction
between a cation and an anion. These attraction
between oppositely charged sodium and chloride
ions form the ionic compound, sodium chloride. An
ionic compound assumes a crystalline structure, a
three-dimensional well-ordered arrangement of
cations and anions.
Crisscross rule
Covalent Compounds
A covalent compound results when nonmetal share
electrons. Thus, covalent compounds exist as molecules.
Types of Chemical Formulas
Covalent compounds may be represented using various
chemical formulas. These are molecular formula, empirical
formula, and structural formula.
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You!

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LESSON 3

Lecture 1: FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF CHEMISTRY

Lecture 2: DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

Lecture 3: THE TRUCTURE OFF THE ATOM

Lecture 4: IONS AND MOLECULES

Lecture 5: COMPOUNDS WHEN ATOMS COMBINE

The law of multiple proportions explains

The law of conservation of matter explains

1.Matter is made up of extremely small particle indivisible particles

Proton p+ 1.6726x10-24 1.00728 +

Neutron n0 1.6749x10-24 1.008665 No charge

Sodium-24 Study blood circulation

Group 2A: Mg2+ magnesium

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