Sinusoids and

Phasors
Electrical Circuits II

Prepared by Engr. Arlene C. Patricio, MST

Chapter Objectives:
▪ Determine the Phasor Relationships for circuit Elements.
▪ Familiarize in Impedance and Admittance.
▪ Analyze Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain.
▪ Learn Impedance Combinations.
▪ Use Delta-to-Wye and Wye-to-Delta Conversion
▪ Understand Phase Shifters
▪ Analyze AC Bridges
Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
• After we know how to convert RLC components from
time to phasor domain, we can transform a time
domain circuit into a phasor/frequency domain circuit.
• Hence, we can apply the KCL laws and other theorems
to directly set up phasor equations involving our target
variable(s) for solving.
• Next we find the phasor or frequency domain
equivalent of the element equations for RLC elements.
 Phasor voltage and current of a
Time Domain Frequency Domain resistor are in phase

i(t ) = I m cos(t +  ) = Re(Ie jt )

v(t ) = i(t ) R = RI m cos(t +  )
V = RI m  =RI
 Phasor Relationship for Resistor

v(t ) = i(t ) R = RI m cos(t +  )

Frequency Domain V = RI m  =RI
Voltage and current of a resistor
are in phase

Time Domain
 Phasor Relationships for Inductor

Phasor current of an inductor

LAGS the voltage by 90 degrees.

Time Domain Frequency Domain

di d
v(t ) = L = L I m cos(t +  ) = − LI m sin(t +  ) =  LI m cos(t +  + 90)
dt dt
V =  LI m ( + 90)= LI m e j e j 90 = j LI
 Phasor Relationships for Inductor

Frequency Domain Phasor current of an inductor

LAGS the voltage by 90 degrees.

Time Domain
 Phasor Relationships for Capacitor

Phasor current of a capacitor LEADS

Time Domain Frequency Domain the voltage by 90 degrees.

dv d
i(t ) = C = C Vm cos(t +  ) = −CVm sin(t +  ) = CVm cos(t +  + 90)
dt dt
I
I = CVm ( + 90)=CVme j e j 90 = jCV V=
jC
 Phasor Relationships for Capacitor

Phasor current of a capacitor

Frequency Domain LEADS the voltage by 90 degrees.

Time Domain
Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
 Impedance and Admittance
The Impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of phasor voltage V to the phasor current I.
V
Z= or V=ZI
I

The Admitance Y of a circuit is the reciprocal of impedance measured in Simens (S).

I 1
Y= = or I =YV
V Z
Impedances and Admitances of passive elements.
Element Impedance Admitance
1
R Z=R Y=
R
1
L Z = j L Y=
j L
1
C Z= Y = jC
j C
 Impedance as a Function of Frequency
Element Impedance Admitance
The Impedance Z of a 1
L Z = j L Y=
circuit is a function of j L
the frequency. 1
C Z= Y = jC
jC

Inductor is SHORT CIRCUIT at DC and OPEN CIRCUIT at high frequencies.

Capacitor is OPEN CIRCUIT at DC and SHORT CIRCUIT at high frequencies.

Z L = j L
ZL → 0  → 0 (Short at DC)
Z L →   →  (Open as  → )
 →0
1
ZC =
jC
ZC →   → 0 (Open at DC)
ZC → 0  →  (Open as  → )
 Impedance of Joint Elements
The Impedance Z represents the opposition of the circuit to the flow of sinusoidal
current.
V
Z = = R + jX =
+ I
Z I =Resistance + j  Reactance
V
-
= Z 
X
Z = R +X 2 2
 = tan −1

R
R = Z cos X = Z sin 

The Reactance is Inductive if X is positive and it is Capacitive if X is negative.

 Impedance as a Function of Frequency

As the applied frequency increases, the resistance of a resistor remains constant, the
reactance of an inductor increases linearly, and the reactance of a capacitor
decreases nonlinearly.

Reactance of inductor versus frequency Reactance of capacitor versus frequency

Example:

Z
 Admittance of Joint Elements
The Admittance Y represents the admittance of the circuit to the flow of
sinusoidal current.

The admittance is measured in mho or Siemens (s) +

Y I
V
-

1 I
Y = = = G + jB
Z V
= Conductance + j  Suseptance= Y 
1 R − jX R − jX
Y = G + jB = = 2
R + jX R − jX R + X 2
R X
G= 2 B=− 2
R +X 2
R + X2
 Application of KVL for Phasors
The Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) holds in the frequency domain. For series
connected impedances:

V
Zeq = = Z1 + Z2 + + Z N (Equivalent Impedance)
I

The Voltage Division for two elements in series is:

Z1
V1 = V
Z1 + Z 2
Z2
V2 = V
Z1 + Z 2
 Parallel Combination for Phasors
The Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) holds in the frequency domain. For series
connected impedances:

1 I 1 1 1
Yeq = = = Y1 + Y2 + + YN = + + + (Eqiv. Admitance)
Zeq V Z1 Z 2 ZN

The Current Division for two elements is:

Z2
I1 = I
Z1 + Z 2
Z1
I2 = I
Z1 + Z 2
Example: Z3

Z1
Example:
Application of Current Division for Phasors
 Application of Current Division for Phasors
Example:
Example:
Example: Z1
 Y-Δ and Δ-Y Equivalent Circuits
▪ Y-Δ and Δ-Y type equivalent conversions will be most useful when considering
Three Phase circuits.
▪ Impedances Z1, Z2 and Z3 are are Y connected.
▪ Impedances Za, Zb and Zc are Δ connected.
▪ Y and Δ forms can be eqivalently converted from one form to the other.
▪ Y-Δ and Δ-Y conversions are valid for impedances as well as resistive circuits.
 Y-Δ and Δ-Y Equivalent Circuits
Y-Δ and Δ-Y type equivalent conversions will be useful when considering Three Phase circuits.

 − Y Conversion
Y −  Conversion
Z Z + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1
Zb Zc
Za = 1 2 Z1 =
Z1 Z a + Zb + Zc
Z Z + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1 Za Zc
Zb = 1 2 Z2 =
Z2 Z a + Zb + Zc
Z1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 3 Z1 Z a Zb
Zc = Z3 =
Z3 Z a + Zb + Zc
 Balanced Y-Δ and Δ-Y Equivalent Circuits
A delta (Δ) or Y (wye) circuit is balanced if it has equal impedances in all three branches.
Y-Δ and Δ-Y conversions is very simple for balanced circuits.

Balanced Impedance Conversions:

ZY = Z1 = Z 2 = Z 3
Z  = Z a = Zb = Zc
1
Z = 3ZY ZY = ZY
3
Find I in the circuit
given? Converting Δ
Connection to Y
form, we obtain

Converting to Y form, we
can simplify the circuit by
combining the parallel and
series elements

Z
 Phase Shifters (Leading Output)
Phase shifting is employed to correct undesirable phase shift of the AC voltage.

Vo R R XC
= =  tan −1 , XC = − 1
Vi R + jX C R2 + X C 2 R C

XC
Vo Leads Vi by  = tan −1
R
XC
Phase of Vi has been changed by  = tan −1
R
Leading Output.

Output Leads the input

 Phase Shifters (Lagging Output)
Phase shifting is employed to correct undesirable phase shift of the AC voltage.

1
Vo jC 1 1
= = =  − tan −1 ( RC )
Vi R + 1 1 + j RC 1 + ( RC ) 2
jC
Vo Laggs Vi by  = tan −1 ( RC )

Lagging Output.

Output Lags the input

Example: Design an RC circuit that provide 90° lagging phase shift. Find the output voltage if
10 Volt is applied.
Example:
 AC Bridges
The AC bridge is Balanced when no current flows through the meter.
AC bridges are used in measuring inductance and capacitance values.

A general AC bridge circuit

Z2 Zx
V1 = Vs = V2 = Vs
Z1 + Z 2 Z3 + Z x
Z2 Zx
=  Z 2 Z3 = Z1Z x
Z1 + Z 2 Z3 + Z x
Z3
Zx = Z2
Z1
Z x Unknown value necessary for balancing the bridge
 AC Bridges
Unknown capacitance and inductances Cx and Lx are measured in terms of the
known standard values Cs and Ls

AC Bridge for measuring L AC Bridge for measuring C.

R2
Lx = Ls R1
Cx = Cs
R1 R2
Example:
Assessment:

1. Find v(t) in the RLC circuit. Assume w=1.

2. If Vo is 10Cos2t, find is.

3. Solve Z if Vo is VO = 40 Volt