10

Computer
Programming
Quarter III – Module 4:
Counting-Based Loops

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"Designed by macrovector /
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Computer Programming– Grade 10
Self-Learning Module
First Edition, 2020

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Computer Programming – Learning Module 4 on Counting-Based

Loops!

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capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at

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Learn This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and

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 understand new concepts and skills.

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exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the
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sentence/paragraph to be filled into process what
you learned from the lesson.

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mastery in achieving the learning competency.

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module.

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the parts that went well (they have understood)
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4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.

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 Explore

Introduction:

In your previous lesson, we studied about Switch case statements.

The switch statement allows us to execute one code block among many alternatives.

You can do the same thing with the if...else..if ladder. However, the syntax of

the switch statement is much easier to read and write.

This user friendly module will guide in your learning & understanding of the
different parts of a Computer Program. The module will permit you use your different
learning in diverse programming languages. We used the language that is appropriate for
your grade level. The lessons were designed to follow the standard SLM format.

Have you ever wondered about the ever-growing world? Have you been
fascinated by the massive field of Technology? This introductory module will give you
insights in the diversities in the field of the different parts and components of computer
software. We will explore the different paradigms in Software Development and engage
you to concepts that will enable you to study, utilize and master any programming
language you will like in the future.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Sub-Task:

a. Understand the concept of counting – based loops in Programming Languages;

b. Discuss the need to use counting – based loops in declaring a program;

c. Use appropriate operators/control statement in a given task.

PRE-ASSESSMENT

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following best describes counting – based loops?

a. Counting-based loops execute the set of statements for a fixed

number of times based on the definition at the beginning.
b. Allow us to execute one code block among many alternatives.
c. checked before entering the loop and execute the statements
contained within the block
d. all of the above

2. Which of the following are used to define loops that are executed a finite number of
times based on the value of the counting variable?
a. Do While Loop b. FOR loops
c. Condition checked at the end d. While Loop

3. What happened to the execution of loops if the value of i becomes greater than k?
a. the execution of the loop continue b. Condition checked at the beginning
c. the execution of the loop stops d. Do While Loop

4. What signifies the keyword “For”?

a. end of the loop b. Condition checked at the beginning

c. Condition checked at the end d. beginning of the loop

5. What indicates the word “step”?

a. indicates the value by which the variable i would be incremented after every
iteration.
b. indicates incrementing the value of the variable i by the amount of the value
indicated after the keyword Next.
c. statements in the loop block would be executed even when the value of the
variable i becomes equal to k.
d. none of the above
 Learn

What is a Counting – based Loops

A common type of program loop is one that is controlled by an integer that

counts up from a initial value to an upper limit. Such a loop is called a counting
loop. The integer is called a loop control variable. Loops are implemented with
the conditional branch, jump, and conditional set instructions.

A loop has three parts that must be correct:

1. The counter must be initialized.

2. The test must end the loop on the correct count.
3. The counter must be increased.

It is easy to get these wrong in a high-level programming language. It is

remarkably easy to get them wrong in assembly language.

Usually you want a top-driven loop such as the one at right, where the test is
performed at the top before control enters the loop body.
Be clear about the loop you want before you program it,
because assembly language allows any sort of weird loop.
Counting-Based Loops

Counting-based loops execute the set of statements for a fixed number of times based
on the definition at the beginning. Most modern programming languages use the For ...
Next construct for using this type of loop. “FOR” loops are the primary tools in handling
arrays in programs. Generally, the FOR loop has the following syntax:
For i = j to k Step l
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement n
Next

In the earlier example, i, j, k, l, and n are numeric variables. The variable j denotes the
initial number at which the loop begins, and k is the last number at which the loop stops.
Once the value of i becomes greater than k, the execution of the loop stops. The
keyword “For” signifies the beginning of the loop. The keyword “Step” indicates the
value by which the variable i would be incremented after every iteration. The keyword
“Next” indicates incrementing the value of the variable i by the amount of the value
indicated after the keyword Step.
The variable i would assume an initial value of j and executes the statements in the
loop block. The set of statements in the loop block would be executed even when the
value of the variable i becomes equal to k. Therefore, the number of times the set of
statements, in the loop block, are executed, is equal to (k − j + 1). For example, if the
statement is “For i − 1 to 6 Step 1,” then it would be executed (6 − 1 + 1 = 6) times. Let
us consider an example. Let us assume a single-dimensional array having six cells. Let
us fill this array using a FOR loop:

For i = 0 to 5 Step 1
Read m
arr(i) = m
Next

In the earlier example, i is a counting variable and m is the input variable. Note that we
began the loop with the initial value of zero. Generally, the first element of an array is
denoted as 0th element/cell. With the value of i being incremented by 1 in each of its
iterations, it assumes the values of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. As you can see, the loop would be
executed six times to fill the array with values received as input. In each of the iterations,
the computer performs two operations; namely, it receives one value as input and fills
the corresponding array element with that value. When i is incremented and reaches a
value of 6, the execution of the loop stops and moves to the next statement in the
program. Let us now consider a two-dimensional array and fill it with values input by the
user. Let arr be a two-dimensional array with 3 columns and 6 rows. Here is the pseudo
code for it:

For i = 0 to 5
For j = 0 to 2
Read m
arr(i, j) = m
Next
Next

Control Statements

In the earlier example, i and j are counters. The variable m is the input variable. The first
FOR loop sets the value of the row of the array into which the values are being filled. The
second FOR loop sets the value of the array column for filling the value. The statement
arr(i, j) indicates the array element where i is the row number and j is the column number.
If i = 2 and j = 2, then the value goes into row #3 and column #3 (as the computer
counts from zero and we count from 1!).
Here are the general rules for the FOR loop.

1. FOR loops are used to define loops that are executed a finite number of times based
on the value of the counting variable.
2. A FOR loop needs a counter, a numeric variable used for counting the number of
iterations executed by the loop.
3. It also needs an incrementing value/variable to increment the counter by after
completing every iteration. If we do not define an incrementing variable, most
computers assume the increment to be 1.
4. The FOR loop needs some indicator to indicate the last statement in the loop. Some
programming languages use Next, and some simply use a closing curly brace—“}.”
5. The FOR loop can be blank, that is, there need not be any statements between the For
statement and the Next statement. Such loops are called as delay loops and are used
sometimes in the programs. It just delays the program execution for the time it spends
in counting the numbers specified in the loop.

Utility of FOR Loops

FOR loops are used mostly in programs solving mathematical problems. Matrix algebra,
factorials, prime number generation, random number generation, and others that require
the repeated execution of a set of statements when the number of times those
statements need execution is known beforehand. Of course, these can be used in other
areas too, but the prerequisite to use this construct is that we need to know the number
of times the set of statements needs to be executed.

Precautions for Using the FOR Loop

While it is common to use numeric constants in the FOR loop for the counter and the
step, it is better to use variables and input the values using a data file. This helps in
software maintenance when the values need change. Then we can simply change the
data file without resorting to a program change, which is more tedious than changing the
data.
 Engage

ACTIVITY 1: Identify me!

Direction: Identify the following parts of the syntax.

For i = j to k Step l
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement n
Next

1. numeric variables = ____

2. denotes the initial number at which the loop begins=___
3. the last number at which the loop stops=______
4. signifies the beginning of the loop= _____
5. indicates the value by which the variable i would be incremented after every
iteration=_______
6. indicates incrementing the value of the variable i by the amount of the value indicated
after the keyword Step = _____

For i = 0 to 5 Step 1
Read m
arr(i) = m
Next

7. assume an initial value of j and executes the statements in the loop block = ___
8. is the input variable = ___
9. the first element of an array is denoted as = __
10. used to define loops that are executed a finite number of times based on the value of
the counting variable = ______
 Apply

Activity 2
INSTRUCTION: Code Me!

1. In your laptop, desktop computer or cell phone, write a simple code and apply
counting-based loop statement;
For smartphone (use android version of any computer programming
language)
2. Then write your explanation in a separate paper. Five (5) points each.
3. The activity will be scored using the Rubrics below:

Example:
CODE Programming Language
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,num,k,count;
printf("enter num of rows\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
count=num-1;
for(i=1;i<=count;i++)
{
for(k=1;k<=count;k++)
{
printf(" ");
C language
}
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("*");

}
printf("\n");
count--;
}
}
Explanation of the Output:
 Use the Rubrics in evaluating the code:

Trait 5 4 3 2
Excellent Good Fair Poor
The program works The program works and The program The program is
and meets all of the produces the correct produces correct producing incorrect
specifications. results and displays them results but does results.
Specifications
correctly. It also meets not display them
most of the other correctly.
specifications.
The code is . The code is The code is poorly
exceptionally well The code is fairly easy to readable only by organized and very
organized and very read. someone who difficult to read.
Readability
easy to follow. knows what it is
supposed to be
doing.
The documentation is The documentation The documentation The documentation is
well written and consists of embedded is simply comments simply comments
clearly explains what comment and some simple embedded in the embedded in the
Documentation
the code is header documentation that code with some code and does not
accomplishing and is somewhat useful in simple header help the reader
how. understanding the code. comments understand the code.
separating routines.
 Assess

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What are the primary tools in handling arrays in programs?

a. “ FOR” loops b. while loop c. if… d. GOTO
2.Which of the following denotes the initial number at which the loop begins?
a. k b. j c. i d. m
3.Which of the following is the last number at which the loop stops?
a. i b. j c. k d. m
4.It signifies the beginning of the loop?
a. “if…” b. “next” c. “step” d. “for”
5.It indicates the value by which the variable i would be incremented after every
iteration?
a. “if…” b. “next” c. “for” d. “step”
6.Which of the following indicates incrementing the value of the variable i by the
amount of the value indicated after the keyword Step?
a. “for” b. “step” c. “next” d. “if…”
7.It assumes an initial value of j and executes the statements in the loop block.
a. k b. i c. j d. m
8.What is the input variable?
a. m b. i c. j d. k
9.Which denote as the first element of an array?
a. 0th element/cell b. 5th element/cell
nd
b. 2 element/cell d. “if…”
10. It is used to define loops that are executed a finite number of times based on
the value of the counting variable?
a. GO TO loops b. FOR loop c. WHILE loop d. End lOOP
 Reflect

Today, I have learned that_______________________________________

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

I have difficulty in _______________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________.