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 GHT
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 Topic

Etymology of English Word

table of History of the English language

contens
Changes borrowed words go through
Internatiuonal waord

Etymological doublets
Translation - loans
Relationship between etymological

and stylistic characterists

I.History of the
English language

Are all English words really English?
As a matter of fact, they are - if we regard them in the light of present-day English.
If, however, their origins are looked into, the picture may seem somewhat bewildering A
person who does not know English but knows French (Italian, Latin, Spanish) is certain
to recognize a great number of familiar - looking words when skipping through an
English book.
English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages.
T he family relationship of these languages, here are the words for mother and
brother.
English mother brother
German mutter bruder
Gaelic máthair braithair
Latin mater frater
Greek mëtër phratër
Old Church Slavonic mati bratru
Sanskrit mãtr bhrãtr
1. The first century B. C.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, a series of wars between the Germanic
tribes and the Romans brings two peoples into contact. The Germanic people gain
knowledge of new and useful things from the Romans, such as how to make
butter and cheese. and the Latin names of many fruits and vegetables enter
their vocabularies reflecting their new knowledge:
cherry (Lat. cerasum), pear (Lat. pirum), plum (Lat. primus)
Some more examples of Latin borrowings of this period are:
cup (Lat., cupa), kitchen (Lat., coquina), mill (Lat ..molina).
all these Latin words were destined to become the earliest group of borrowings
in the future English language which was - much later - built on the basis of
the Germanic tribal languages.
2. The fifth century, A. D.
Several of the Germanic tribes migrated across the sea now known as the
English Channel to the British Isles.
There they were confronted by the Celts, the original inhabitants of the
Isles.
Through their numerous contacts with the defeated Celts, the conquerors got
to know and assimilated a number of Celtic words (Mod. (Mod. E. bald,
down, glen, druid, bard, cradle, etc)
The Germanic tribes occupied the land, but the names of many parts and
features of their territory remained Celtic.. For instance, the names of the
rivers Avon, Exe, Esk, Usk, Ux originate from Celtic words meaning river
and water.
Some Latin words entered the Anglo-Saxon languages through Celtic,
among them such widely-used words as street (Lat., strata via) and wall
(Lat., vallum).
3. The seventh century, A. D.
This century was significant for the christianization of England.
Latin was the official language of the Christian church, and consequently the
spread of Christianity was accompanied by a new period of Latin borrowings..

4.From the end of the 8th century to the middle of the 11 th

century.
after england was invaded by Scandina some of words of this group
are easily recognizable as Scandinavian borrowings by the initial sk-
combination.
E.g. ski, skate, sky, skill, skin.
So, O.E. bread which meant piece acquired its modern meaning by
association with the Scandinavian braud.
5. 1066.
After the Battle of Hastings in 1066, Norman French words
from the Norman dialect penetrated every aspect of English life.
Here is a very brief list of examples of Norman French
borrowings
Administrative words: government, council, power, state.
Legal terms: court, crime, prison, judge, justice.
Military terms; war, soldier, battle, officer, army.
Educational terms: pupil, pen, pencil, lesson, library.
Numerous terms of everyday life were also borrowed from
French in this period;
e.g. plate, saucer, autumn, uncle, river, etc
6. The Renaissance Period.
In England, by a revival of interest in the ancient civilizations
of Greece and Rome and their languages Renaissance ones
were rarely concrete names. Thev were mostly abstract words:
e.g.: filial, moderate, intelligent, elect, create
There were naturally numerous scientific and artistic terms:
e.g datum, status, phenomenon, music, phylosophy
The same is true of Greek Renaissance borrowings:
e.g. cycle, ethics, esthete, atom
During the 14th and 15th centuries, a number of new
words entered the English vocabulary from other
European languages. The most significant once more
were French borrowings which came from the Parisian
dialect of French.
These words of French origin sound and "look" very
different from their Norman predecessors.
e.g police, machine, ballet, matinée, technique Italian
also contributed a considerable number of words to
English:
e.g opera, alarm, colonel, piano, violin
 The Etymological Structure of English Vocabulary
The native element The borrowed element

I. Indo-European element I.Celtic ( 5 th - 6 th c. AD)

II. Latin
1st group: 1st c. B.C
II. Germanic element 2nd Group: 7th c. A.D
3rd group: the Renaissance period

III. Scandinavian (8th - 1 Ith c. AD)

IV. French
III. English Proper element (not l. Norman borrowings: I Ith-13th c. A.D
2. Parisian borrowings (Renaissance)
earlier than 5th c. A.D) V. Greek (Renaissance)
VI. Italian (Renaissance and later)
VII. Spanish (Renaissance and later)
VIII. German.
Indian
Russian
And some other groups
 The English language is divided into three groups, the native element, the original stock of
the English vocabulary and the Indo-European and Germanic groups. The native element in
English comprises a large number of high-frequency words like the articles, prepositions,
pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliaries and, also, words denoting everyday objects and ideas. The
words of this group first appeared in the 5th century or later, after the Germanic tribes migrated
to the British Isles.
The following groups can be identified:
l . Family relations: father, mother, brother.
2. Parts of the human body: foot, nose, lip.
3 . Animals: cow, swine, goose.
4. Plants: tree, birch, corn.
5. Times of day: day, night.
6. Heavenly bodies: sun, moon, star.
7. Numerous adjectives: red, new, glad.
8. The numerals from one to a hundred.
9. Pronouns - personal, demonstrative.
10. Numerous verbs : be, sit, eat.
 The Etymological Structure of English Vocabulary
The native element The borrowed element

I. Indo-European element I.Celtic ( 5 th - 6 th c. AD)

II. Latin
1st group: 1st c. B.C
II. Germanic element 2nd Group: 7th c. A.D
3rd group: the Renaissance period

III. Scandinavian (8th - 1 Ith c. AD)

IV. French
III. English Proper element (not l. Norman borrowings: I Ith-13th c. A.D
2. Parisian borrowings (Renaissance)
earlier than 5th c. A.D) V. Greek (Renaissance)
VI. Italian (Renaissance and later)
VII. Spanish (Renaissance and later)
VIII. German.
Indian
Russian
And some other groups
The Germanic element represents words of roots common to all or most Germanic languages.
Some of the main groups of Germanic words are the same as in the Indo-European element.
1. Parts of the human body: head, hand, arm.
2. Animals: fox, calf, bear.
3.Plants: oak, fir, grass.
. 4.Natural phenomena: rain, frost
5.Seasons of the year: winter, spring, summer
. 6. Landscape features: sea, land
7.Human dwellings and furniture: house, room, bench
8.Sea-going vessels: boat, ship
9.Adjectives: green, blue, grey, white
10.Verbs: see, hear, speak, tell, say
The English proper element is, in certain respects, opposed to the first two groups of words. Not
only can it be approximately dated, but these words have another distinctive feature: they are
specifically English having no cognates in order languages like Germanic and Indo-European.
 2.
Changes borrowed words
go through
Do borrowed words change or do they remain the
same?
Most of them take the second way, that is, they adjust
themselves to their new environment
and get adapted to the norms of the recipient
language.
Borrowed words are adjusted in the three main areas
of the new language system: the
phonetic, the grammatical and the semantic.
 Phonetic adaptation
The lasting nature of phonetic adaptation is best
shown by comparing Norman French
borrowings to later ones.
Grammatical adaptation
Grammatical adaptation consists in a
complete change of the former paradigm of the
borrowed word.
 Semantic adaptation
Semantic adaptation means adjustment to the system of
meanings of the vocabulary. Sometimes a word may be
borrowed "blindly", so to speak, Quite a
number of such "accidental" borrowings are
very soon rejected by the vocabulary and forgotten.
 3.
International words

 So first, do you know what international means:
+ International: involving more than country
-> International words: words are borrowed by several
countries. They usually convey notions that are significant
in the field of communication.
E.g. Club, Dynamite, calendar,...
Many words are of latin Greak origin
Butter lation: Butyrum
Physics lation: physica
There are also words of French origin, Dutch
origin,...
E.g. cookie (English) - Koekie (Dutch)
Combination of words
E.g: grapefruit (English) - Grape+fruit (French)
-> We can see international words in
+ Most name of sciences are international
E.g. Biology, lexicology,...
+ Terms of art: Music drama,...
+ Political terms: Television, antibiotic,...
+ Fruits and foodstuffs from exotic countries coffee,
cocoa
+ The English language especially the sports terms:
Football, goft
 4.
Etymological doublets

In etymological, two or more words in the same language are called doublets or
etymological twins (or possibly triplets, forth,…)when they have different
phonological forms but the same root.
E.g:
Shirt: is a native word.
Skirt: is a Scandinavian borrowing.
=)) have the same root but different phonemic.
different meanings but easily associated.
both denote articles of clothing
+, Some pairs, like “shirt” and “skirt”, consist of a native word and a
borrowed word.
E.g:
Shrew,n.(E)
Screw,n.(Sc)
+, Others are borrowed from the same language twice but in different
periods.
E.g:
Corpse (Norm.Fr) - corps (Par.Fr)
Travel (Norm.Fr) - travail (Par.Fr)
Cavalry (Norm.Fr) - chivalry (Par.Fr)
+, A doublet may also consist of a shortened word and the one from
which it was derived
E.g:
History - story
Fantasy - fancy - fan
Courtesy - curtsy.
+, Etymological triplets: are rarer
E. g:
Hospital (Lat.) - hostel ( Norm.Fr) - hotel (Par.Fr)
To capture (Lat.) - to catch (Norm.Fr) - to chase
(Par.Fr)
 5.
Translation -
loans

 Loan-word
The term loan-word is equivalent to borrowing .
It is only compound words (words of two or more stems ) which can be
subjected to such an operation ,each stem being translated separately.
E.g:
- Kindergarten /ˈkɪndərɡɑːrtn/(Loan-word from German)
English: a school for children between the ages
of about two and five
Germa: Children's garden
 -Literature /ˈlɪtrətʃə(r)/ (Loan-word from French :
littérature)
Mean: pieces of writing that are valued as works of art,
especially novels, plays and poems .
-Identity/aɪˈdentəti/ (Loan-word from French ;
identité )
Mean: English who or what somebody/something is
French identical; consistency

By translation-loan we indicate borrowings of a

special kind . They are not taken into the
vocabulary of another language more or less in
the same phonemic shape in which they have been
functioning in their own language .
6. Relationship between
etymological and
stylistic characterists

-Finding a considerable number of native words in
the basic vocabulary yet, one should keep in mind
that among basic vocabulary words there are also
rather numerous Latin and French borrowings.
-Words like very, air, hour, cry, oil, cat,
pay, box, face, poor, and dress are of
foreign origin despite their native
appearance and common use.
=> So it would be correct to state that, though
native words prevail in the basic vocabulary, this
stratum also comprises a considerable number of
old borrowings which have become so fully
adapted to the English language system that they
are practically indistinguishable from the native
stock.
the whole opposition of “formal
versus informal” is based on the
deeper underlying opposition of
“borrowed versus native”, as the
informal strata, especially slang
and dialect, abound in native words
Comparing the expressive and stylistic value of the
French and the English words in such synonymic pairs
as to begin – to commence, to wish – to desire, we can
see that the French word is usually more formal.
English words are much warmer than their Latin
synonyms, they don’t sound cold and dry: “motherly” —
“maternal”, “fatherly” — “paternal”, “childish” —
“infantile", “daughterly” — “filial”, etc.
Thank you
for listening!