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    Joining Tables PDF

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    Yudi

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    Joining Tables PDF

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    Yudi
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    47 views29 pages

    Joining Tables PDF

    Uploaded by

    Yudi

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    Displaying Data from Multiple Tables

    Database Design
    Muhammad Rudyanto Arief
    rudy@amikom.ac.id
    Objectives
    § After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the
    following:
    § Write SELECT statements to access data from more than one table using
    equijoins and non- equijoins
    § Join a table to itself by using a self-join
    § View data that generally does not meet a join condition by using outer
    joins
    § Generate a Cartesian product of all rows from two or more tables
    Obtaining Data from Multiple Tables
    EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

    …
    Types of Joins
    Joins that are compliant with the SQL:1999 standard
    include the following:
    § Cross joins
    § Inner join atau Natural joins
    § USING clause
    § Full (or two-sided) outer joins
    § Arbitrary join conditions for outer joins
    Cross Join
    § Menggabungkan semua record dari tabel pertama dengan semua
    record di tabel kedua.
    § Banyaknya record dari cross join = jumlah record tabel pertama X
    jumlah record tabel kedua
    § Contoh:
    § SELECT *
    FROM mahasiswa CROSS JOIN dosen;
    § SELECT *
    FROM mahasiswa, dosen;
    Inner Join
    § Menghubungkan 2 (atau lebih) tabel berdasarkan atribut
    penghubung.
    § Metode 1:
    § SELECT *
    FROM mahasiswa INNER JOIN dosen
    USING (nik);
    § Metode 2:
    § SELECT *
    FROM mahasiswa INNER JOIN dosen ON mahasiswa.nik = dosen.nik;
    Inner Join (lanjutan 1)
    § Metode 3:
    § SELECT * FROM mahasiswa NATURAL INNER JOIN dosen;
    § Metode 4 (paling kompatibel):
    § SELECT * FROM mahasiswa, dosen
    WHERE mahasiswa.nik = dosen.nik;
    § Perhatian: Untuk INNER JOIN, Anda dapat menghilangkan kata
    ‘INNER’. Jadi, cukup dengan kata ‘JOIN’ saja.
    Inner Join (lanjutan 2)
    § Dengan metode 4, jika kolom yang ingin ditampilkan ada di lebih dari
    2 tabel, maka Anda harus menentukan tabel mana yang diinginkan.
    § Contoh:
    § SELECT dosen.nik, nama_mhs, nik FROM mahasiswa, dosen
    WHERE mahasiswa.nik = dosen.nik;
    Joining Tables Using SQL:1999 Syntax
    Use a join to query data from more than one table:

    SELECT table1.column, table2.column


    FROM table1
    [NATURAL JOIN table2] |
    [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] |
    [JOIN table2
    ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)]|
    [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2
    ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)]|
    [CROSS JOIN table2];
    Creating Natural Joins
    § The NATURAL JOIN clause is based on all columns in
    the two tables that have the same name.
    § It selects rows from the two tables that have equal values
    in all matched columns.
    § If the columns having the same names have different
    data types, an error is returned.
    Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names
    § Use table prefixes to qualify column names that are
    in multiple tables.
    § Use table prefixes to improve performance.
    § Use column aliases to distinguish columns that have
    identical names but reside in different tables.
    § Do not use aliases on columns that are identified in
    the USING clause and listed elsewhere in the SQL
    statement.
    Using Table Aliases
    § Use table aliases to simplify queries.
    § Use table aliases to improve performance.

    SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name,


    d.location_id, department_id
    FROM employees e JOIN departments d
    ON e.department_id = d.department_id;
    Creating Joins with the ON Clause
    § The join condition for the natural join is basically an
    equijoin of all columns with the same name.
    § Use the ON clause to specify arbitrary conditions or
    specify columns to join.
    § The join condition is separated from other search
    conditions.
    § The ON clause makes code easy to understand.
    Retrieving Records with the ON Clause

    SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,


    d.department_id, d.location_id
    FROM employees e JOIN departments d
    ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);

    …
    Self-Joins Using the ON Clause
    EMPLOYEES (WORKER) EMPLOYEES (MANAGER)

    … …

    MANAGER_ID in the WORKER table is equal to


    EMPLOYEE_ID in the MANAGER table.
    Self-Joins Using the ON Clause

    SELECT e.last_name emp, m.last_name mgr


    FROM employees e JOIN employees m
    ON (e.manager_id = m.employee_id);

    …
    Applying Additional Conditions to a Join
    Creating Three-Way Joins with the ON Clause

    …
    Non-Equijoins
    EMPLOYEES JOB_GRADES

    Salary in the EMPLOYEES


    table must be between
    … lowest salary and highest
    salary in the JOB_GRADES
    table.
    Retrieving Records with Non-Equijoins
    SELECT e.last_name, e.salary, j.grade_level
    FROM employees e JOIN job_grades j
    ON e.salary
    BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;

    …
    Outer Joins
    DEPARTMENTS EMPLOYEES

    There are no employees in


    department 190.
    INNER Versus OUTER Joins
    § In SQL:1999, the join of two tables returning only
    matched rows is called an inner join.
    § A join between two tables that returns the results of
    the inner join as well as the unmatched rows from
    the left (or right) tables is called a left (or right) outer
    join.
    § A join between two tables that returns the results of
    an inner join as well as the results of a left and right
    join is a full outer join.
    LEFT OUTER JOIN

    SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name


    FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
    ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;

    …
    RIGHT OUTER JOIN
    SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name
    FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
    ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;

    …
    FULL OUTER JOIN
    SELECT e.last_name, d.department_id, d.department_name
    FROM employees e FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
    ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;

    …
    Cartesian Products
    § A Cartesian product is formed when:
    o A join condition is omitted
    o A join condition is invalid
    o All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the
    second table
    § To avoid a Cartesian product, always include a valid join
    condition.
    Generating a Cartesian Product
    EMPLOYEES (20 rows) DEPARTMENTS (8 rows)

    Cartesian product:
    20 x 8 = 160 rows

    …
    Creating Cross Joins
    § The CROSS JOIN clause produces the cross-
    product of two tables.
    § This is also called a Cartesian product between the
    two tables. SELECT last_name, department_name
    FROM employees
    CROSS JOIN departments ;

    …
    Summary
    In this lesson, you should have learned how to use
    joins to display data from multiple tables by using:
    § Equijoins
    § Non-equijoins
    § Outer joins
    § Self-joins
    § Cross joins
    § Natural joins
    § Full (or two-sided) outer joins

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