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    SQL06

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    haflores2512
    This document discusses different types of joins in SQL, including: - Natural joins using the USING and ON clauses - Self joins to join a table to itself - Nonequijoins that join on non-equality conditions - Outer joins including left, right, and full outer joins to return all records from one or both tables - Cartesian products formed without a join condition to combine all rows from two tables The document provides examples of SQL syntax for each type of join.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    SQL06

    Uploaded by

    haflores2512
    21 views36 pages
    This document discusses different types of joins in SQL, including: - Natural joins using the USING and ON clauses - Self joins to join a table to itself - Nonequijoins that join on non-equality conditions - Outer joins including left, right, and full outer joins to return all records from one or both tables - Cartesian products formed without a join condition to combine all rows from two tables The document provides examples of SQL syntax for each type of join.

    Original Description:

    SQL Oracle 06

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    This document discusses different types of joins in SQL, including: - Natural joins using the USING and ON clauses - Self joins to join a table to itself - Nonequijoins that join on non-equality conditions - Outer joins including left, right, and full outer joins to return all records from one or both tables - Cartesian products formed without a join condition to combine all rows from two tables The document provides examples of SQL syntax for each type of join.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    21 views36 pages

    SQL06

    Uploaded by

    haflores2512
    This document discusses different types of joins in SQL, including: - Natural joins using the USING and ON clauses - Self joins to join a table to itself - Nonequijoins that join on non-equality conditions - Outer joins including left, right, and full outer joins to return all records from one or both tables - Cartesian products formed without a join condition to combine all rows from two tables The document provides examples of SQL syntax for each type of join.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 36

    6

    Displaying Data
    from Multiple Tables
    Objectives

    After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the


    following:
    • Write SELECT statements to access data from more than
    one table using equijoins and nonequijoins
    • Join a table to itself by using a self-join
    • View data that generally does not meet a join condition by
    using outer joins
    • Generate a Cartesian product of all rows from two or more
    tables

    6-2
    Lesson Agenda

    • Types of JOINS and its syntax


    • Natural join:
    – USING clause
    – ON clause
    • Self-join
    • Nonequijoins
    • OUTER join:
    – LEFT OUTER join
    – RIGHT OUTER join
    – FULL OUTER join
    • Cartesian product
    – Cross join

    6-3
    Obtaining Data from Multiple Tables

    EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

    6-4
    Types of Joins

    Joins that are compliant with the SQL:1999 standard include


    the following:
    • Natural joins:
    – NATURAL JOIN clause
    – USING clause
    – ON clause
    • Outer joins:
    – LEFT OUTER JOIN
    – RIGHT OUTER JOIN
    – FULL OUTER JOIN
    • Cross joins

    6-5
    Joining Tables Using SQL:1999 Syntax

    Use a join to query data from more than one table:

    SELECT table1.column, table2.column


    FROM table1
    [NATURAL JOIN table2] |
    [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] |
    [JOIN table2
    ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)]|
    [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2
    ON (table1.column_name = table2.column_name)]|
    [CROSS JOIN table2];

    6-6
    Qualifying Ambiguous
    Column Names
    • Use table prefixes to qualify column names that are in
    multiple tables.
    • Use table prefixes to improve performance.
    • Instead of full table name prefixes, use table aliases.
    • Table alias gives a table a shorter name:
    – Keeps SQL code smaller, uses less memory
    • Use column aliases to distinguish columns that have
    identical names, but reside in different tables.

    6-7
    Lesson Agenda

    • Types of JOINS and its syntax


    • Natural join:
    – USING clause
    – ON clause
    • Self-join
    • Nonequijoins
    • OUTER join:
    – LEFT OUTER join
    – RIGHT OUTER join
    – FULL OUTER join
    • Cartesian product
    – Cross join

    6-8
    Creating Natural Joins

    • The NATURAL JOIN clause is based on all columns in the


    two tables that have the same name.
    • It selects rows from the two tables that have equal values in
    all matched columns.
    • If the columns having the same names have different data
    types, an error is returned.

    6-9
    Retrieving Records with Natural Joins

    SELECT department_id, department_name,


    location_id, city
    FROM departments
    NATURAL JOIN locations ;

    6 - 10
    Creating Joins with the USING Clause

    • If several columns have the same names but the data types
    do not match, natural join can be applied using the USING
    clause to specify the columns that should be used for an
    equijoin.
    • Use the USING clause to match only one column when more
    than one column matches.
    • The NATURAL JOIN and USING clauses are mutually
    exclusive.

    6 - 11
    Joining Column Names

    EMPLOYEES DEPARTMENTS

    Primary key

    Foreign key

    6 - 12
    Retrieving Records with the USING Clause

    SELECT employee_id, last_name,


    location_id, department_id
    FROM employees JOIN departments
    USING (department_id) ;

    6 - 13
    Using Table Aliases with the USING Clause

    • Do not qualify a column that is used in the USING clause.


    • If the same column is used elsewhere in the SQL statement,
    do not alias it.
    SELECT l.city, d.department_name
    FROM locations l JOIN departments d
    USING (location_id)
    WHERE d.location_id = 1400;

    6 - 14
    Creating Joins with the ON Clause

    • The join condition for the natural join is basically an equijoin


    of all columns with the same name.
    • Use the ON clause to specify arbitrary conditions or specify
    columns to join.
    • The join condition is separated from other search conditions.
    • The ON clause makes code easy to understand.

    6 - 15
    Retrieving Records with the ON Clause

    SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,


    d.department_id, d.location_id
    FROM employees e JOIN departments d
    ON (e.department_id = d.department_id);

    6 - 16
    Creating Three-Way Joins with
    the ON Clause

    SELECT employee_id, city, department_name


    FROM employees e
    JOIN departments d
    ON d.department_id = e.department_id
    JOIN locations l
    ON d.location_id = l.location_id;

    6 - 17
    Applying Additional Conditions
    to a Join
    Use the AND clause or the WHERE clause to apply additional
    conditions:
    SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
    d.department_id, d.location_id
    FROM employees e JOIN departments d
    ON (e.department_id = d.department_id)
    AND e.manager_id = 149 ;

    Or
    SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
    d.department_id, d.location_id
    FROM employees e JOIN departments d
    ON (e.department_id = d.department_id)
    WHERE e.manager_id = 149 ;

    6 - 18
    Lesson Agenda

    • Types of JOINS and its syntax


    • Natural join:
    – USING clause
    – ON clause
    • Self-join
    • Nonequijoins
    • OUTER join:
    – LEFT OUTER join
    – RIGHT OUTER join
    – FULL OUTER join
    • Cartesian product
    – Cross join

    6 - 19
    Joining a Table to Itself

    EMPLOYEES (WORKER) EMPLOYEES (MANAGER)

    … …

    MANAGER_ID in the WORKER table is equal to


    EMPLOYEE_ID in the MANAGER table.

    6 - 20
    Self-Joins Using the ON Clause

    SELECT worker.last_name emp, manager.last_name mgr


    FROM employees worker JOIN employees manager
    ON (worker.manager_id = manager.employee_id);

    6 - 21
    Lesson Agenda

    • Types of JOINS and its syntax


    • Natural join:
    – USING clause
    – ON clause
    • Self-join
    • Nonequijoins
    • OUTER join:
    – LEFT OUTER join
    – RIGHT OUTER join
    – FULL OUTER join
    • Cartesian product
    – Cross join

    6 - 22
    Nonequijoins

    EMPLOYEES JOB_GRADES

    JOB_GRADES table defines the


    … LOWEST_SAL and HIGHEST_SAL range
    of values for each GRADE_LEVEL.
    Hence, the GRADE_LEVEL column can
    be used to assign grades to each
    employee.

    6 - 23
    Retrieving Records
    with Nonequijoins

    SELECT e.last_name, e.salary, j.grade_level


    FROM employees e JOIN job_grades j
    ON e.salary
    BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;

    6 - 24
    Lesson Agenda

    • Types of JOINS and its syntax


    • Natural join:
    – USING clause
    – ON clause
    • Self-join
    • Nonequijoins
    • OUTER join:
    – LEFT OUTER join
    – RIGHT OUTER join
    – FULL OUTER join
    • Cartesian product
    – Cross join

    6 - 25
    Returning Records with No Direct Match
    with Outer Joins

    DEPARTMENTS EMPLOYEES

    There are no employees in


    department 190.

    6 - 26
    INNER Versus OUTER Joins

    • In SQL:1999, the join of two tables returning only matched


    rows is called an inner join.
    • A join between two tables that returns the results of the inner
    join as well as the unmatched rows from the left (or right)
    table is called a left (or right) outer join.
    • A join between two tables that returns the results of an inner
    join as well as the results of a left and right join is a full outer
    join.

    6 - 27
    LEFT OUTER JOIN

    SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name


    FROM employees e LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
    ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;

    6 - 28
    RIGHT OUTER JOIN

    SELECT e.last_name, e.department_id, d.department_name


    FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
    ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;

    6 - 29
    FULL OUTER JOIN

    SELECT e.last_name, d.department_id, d.department_name


    FROM employees e FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
    ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) ;

    6 - 30
    Lesson Agenda

    • Types of JOINS and its syntax


    • Natural join:
    – USING clause
    – ON clause
    • Self-join
    • Nonequiijoin
    • OUTER join:
    – LEFT OUTER join
    – RIGHT OUTER join
    – FULL OUTER join
    • Cartesian product
    – Cross join

    6 - 31
    Cartesian Products

    • A Cartesian product is formed when:


    – A join condition is omitted
    – A join condition is invalid
    – All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second
    table
    • To avoid a Cartesian product, always include a valid join
    condition.

    6 - 32
    Generating a Cartesian Product

    EMPLOYEES (20 rows) DEPARTMENTS (8 rows)

    Cartesian product:

    20 x 8 = 160 rows
    …

    6 - 33
    Creating Cross Joins

    • The CROSS JOIN clause produces the cross-product of two


    tables.
    • This is also called a Cartesian product between the two
    tables.
    SELECT last_name, department_name
    FROM employees
    CROSS JOIN departments ;

    6 - 34
    Summary

    In this lesson, you should have learned how to use joins to


    display data from multiple tables by using:
    • Equijoins
    • Nonequijoins
    • Outer joins
    • Self-joins
    • Cross joins
    • Natural joins
    • Full (or two-sided) outer joins

    6 - 35
    Practice 6: Overview

    This practice covers the following topics:


    • Joining tables using an equijoin
    • Performing outer and self-joins
    • Adding conditions

    6 - 36

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