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    Chapter 8 - Electricity and Chemical Change PDF

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    Aarush Sharma
    Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to cause a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. During electrolysis, ions move between the anode and cathode when placed in an electrolyte solution or molten ionic compound. At the anode, oxidation occurs as ions lose electrons. At the cathode, reduction occurs as ions gain electrons. Common products include hydrogen and oxygen gas, as well as deposition of metals at the cathode.

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    Chapter 8 - Electricity and Chemical Change PDF

    Uploaded by

    Aarush Sharma
    23 views8 pages
    Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to cause a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. During electrolysis, ions move between the anode and cathode when placed in an electrolyte solution or molten ionic compound. At the anode, oxidation occurs as ions lose electrons. At the cathode, reduction occurs as ions gain electrons. Common products include hydrogen and oxygen gas, as well as deposition of metals at the cathode.

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    Chapter 8 - Electricity and chemical change.pdf

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    Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to cause a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. During electrolysis, ions move between the anode and cathode when placed in an electrolyte solution or molten ionic compound. At the anode, oxidation occurs as ions lose electrons. At the cathode, reduction occurs as ions gain electrons. Common products include hydrogen and oxygen gas, as well as deposition of metals at the cathode.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views8 pages

    Chapter 8 - Electricity and Chemical Change PDF

    Uploaded by

    Aarush Sharma
    Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to cause a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. During electrolysis, ions move between the anode and cathode when placed in an electrolyte solution or molten ionic compound. At the anode, oxidation occurs as ions lose electrons. At the cathode, reduction occurs as ions gain electrons. Common products include hydrogen and oxygen gas, as well as deposition of metals at the cathode.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Key Terms:

    1. Electrolysis
    The process by which an ionic compound, when molten or in aqueous solution, is
    chemically changed by the passage of an electric current
    2. Electrolyte
    A liquid which is chemically changed by an electric current
    3. Electrodes
    The conducting rods by which the electric current enters and leaves the electrolyte
    4. Anode
    The positive (+) electrode
    5. Cathode
    The negative (-) electrode

    Conductors Electrolytes

    Physical State Solid Liquid

    Differences Conduct electricity Conduct electricity


    Not chemically changed by Chemically changed by the
    the electric current electric current
    Only physical change - Products of chemical change
    become hot are formed at the electrodes

    Examples All metallic elements and Molten ionic compounds


    alloys Aqueous solutions containing
    Graphite and graphene ions

    Particles responsible for Moving electrons (mobile) Moving ions


    conduction

    When molten ionic compounds and aqueous solution of an ionic compound conduct electricity,
    the positive ions (cations) move to the cathode (-) and the negative ions (anions) move to the
    anode (+).

    At the cathode, positive ions gain electrons and are reduced.


    2H+ + 2e- -> H2

    At the anode, negative ions lose electrons and are oxidised.


    2Cl- -> Cl2 + 2e-

    The products of electrolysis are formed at the electrodes.


    When ions lose their charge to form atoms or molecules they are said to be discharged.
    Electrolysis
    A process where an ionic compound in molten or aqueous state is broken down using electricity.
    A covalent compound cannot be electrolysed.
    An ionic compound can be electrolysed only when it is in a molten or aqueous state. There are
    no free ions in solid state.

    Summary:
    Type of electrolyte Products at anode (+) Products at cathode (-)

    Molten ionic compound Non-metallic element Metallic element

    Aqueous solutions containing Either oxygen gas or Either hydrogen gas or


    ions Halogen (Chlorine, Bromine Metallic element below
    or iodine) from any hydrogen in the reactivity
    concentrated aqueous series (e.g. copper)
    solution of a halide (chloride,
    bromide, iodide)

    Graphite/ Carbon - Black


    Platinum - Silvery

    Very reactive metals that react with cold water (potassium, sodium and calcium) cannot be
    produced by electrolysis of aqueous solutions.
    Examples

    Product Observations Ionic half- Product Observations Ionic half-


    at anode at anode (+) equation for at at cathode (-) equation for
    (+) reaction at cathode reaction at cathode
    anode (+) (-) (-)

    NaCl (l) Chlorine Bubbles of 2Cl- -> Cl2 + 2e- Sodium Grey metal Na+ + e- -> Na
    green gas coating

    NaCl (aq) Chlorine Bubbles of 2Cl- -> Cl2 + 2e- Hydrogen Bubbles of 2H+ + 2e- -> H2
    green gas colourless gas

    PbBr2 (l) Bromine Bubbles of 2Br- -> Br2 + 2e- Lead Grey metal Pb2+ + 2e- -> Pb
    brown gas coating

    HCl (aq) (conc) Chlorine Bubbles of 2Cl- -> Cl2 + 2e- Hydrogen Bubbles of 2H+ + 2e- -> H2
    green gas colourless gas

    H2SO4 (aq) Oxygen Bubbles of 4OH- -> 2H2O + Hydrogen Bubbles of 2H+ + 2e- -> H2
    (diluted) colourless gas O2 + 4e- colourless gas

    CuSO4 (aq) Oxygen Bubbles of 4OH- -> 2H2O + Copper Pink metal Cu2+ + 2e- -> Cu
    colourless gas O2 + 4e- coating
    Cations (gaining e-)
    Potassium ion K+
    Sodium ion Na+
    Calcium ion Ca2+
    Magnesium ion Mg2+
    Zinc ion Zn2+
    Iron ion Fe2+
    Lead ion Pb2+ Ease of discharge
    Hydrogen ion H+ increases Anions (losing e-)
    Copper ion Cu2+ | Chloride ion Cl-
    Silver ion Ag + \/ Bromide ion Br-
    Iodide ion I-
    Hydroxide ion OH-

    Molten NaCl
    Product at anode: Chlorine gas
    Product at cathode: Sodium

    Molten MgO
    Product at anode: Oxygen gas
    Product at cathode: Magnesium
    Aqueous HCl (diluted)
    Product at anode: Oxygen gas
    Product at cathode: Hydrogen gas

    Aqueous HCl (concentrated)


    * According to the discharge table, OH - will give away electrons to anode. But the concentration
    of OH- ions is very low. Hence, it will not get discharged. Instead, Cl- ions will get discharged.
    Product at anode: Chlorine
    Product at cathode: Hydrogen gas

    Aqueous NaCl (dilute)


    Ions present: Na+ Cl- H+ OH-
    Product at anode: Oxygen gas (4OH- -> 2H2O + O2 + 4e-)
    Product at cathode: Hydrogen gas (2H+ + 2e- -> H2)

    Aqueous NaCl (concentrated)


    Ions present: Na+ Cl- H+ OH-
    Product at anode: Chlorine 2Cl- -> Cl2 + 2e-
    Product at cathode: Hydrogen gas (2H+ + 2e- -> H2)
    *Na+ ions will not be discharged although its concentration is high because Na+ is very high up in
    the discharged table
    NaOH (aq) remains in the beaker
    Aqueous CuSO4 using Pt/C as electrodes
    Ions present: Cu2+ SO42- H+ OH-
    Product at anode: Oxygen gas (4OH- -> 2H2O + O2 + 4e-)
    Product at cathode: Copper (Cu2+(blue) + 2e- -> Cu (pinkish-brown))
    Aqueous CuSO4 is blue because of Cu2+ ions. As electrolysis occurs, the concentration of Cu2+
    goes down, the blue colour fades.

    Aqueous CuSO4 using Copper as electrodes


    (Copper is not an inert electrode - can dissolve)
    Ions present: Cu2+ SO42- H+ OH-
    Product at anode: Cu (s) + 2e- -> Cu
    Product at cathode: Copper (Cu2+(blue) + 2e- -> Cu (pinkish-brown))
    After a while, the anode becomes thinner while the cathode becomes thicker. The colour of
    solution in the beaker remains blue because the concentration of Cu2+ does not change.
    (The rate of formation of Cu2+ ions as anode = the rate of discharge of Cu2+ ions at cathode)
    Electroplating
    Coating an object with a thin layer of a metal
    Purpose:
    - Improve appearance
    - Prevent corrosion (e.g. rusting)

    Carried out using:


    - The plating metal as the anode
    - The object to be plated as the cathode
    - An aqueous solution containing ions of the plating metal as the electrolyte

    Example:
    The silver ions in the electrolyte are discharged at the cathode.
    Ag (s) -> Ag + (aq) + e-
    The silver ions that are released at the anode replace those that are discharged.
    Ag+ (aq) + e- -> Ag (s)

    The silver produced at the cathode electroplates the spoon.

    Extraction of metals
    Reactive metals are extracted by electrolysis of molten ionic compounds.
    Unreactive metals are extracted by electrolysis of aqueous solutions.

    Uses of metals, plastics and ceramics


    Aluminium is used in steel cored cables, because it is
    - Unreactive due to a coating of aluminium oxide
    - Good conductor of electricity
    - Low density

    Copper
    - Electric cables and wires due to very high electrical conductivity

    Plasticas & Ceramics


    - Do not conduct electricity
    - Used as insulators in the power supply industry

    Cells
    Electrolysis uses electrical energy to carry out chemical reactions.
    In cells, chemical reactions are used to produce electrical energy. If two dissimilar metals are
    placed in an electrolyte, electrical energy is produced. This is the principle of the battery.
    Fuel cells have a fuel (hydrogen / ethanol) The fuel reacts with oxygen in order to generate
    electricity.

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