CBSE Board

Class XII Physics

Time: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions
(a) All questions are compulsory.
(b) There are 29 questions in total. Questions 1 to 8 carry one mark each, questions 9 to
16 carry two marks each, questions 17 to 25 carry three marks each and questions
27 to 29 carry five marks each.
(c) Question 26 is a value based question carrying four marks.
(d) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one
question of two marks, one question of three marks and all three questions of five
marks each. You have to attempt only one of the given choices in such questions.
(e) Use of calculator is not permitted.
(f) You may use the following physical constants wherever necessary.
e  1.6 1019 C
c  3 108 m s -1
h  6.6 1034 J s
o  4 107 T ma -1
K B  1.38 1023 J K -1
N A  6.023 1023 /mole
mn  1.6 1027 kg

1. Suppose one proton A and one electron B are placed between two parallel plates having
a potential difference V as shown in the figure.

Will A and B experience equal or unequal force? (1)

2. An electron and a proton moving with the same speed enter the same magnetic field at
right angles to the direction of the field. For which of the two particles will the radius of
circular path be smaller? (1)
3. For which frequency of light is the human eye most sensitive? (1)
4. The electric current in a wire in the direction from B to A is decreasing. What is the
direction of induced current in the metallic loop kept above the wire as shown2in the
figure? (1)

5. A lens of focal length 30 cm is cut vertically as shown in figure. What will be the new
focal length? (1)

6. Are matter waves electromagnetic wave? Write de Broglie wave equation. (1)
7. Why a transistor can/cannot be used as a rectifier? (1)
8. What will happen if energy of the electron orbiting around nucleus becomes positive?
(1)
9. Name the dielectric whose molecules have (i) non- zero (ii) zero dipole moment. Define
the term ‘dielectric constant’ for a medium. (2)
10. Two hollow spheres of radius r 1 and r2 are given. The space between them is filled with
material of resistivity    as shown. Calculate its resistance. (2)

11. A current carrying solenoid contracts in length. Why? (2)

12. An A.C. voltage E  Eo sin wt is applied across an inductor L. Obtain an expression for

the current I. (2)

13. How much work is required to be done to reduce the separation between two like
charges of magnitude 100 C each from 20 cm to 10 cm? (2)
14. Why is spark produced in the switch, when the light is put off? (2)
OR
An iron bar falling through a hollow region of a thick cylindrical shell made of copper
experiences a retarding force. What can you conclude about the nature of the iron bar? (2)

15. Show that only an accelerated charge can produce an electromagnetic wave. (2)

16. An eye- piece of a telescope consists of two Plano – convex lenses L1 and L2 each of

focal length f separated by a distance of 2 f 3. Where should L1 be placed relative to

the focus of the objective lens of the telescope so that the final image through L2 is seen

at infinity? (2)

17. A tank is filled with water to a height of 12.5 cm. The apparent depth of a needle lying at
the bottom of the beaker is measured by a microscope to be 9.4 cm. What is the
refractive index of water? If water is replaced by a liquid of refractive index 1.63 up to
the same height. By what distance would the microscope have to be moved to focus on
the needle again? (3)
18. Calculate capacitance of capacitor as shown below. (3)

OR
A conducting slab of thickness ‘t’ is introduced without touching between the plates of a
parallel plate capacitor, separated by a distance ‘d’ (t < d). Derive an expression for the
capacitance of the capacitor. (3)

19. In the following circuit, the transistor used has a   100. Find VCE ,VBE , and VBC

for I c  2mA . (3)

20. An electron and a photon each have a wavelength of 1 nm. (3)

Find
i) Their momenta
ii) Energy of photon
iii) Kinetic energy of electron

21. A potential difference of V volts is applied to a conductor of length L and diameter D.

How are the electric field and resistance of the conductor affected when in turn
i) V is halved
ii) L is doubled
iii) D is halved (3)
22. The energy levels of an atom of element are shown in the following diagram. Which one
of the level transitions will result in the emission of photons of wavelength 620 nm? (3)

23. Explain the terms (i) pulse – amplitude modulation (PAM) and (ii) pulse – code
modulations (PCM). Which modulation is preferred in transmitting signals and why? (3)

24. Show how the following gates can be obtained by using NAND gates only (i) OR gate (ii)
AND gate (iii) Not gate (3)

25. Derive an expression for the equivalent emf and the equivalent internal resistance of a
series combination of n cells in an electric circuit. (3)

26. Two best friends John and Jolly are students of IX class. John wants to be an astronaut
but he does not know anything about astronomy. So, he shared his desire with his
friend Jolly. Jolly asked him to take advice from his teacher.
(i) What would be the suggestion of his teacher?
(ii) An astronaut is looking down on earth's surface from a space shuttle at an altitude
of 400 km. Assuming that the astronaut's pupil diameter is 5 mm and the
wavelength of visible light is 500 nm. The astronaut will be able to resolve linear
objects of about what size? (4)
27.
(a) Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross –
sectional area 1.0 x 10-7 m2 carrying a current of 1.5 A. Assume that each copper
atom contributes roughly one conduction electron. The density of copper is
9.0 103 kg m3 , and its atomic mass is 63.5 u.
 (b) Compare drift speed obtained above with
(i) Thermal speed of copper atoms at ordinary temperatures.
(ii) Speed of propagation of electric field along the conductor which causes the drift
motion. (5)
OR
Determine the current in each branch of the network shown in figure. (5)

28. Explain the principle and working of a cyclotron with the help of a labeled diagram. For
a cyclotron having oscillator frequency as 10MHz , what should be the operating
magnetic field for accelerating protons? If the radius of its ‘dees’ is 60 cm, what is the
kinetic energy of the proton beam produced by accelerator? Express your answer in
units of MeV. (5)

 e  1.6 10 19

C, mp  1.67 1027 kg , 1MeV  1.602 1013 J 

OR

State Biot–Savart’s law. Using Biot – Savart’s law, derive an expression for the magnetic
field at the centre of circular coil of numbers of turns ‘N’, radius ‘r’ and carrying a
current ‘ i’. A semicircular arc of radius 20 cm carries a current of 10A. Calculate the
magnitude of the magnetic field at the center of the arc. (5)
29. Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection. State two conditions that must be
satisfied for total internal reflection to take place. Derive the relation between the
critical angle and the refractive index of the medium. Draw ray diagram to show how a
right angled isosceles prism can be used to (i) deviate ray through 180o (ii) to invert it.
(5)
OR
 1 2 2  1
Prove that   when refraction occurs from rarer to denser media at a
u v R
convex refracting spherical surface. (5)
 CBSE Board
Class XII – Physics
Solution

1. The proton A and the electron B will experience electrostatic force of equal magnitude
but in opposite direction.

mv m m
2. As r  , for same v and B, r  . Since is smaller for an electron, the radius of
qB q q
the circular path followed by the electron will be smaller.

3. The human eye is most sensitive for 5.405 1014 Hz.

4. Induced current in the loop will be in the clockwise direction to oppose its origin.

1 1 1 
5. Since   n  1   
f  R1 R2 
1 2  n  1
Taking R1  R, R2   R,  …. (1)
f R
1 n 1
When lens is cut, then R1  R, R2  ,  …..(2)
f' R
Using equation (1) and equation (2), we get
f '  2 f  60cm

6. No, matter waves are not electromagnetic waves.

h
The de Broglie wave equation is  
mv

7. A rectifier conducts only in forward biased and not in reverse biased. But a transistor
conducts either ways. Hence, a transistor cannot be used as a rectifier.

8. The negative energy of the electron orbiting around nucleus keeps it bounded with the
nucleus. If the energy of the electron becomes positive, the electron will no longer be
bounded with the nucleus.
9.
(i) water  H 2O 
(ii) oxygen  O2 
The ratio of permittivity of a medium to the permittivity of vacuum is called dielectric
constant for the medium.

10. Resistance = 
A
 dr
dR 
4 r 2

r
r2  dr   1 2
 Total resistance      r 
r1 4 r 2
4 r1

 1 1 
R   
4  r1 r2 

11. When current flows through a solenoid, it flows in same direction in each turn as shown
in the figure below. As current through each turn is in same direction, they attract each
other.

Hence, the solenoid contracts in length.

12. Due to the applied e.m.f. E, the current ‘I’ in the inductor will be such that:
dI E
EL or dI  dt
dt L
E sin t dt E
dI  0 or I  0  sin t dt
L L
E
I   0 cos t
L
or I  I 0 sin t   
 2
E
Where I 0  0
L

13. Here q1  q2  100C, r  10cm, r2  20cm

Work done is
q1q2  r2  r1 
W  
4 0  r1r2 
 10  1
 100 106   9 109 
2
 2
 200  10
 450 J

14. When light is put off, a large e.m.f. is produced to oppose the decay of current in the
circuit. This large induced e.m.f. across the gap causes sparking in the switch.

OR

Iron bar experiences a retarding force. It means eddy currents are there, which are
produced whenever there is a change in magnetic flux. So we conclude that iron bar is a
magnet.

15. A stationary charge produces only an electric field around it. When a charge moves with
a constant velocity it produces a constant magnetic field in addition to the electric field.
As the charge is accelerated, both electric and magnetic fields change with time and
space. One becomes the source of the other, thus giving electromagnetic waves.
16. Image of the object is formed at focus of objective. This image acts like an object for
virtual image of L1 . Now virtual image produced by L1 should be located at the focus of
L2 .
Since L1 L2  2 f / 3
Image distance from L1 is v   f / 3
1 1 1
  
f v u
1 3 1
 
f f u
 u  f /4
17.
(i) Actual depth t =12.5 cm
Apparent depth a = 9.4 cm
t 12.5
a w 
  1.33
a 9.4
(ii) a l  1.63
t 12.5
al    7.7cm
a l 1.63
Therefore, the microscope has to be moved by  9.4  7.7  cm, i.e., 1.7 cm

18. The capacitor can be considered as split into two capacitors in series as shown below

2 K1 o A 2k  A
Here, c1  and c2  2 0
d d
The capacitance of capacitors in series is
1 1 1
 
c c1 c2
c1c2
 c
c1  c2
2 o A  k1k2 
c  
d  k1  k2 
 OR
Let  be the surface charge density of capacitor plates of area A. Electric field
between the plates in the air space is

Eo 
o

As in case of conducting slab E p  Eo net electric field inside the conducting slab is
zero.
Now potential difference between the plates of capacitor is

V  Eo  d  t   d  t 
o
Q  A
Q  A Co
C  o 
V d  t 1 t / d
E A
Where Co  o
d

19. Since   100

I c  2  103 A
VCE  ?;VBE  ?;VBC  ?
 VCE  V 'BE  I C  4 103
 20  2 103  4 103  20  8
VCE  12 volt
Ic

Ib
Ic
Ib   2 105 A

VBE  VEE  Ib  2  105 A
VBE  20  4  16 volt

and
VBC  VBE  VCE
 16  12
VBC  4 volt

h
20. Since  
p
6.63  1034
h
(i ) Momentum, p  
 109
p  6.63  1025 kg m / s
The momentum of electron as well as photon will be same.

hc
(ii) Energy of photon E  hv 

6.63  1034  3  108
E  1.24 keV
109 1.6 1019
h2
(iii) Kinetic energy of electron 
2 2 me


 6.63 10 
34 2

2  109   9.11 1031  1.6  1019

2

 1.51eV
21. Effect on electric field:
V
(i ) E
L
When V is halved
V E
E'  
2L 2
Electric field gets halved.
(ii) When L is doubled
V E
E'  
2L 2
Electric field gets halved.
(iii) When D is halved. No effect on electric field.

Effect on resistance:
(i) When potential is halved, current also gets reduced in the same proportion. Thus,
resistance does not change.
V
i. e.,  R  constant
I
l
(ii) R
A
As length is doubled, resistance also gets doubled.
(iii) When D is halved, area reduces to one fourth. Thus, resistance becomes four times.

hc
22. The energy of a photon of wavelength  is E 

For   620nm
6.62 1034  3 108
E  2.0eV
620 109 1.6 1019
Thus transition D for which E is 2.0 eV will take place.

23. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)

Here carrier wave is in the form of pulses

And information signal is continuous wave.

(i) Amplitude of the pulse varies in accordance with the modulating signal. It could be
single polarity or double polarity PAM.
 (ii) Pulse – code modulation (PCM)

It is modulation technique employed in digital communication. In PCM carrier wave

is a continuous wave and information signal is in the form of coded pulse.

Common modulating techniques are

i) Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
ii) Frequency shift keying (FSK)
iii) Phase shift keying (PSK)

Since PCM is more error and noise free than PAM for communication, so it is preferred.

24.
(i) Realization of OR gate using NAND gate

(ii) Realization of AND gate using NAND gate

(iii) Realization of NOT gate using NAND gate

25.
Consider first two cells in series, where one terminal of the two cells is joined together
leaving the other terminal in either cell free.
Let V (A), V (B), V (C) be the potentials at points A, B and C as shown below.

Then V (A) – V (B) is the potential difference between the positive and negative
terminals of the first cell.

We know that
V(A) –V(B) = E1 - Ir1, where E1 is the emf of the 1st cell.
Similarly,
V(B) –V(C) = E2 - Ir2, where E2 is the emf of the 2nd cell.

Hence, the potential difference between the terminals A and C of the combination is
VAC   V(A)  V(B)   V(B)  V(C) 
 E1  E 2  I(r1  r2 )

If we wish to replace the combination by a single cell between A and C of emf E eq and
internal resistance req, we would have
VAC = Eeq– I req
Comparing the last two equations, we get
Eeq = E1 + E2
and req = r1 + r2

The rule for series combination clearly can be extended to n number of cells:
(i) The equivalent emf of a series combination of n cells is just the sum of their
individual emf’s, and
(ii) The equivalent internal resistance of a series combination of n cells is just the sum
of their internal resistances.

26.
(i)
a) Teacher should guide him for the steps he must take to fulfil his dream.
b) The steps must be explained that the student after completing his senior
secondary school in science with math as stream should go for his graduation in
astronomy and give his best shot at every step to achieve his goal.
c) But for now, student should focus on his primary studies as this decision is to be
taken later on. More concentration and devotion is then required from now
onwards.
 (ii) Let x be the size of linear object that can be resolved.
1.22 x

D R
1.22  R
x 
D
1.22  500  109  400  103
  48.8m
5  103

27.
(a) We know that I  Vd ne A
I
Vd  (1)
enA

Given that I  1.5 A , A  1.0 107 m2

e  1.6 1019 C
Density of copper  9.0 103 kg / m3
Atomic mass of copper = 63.59u

Therefore, the number of atoms or number of free electrons per unit volume of copper
is
6.0 1023
 n   9.0  106
63.59
n  8.5 1028 m3

Thus, from equation (1), we get

1.5
drift velocity Vd 
8.5 10 1.6 1019 1.0 107
28

Vd  1.1103 m / s  1.1m s 1

(b)
(i) Thermal speed of copper atoms at temperature T is obtained from formula
1 3 3K BT
MV 2  K BT  V
2 2 M
at T  300k ,
V  2 102 m s
Thus, drift speed of electrons is much smaller; about 105 times the typical thermal
speed at ordinary temperatures.
(ii) Electric field travels along a conductor with a speed of electromagnetic wave
3.0 10 8
m s  . Drift speed in comparison is 1011 times the speed of electric
field.
OR
We take closed loop ADCA and apply Kirchhoff’s second rule
4  I ,  I 2   2  I 2  I3  I1   I1  10  0
7 I1  6I 2  2I3  10 (1)

For closed loop ABCA, we get

4I 2  2  I 2  I3   I1  10  0
I1  6I 2  2I3  10 (2)

For closed loop BCDEB, we get

2  I 2 ,  I3   2  I 2  I3  I1   5  0
2I1  4I 2  4I3  5 (3)
On solving equations (1), (2) and (3), we get
I1  2.5 A
I 2  0.63 A
I 3  1.88 A

Thus, the currents in various branches of the network are

AB  I 2  0.63 A
AD  I1  I 2  1.87 A
CA  I1  2.5 A
CD  I 2  I3  I1  0.01A
DEB  I3  1.88 A
BC  I 2  I3  2.51A
28. Principle of Cyclotron
A positive ion can be accelerated to a very high energy by making it pass through a
moderate electric field again and again by making use of magnetic field. 1

Working:
High frequency oscillator maintains a modest alternating potential difference between
the dees. Suppose positive ion produced at any instant finds D1 at negative potential. It
gets accelerated towards it.

Perpendicular magnetic field makes it move in a circular path. Particle traces a

semicircular path of radius r such that

mv 2
Bqv 
r
mv
r
Bq

The time taken ‘t’ is equal to the half time period of electric oscillator. Hence, as soon
as the ion arrives in the gap between the dees, the polarity of the dees is reversed and
positive ion gets accelerated towards D2 . This way the ion keeps on accelerating until
it is removed out of the dees by applying deflecting electric field across a window.

Given that v  10 106 Hz , R  0.6m

Kinetic energy =?
At resonance
 Bq 2 mv
v B  q  e
2 m e
2  3.14 1.67 1027 107
B
1.6 1019
B  0.66T
B 2e2 R 2
Kinetic energy 
2m
 0.66   1.6 1019    0.6 
2 2 2


2 1.67 1027
 7.5MeV

OR
Bio- Savart’s Law: The magnetic field induction at a point P due to a current element is
given as.
o Idl sin 
dB 
4 r2

Magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil carrying current:

According to Biot–Savart’s law, magnetic field at the centre of the coil carrying I due to
current element Idl is
o Idl
dB 
4 r 2
   90o 
Magnetic field due to whole loop is
o I
B   dB 
4 r 2 
dl

o I
B  2 r
4 r 2
o I
B
2r
 When there are N turns, we have
o NI
B
2r

Magnetic field at the centre of semicircular arc of radius ‘r’ carrying current I is
o I
B
4r
Given r  20cm  0.2m
I  10 A
o  4  107 Tm A1
4  107  10
B
4  0.2
B  1.57  105 tesla.
It is perpendicular to the plane of the paper directed in words.

29. Total Internal Reflection:

Total Internal reflection is the phenomenon of reflection of light rays back to the denser
medium when they are incident on the boundary of a denser and a rarer medium at an
angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.

Conditions for total internal reflection:

(a) Light rays should go from denser medium to rarer medium.
1
(b) The angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle ic where Sin ic 

Then the rays are totally internally reflected.
for angle i  ic
r  900
sin i sin ic
2 1  
sin r sin 900
1
 1 2 
sin ic
 (i) To deviate ray through 180o. fig (a)

(ii) To invert object. fig (b)

OR
Let 1 be refracting index of rarer medium and  2 be the refracting index of spherical
convex refracting surface XY of small aperture.
From A draw AM such that AM  OI
In IAC
r  B  γ  Exterior angle property 
 r  γ
Similarly in  OAC
i   γ
According to Snell’s law
2 sin i i
   2 r  1i
1 sin r r
So, 1      2  γ    (i)
AM AM
Let   tan   
OM PO
AM AM
  tan   
MI PC

As the spherical surface has small aperture, we have

AM AM
y  tan   
MC PC

Substituting the value in eq. (i), we have

1 2 2  1
 
PO PI PC
By sign convention, put PO  u, PI  v, PC   R
We get
1 2 2  1
 
u v R
Which is the required relation