Gallery Walk Strategy revitalize, that rekindle the desire to build an identity not out of pain but

out of possibilities, which are forward-looking and optimistic and

21st Century Literary Genres
fruitful.
1. Chick lit - Written by women, uses strong female character who is trying to j. The stories need not always be about what men, society, religion and
live in the modern world. traditions did to erase the female consciousness, rather they should
a. To transform the world, we do not have to raise slogans and conspire to emphasize how female consciousness can be reconstructed and
usher in revolutions but have to simply change the narrative. rejuvenated. Chick lit can be considered one such step which helps in
b. Light, amusing stories about the type of issues an average female deals the process of constructive identity formation in readers by presenting
with: romance, career, family, friends, etc. The key element is the them a worldview that is inspiring and accommodating.
humorous way the protagonist deals with whatever the plot brings her k. Chick lit provides a renewed idea of home for young, educated, middle-
way. class working women. The heroines of chick lit take pride in owning
c. Chick lit in the genre of fiction is also such an attempt which endeavors their homes, however small. It is a site of comfort, creativity, bonhomie
to replace the images of victim feminism with a more empowering and and romance. They live alone away from parental control and therefore
constructive portrayal of women. are more independent and self-aware as was perhaps desired by Virginia
d. It is to present an alternate image of women— rejoicing, winning, and Woolf.
achieving; now that times have changed, and women are born into a l. Living alone in a room of one’s own is an important factor in the
world full of opportunities which were earlier denied to them. individualization process because the solitude provides a person the
e. The general themes of chick lit deal with the dilemmas in the life of opportunity to discover him/herself, away from the intrusiveness of the
women regarding marriage, love, work, family, and a search for outside world as well as of the family.
identity—issues which a modern working woman has to face on a day- m. The room becomes an extension of one’s personality. Chick lit often
to-day basis. contains long descriptions of the house/home of the protagonist.
f. The heroines of these books are generally women in the age group of n. A car is not only a symbol of social status but is also a means of
25–40 years, successful at work and financially independent, trying unfettered mobility.
to pursue the ultimate quest of womanly life—a search for true love. o. In chick lit, the car becomes a symbol of independence for women who
g. In most of the novels we find the protagonists caught in a web of social can travel anywhere they want without seeking permission or help from
and religious practices and conventions and psychological inhibitions anyone.
that effectively obstruct the process of modernization and emancipation. p.
Consequently, the existing gendered balance of power is perpetuated. 2. Hyper – poetry - It is also called cyber poetry. It could not be presented
h. The images used in these books are images of violence, pain, without the aid computers and the internet and include verse with links to sub
loneliness, and anxiety. Zoological imagery of predator and prey is poems or footnotes, poetry “generation”, or poetry with movements or images.
repeatedly found in these works to represent the victimization of a. It is concluded that hypertext began as a term for forms of hypermedia
women. Images of death and disease also haunt the pages of these (human-authored media that “branch or perform on request”) that
novels. Tired of the roles that these women are forced to enact, they operate textually.
look upon solitude not as punitive but as a form of reprieve, reprieve b. “In hypertext… the reader determines the unfolding of the text by
from the incessant demands of husband, children, and household duties. clicking on certain areas, the so-called hyperlinks, that bring to the
i. Women of the 21st century, descendants of all these lost women, now screen other segments of text.”
need to step out of the psychological framework of victimization and c. “hypertext” the term was coined by Theodor Holm (“Ted”)
take control of their lives. They require stories that regenerate and
 d. ‘hypertext’ to mean a body of written or pictorial material c. A variety of blogging services such as Blogger, Wordpress, and
interconnected in such a complex way that it could not conveniently be LiveJourna make it possible for anyone to run a blog without the need
presented or represented on paper.” for a personal website.
e. “Hypertext is a term coined by Ted Nelson for forms of hypermedia d. Technorati’s 2009 State of the Blogosphere report (McLean 2009)
(human-authored media that branch or perform on request) that operate found tha the majority of the 2,828 U.S. bloggers surveyed were male,
textually. Examples include the link-based ‘discrete hypertext’ (of between 18 and 44 years old, and had a relatively high level of income
which the Web is one example) and the level-of-detail-based and educational qualifications.
‘stretchtext.’” i. “personal satisfaction” (76 % of the respondents)
f. Nelson then presents examples of types of hyper-media that could be ii. Personal musings (reflection)” (53 %).
made available to students. The first of these is under the heading e. Stylistically, blogs are a highly variable form of self-expression.
“Discrete Hypertexts.” Nelson writes: “‘Hypertext’ means forms of i. a blog entry can be speech-like or written-like, colloquial or
writing which branch or perform on request; they are best presented formal, and can relate private or public (in the sense of
on computer display screens... Discrete, or chunk style, hypertexts addressing established topical areas of the mainstream media,
consist of separate pieces of text connected by links.” This is the first such as politics sports, entertainment, or technology) issues.
appearance of the term “link” in the essay. ii. It can target a wide audience or a small, select readership and be
g. “Stretchtext as a form of hypertext is easy to use without getting lost… written for personal or professional reasons.
There are screen and two throttles. The first throttle moves the text f. According to Winer (2001), blog posts canonically encode the
forward and backward, up and down on the screen. The second throttle following information:
causes changes in the writing itself: throttling toward you causes the i. Title
text to become longer by minute degrees.” Note that Nelson referred to ii. Text
hypertext as “forms of writing which branch or perform on request.” iii. Tags/Categories
Discrete hypertext uses links to branch on request. Stretchtext uses no iv. Author
links — instead making a nonbranching v. Time of publication
h. performance. vi. URL
3. Spoken Poetry - Is a poetic performance art that is word – based. It is an oral g. Types of blogs (Herring, 2005)
art that focuses on the aesthetics of word play such as intonation and voice i. diaries/personal journals, which record the personal
inflection. experiences and thoughts of the blogger from a subjective
4. Blogs - It is a shortened of the term “web blog”, a regularly updated journal on viewpoint;
the internet. ii. filters, which filter, quote, link, and/or comment on information
a. the earliest practitioner definitions of what constituted a blog were from other sources;
based on the presence of dated entries containing links, commentary, iii. k-logs, which store, tag, and/or classify information from other
and thoughts on a personal website. sources on a single topic;
b. A variety of media contents (photos, music, video clips, etc.) can easily iv. mixed, which combine at least two of the primary three types; or
be embedded in blog entries or other hypertext-based services, while at v. other, which cannot be associated with any of the primary types.
the same time portals and multimedia applications integrate blog-like h. careful language analysis when approaching blogs
functions. What remains unchanged is that blogs structure digital i. speaking in one’s own personal voice and being open for
content sequentially and that they are more frequently maintained by dialogue rather than engaging in one-way-communication are
individuals than institutions or companies core elements readers have come to expect from blog
 communication, be it in private online journals, corporate blogs, 10. Alternate history fiction: stories that focus on true historical events
or political blogs. but are written as if they unfolded with different outcomes.
5. Speculative fiction - the setting is futuristic and involves supernatural 11. Superhero fiction: stories about superheroes and how they use their
elements. It encompasses horror and science fiction works. The term abilities to fight supervillains.
“speculative fiction” was used for the first time by Robert Heinlein in 1947. 6. Textula - Has its origin in “Tanaga”. The term "textula" is a blend of the
The terms was largely associated with only the science fiction genre in the late English word "text" and the Filipino word "tula!' Meaning text poem, it is a
twentieth century, as science fiction is a widely-read genre that contains poem written in the form of a text message. Usually consisting of one or two
speculative elements. The term expanded in the twenty-first century to stanzas, it is sent as a direct communication to a person close to the sender.
encompass more subgenres beyond just science fiction, like fantasy and a. A poetry mastered by Frank Rivera using 7 syllables
dystopian literature. Today, speculative fiction is a blanket term for the stories b. Basic Ryme Schemes
that take place beyond our known world. i. Basic or AAA
a. Science fiction: stories with imagined technologies that don’t exist in ii. Enclosed ABBA (inipit)
the real world, like time travel, aliens, and robots. iii. Alternate ABAB (salitan)
b. Sci-fi fantasy fiction: sci-fi stories inspired by mythology, folklore, and iv. AABB (sunuran)
fairy tales that combine imagined technologies with elements of magical c. It can be expressed as a tanaga, dalit, and diona
realism. i. Tanaga- 7 syllables with 4 lines
c. Supernatural fiction: sci-fi stories about secret knowledge or hidden ii. Dalit- octosyllabic with 4 lines
abilities including witchcraft, spiritualism, and psychic abilities. iii. Diona- 7 syllables with 3 lines
d. Space opera fiction: a play on the term “soap opera,” sci-fi stories that 7. Flash fiction - It is micro – fiction, micro – narrative and sudden fiction.
take place in outer space and center around conflict, romance, and a. Flash fiction writers deliberately sketch scenes with strokes of
adventure. ambiguity to keep readers fully attuned to each word.
e. Urban fantasy fiction: fantasy stories that take place in an urban b. They also withhold details regarding the story’s characters, events,
setting in the real world but operate under magical rules. scenes, and atmosphere that watchful readers try to compensate within
f. Utopian fiction: stories about civilizations the authors deem to be active imagination.
perfect, ideal societies. c. The term “Flash Fiction”was coined by James Thomas, in 1992, to
g. Dystopian fiction: stories about societies deemed problematic within include stories of up to 750 words count (Thomas & Shapard, 2006).
the world of the novel, often satirizing government rules, poverty, and d. Favorite topics, in flash fiction, include gender, social class,
oppression. relationships, suicide, death, isolation, racism, sex, dystopia,
h. Apocalyptic fiction: stories that take place before and during a huge technology, interpersonal disputes, and easily recognizable
disaster that wipes out a significant portion of the world’s population. circumstances, surreal situations, global problems, etc. (Batchelor,
The stories center around characters doing everything they can to stay 2012
alive—for example, running from zombies or trying to avoid a deadly 8. Grapic Novel - Utilizes pictures in narrating a long story; it has growing
plague. popularity.
i. Post-apocalyptic fiction: stories that take place after an apocalyptic a. Graphic novel can be defined as an imaginary narrative that is as long
event and focus on the survivors figuring out how to navigate their new as a novel and uses comics as the type of presentation. This term was
circumstances—for example, emerging after a global nuclear holocaust coined by Will Eisner, who is one of the most important comics artists
or surviving a total breakdown of society. of the USA.
b. is a form of narration which is composed of pictures and writing in a
supplemental manner to tell a story or an event
c. “a specific form of literature, a form of art, which is close to
painting, and also a kind of movie, which is motionless and Electronic Literature (refers to works commonly published and shared on the Web.
captured in panels.” Unlike traditional printed literature, it has features that could only be presented through
d. The primary structural factors that compose graphic novel are panels, multimedia)
captions, and speech balloons.
e. In order to stress the mood of the story told, the arrangement of the 1. Hyperpoetry
panels is used as part of the creative process a. This is a kind of graphic poetry which combines words with images. It
f. Captions and speech balloons, on the other hand, comprise the written has no standard lines or verses, but its words are arranged in a way that
part of the graphic novel. it creates meaning and visual effect.
g. Captions are the boxes with some explanatory information about the 2. Hyperfiction
action shown by means of pictures. They stand for the narrator of the a. This contains hyperlinks. When readers click on a hyperlink, they go to
story; give additional information with a third person perspective another Web page that contains the next part of a story.
h. Speech balloons can be in different shapes in order to represent 3. Photo poem
sound or emotion. Macková lists those types as “ordinary a. This uses real-life images or electronically generated images as
balloon”,“whispering balloon”, “burst balloon”, “radio/electric representation of the textual poem.
balloon”, “emanating speech balloon”,“wavy balloon”, “thought 4. Silent comics
balloon”, and “telepathic balloon” a. These have no verbal dialogues. The dialogues are presented through
i. “it is left to the reader to fill the‘gaps’, or absences of connections, symbols
between the frames in order to make sense of the text.” 5. Textula
j. By means of facial expressions, gestures and colours, images can show a. This poem is intended to be shared through the SMS.
the characters’emotions; therefore, weight is in the images and text 6. Blog
does less work. a. This Web site is where a person writes about his or her personal
k. We see that capital letters, lowercases, bolding or italicizing words, and opinions, activities, and experiences.
typography are all used for some purpose in graphic novels.
l. “an asterisk, a breath mark, a foreign language sign, a musical note sign,
a lowercase and special characters such as &#@.”
m. Structuralism
i. First type is the sign in the form of symbols such as language,
punctuation marks or numbers,
ii. Second type is imagery-based signs (icons).