THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

B.ENG. PART Ill EXAMINATION

CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING: 61350 Municipal and Industrial Wastewater

Treatment

May..!, 1995 2.30 - 5.30 pm (3 hours)

Answer ~ out of following six questions; each question carries equal mark.

Use separate answer book for each section

Use of calculators
"The Calculator:
(I) should be silent and battery-operated;
(ii) should not have any printing device, alphanumeric display, alphanumeric keyboard, or
graphic display; and
(iii) should not contain any recorded data or program.
It is the candidate's responsibility to ensure that his calculator operates satisfactorily.
Candidates must record the name and type of their calculators on the front page of their
examination scripts. "

Section A

1. a. Discuss in detail about the major differences between the characteristics of

industrial wastewater and those of municipal wastewater;
b. Name a number of basic design considerations which are critical to the
treatment of industrial wastewater but are often neglected in the treatment of
municipal wastewater, and explain.

2. The following chemicals/processes are often used for wastewater treatment. Discuss
their characteristics and their specific applications in details.
a. ozone
b. sulfur dioxide
c. potassium permanganate
d. lime
e. sodium hypochlorite

3. Anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewater has become popular in recent years.

Discuss the following:
a. The principle of anaerobic treatment process;
b. What are the recent breakthroughs in the anaerobic technology which have led
to its increased popularity; and
c. Name a few industries, the wastewaters of which could likely be effectively
treated by the anaerobic process, and explain.
4. In order to resolve the ever-increasing wastewater pollution problem in Hong Kong
(the Victoria Harbour in particular), Hong Kong Government is going to implement a
Strategic Sewage Disposal Scheme (SSDS). Discuss in detail the original scheme
proposed, the recent dispute between China and Hong Kong Government on this
issue, and the present status of this Scheme.

Section B

5. a. Describe and discuss the general procedure and considerations in the layout
design of a foul sewerage system for a district.

b. Fig. 1 shows the layout of the foul sewerage system for a small district.
Relevant details for the hydraulic design of the sewers are given in the
following table.

Ground
M.H. Sewer surface Population Per capita
NQ.... kngth Len~ kY.d_ S~IY~d S~Wi!2~ f}Qw
m mP.D. 1/h/d

5 9.82
5.4 75 2,110 460
4 9.07
4.2 85 3,240 370
2 8.25
2.1 100 3,680 300
1 6.95
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 8.96
3.2 90 2,760 370
2 8.25

Using the tables provided in Annexes I - X, determine the pipe sizes of the sewers for
sewer lengths 5.4 and 2.1. You can assume that:-

1. sewers are to cope with a flow of 4 x Dry Weather Flow (DWF);

2. a velocity of0.75 m/s is to be achieved at design flow;
3. sewers are concrete pipes with a roughness value of 1.5 mm;
4. diameters of concrete pipes available up to 825 mm dia. are : 150 mm, 225 mm,
300 mm, 375-mm, 450 mm, 525 mm, 600 mm, 675 mm. 750 mm. 825 mm.
6. a. What are the possible uses of the critical depth flume in the inlet works of a
sewage treatment plant?

b. Show that if constant velocity of sewage is to be maintained in a grit channel

with a downstream critical depth flume, the cross-section of the channel has to
be parabolic. Is a parabolic cross-section used in practice, and why?

c. 1bree constant velocity grit channels each controlled by a critical depth flume
downstream are to be used in a sewage treatment plant serving a population of
105,000 with a per capita flow of220 1/h/d. Treatment is to be given to a
maximum flow of 3 x Dry Weather Flow (DWF). If the throat width of the
flume is 0.2 m and a constant velocity of 0.3 rnls is to be maintained in the grit
channels, calculate the required depth (with allowance for freeboard) and top
width of the channels. What should be the length of the channels? You can
assume that settled grit is removed mechanically and no standby grit channel
is required.

Given: Formulae for flow through a critical depth flume:

312
Q = 1.71 b h

End of Paper
 ANNEX I

ks = 1· SOOmm Water (or sewage! at 15° C

8 i = 0·00015 to 0·004 full bore conditions.
i e hydraulic gradient = velocities 1n m/s
1 in 6667 to 1 in 250 dtscharges tn l/s

Gradient Pipe di~•ttrrs in mm ·

so 75 80 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

0.00015 0.046 0.062 0.065 0.077 0.090 o. 103 0. 114 o. 125 0.136 0.146 0.156 0.165
1/ 6667 0.090 0.275 0.329 0.604 1. 1011 1 .1114 2.748 3.936 5.400 7.162 9.243 11.664

0.00016 0.048 0.065 0.0611 . o.oao 0.093 0.106 0.1111 0.130 0.140 0.151 0.161 0.171
1/ 6250 0.093 0.285 0.340 0.625 1.146 1.876 2.1142 4.070 5.584 7.405 9.556 12.058

0.00017 0.049 0.067 0.070 0.082 0.096 o. 110 o. 122 0.134 o. 145 0.156 o. 166 o. 176
1/ 511112 0.096 0.294 0.351 0.646 1.1113 1.936 2.9H 4.200 5.761 7.640 9.1159 12.440

0.000111 0.051 0.069 0.072 0.085 0.099 o. 113 o. 126 0.138 0.149 0.160 0.171 0.1111
1 I 5556 0.099 0.304 0.362 0.665 1.219 1.995 3.022 4.326 5.934 7.869 10.154 12.1111

0.00019 0.052 0.071 0.074 0.087 0.102 0.116 0.129 0.142 0.153 0.165 0.176 0.1116
1/ 5263 0. 102 0.312 0.373 0.6114 1.254 2.052 3.108 4.449 6.102 8.091 10.440 13.172

0.00020 0.054 0.073 0.076 0.090 0.105 0.119 o. 133 0.145 0.1511 0.169 0.1110 o. 191
1/ 5000 0.321 0.703 1.2811 2.107 3.191 4.569
0.105 0.383 6.266 8.308 10.719 13.523
0.00022 0.056 0.076 0.080 0.094 0.110 0.125 0.139 0.153 0.166 0.178 0.190 0.201
1/ 4545 0. 1 1 1 0.338 0.739 1.353 2.214 3.353 4.799
0.403 6.5111 8.725 11.257 14.201
0.00024 0.059 0.080 0.084 0.099 0.115 0.131 0.146 0.160 0.173 0.186 o. 198 0.210
1/ 4167 1.416
0. 116 0.353 0.422 0.774 2.316 3. 507 5.020 6.883 9.124 11.771 14.1148
0.00026 0.062 0.083 0.087 0.103 0.120 0.137 0.152 0.167 0.180 0.194 0.206 0.219
1/ 31146
0.121 0.369 0.440 0.807 1.476 2.414 3.655 5.231 7.172 9.507 12.264 15.470
0.000211 0.064 0.087 0.091 0.107 0.125 0.142 o. 1511 0.173 0.187 0.201 0.214 0.227
1/ 3571 1.534 2.509 3.798
0.126 0.383 0.457 0.839 5.434 7.450 9.!176 12.739 16.068
0.00030 0.067 0.090 0.094 0.111 0.130 0.147 0.164 0.179 0.194 0.208 0.222 0.235
1/ 3333 0.131 0.398 0.474 1.590 2.600 3.935 5.631 7.719
0.869 10.231 13. 197 16.644

0.00032 0.069 0.093 0.098 0.114 0.134 0.152 o. 169 0.185 0.201 0.215 0.230 0.243
1/ 3125 0.411 1.644
0.135 0.490 0.899 2.688 4.068 5.821 7.979 10.575 13.640 17.203
0.00034 0.071 0.096 0.101 0.118 0.138 0.157 0.174 0.191 0.207 0.222 0.237 0.251
1/ 2941
0.140 0.425 0.506 0.928 1.697 2. 773 4.197 6.005 8.231 10.908 14.069 17.743

0.00036 0.073 0.099 0.104 0.122 0.142 0.162 o. 180 o. 197 0.213 0.229 0.244 0.2511
1/ 2778
0.144 0.437 0.522 0.956 1.748 2.856 4.322 6.183 8.475 11.232 14.486 18.269
0.00038 0.076 0.102 0.107 0.125 0.146 0.166 0.185 0.202 0.219 0.235 0.251 0.266
1/ 2632
0. 148 0.450 0.536 0.983 1. 797 2.937 4.444 6.357 8.713 11.547 14.892 18.780
0.00040 0.078 0.105 0.110 0.129 o. 150 0.171 o. 190 0.208 0.225 0.241 0.257 0.273
1 I 2500
o. 152 0.462 0.551 1.010 1.846 3.016 4.563 6.527 11.945 11.854 15.287 19.277
0.00042 0.080 0.107 0.112 0.132 0.154 0.175 0.195 0.213 0.231 0.248 0.264 0.280
1/ 23111
o. 156 0.474 0.565 1.036 1.893 3.092 4.679 6.692 9.171 12.153 15.672 19.763
0.00044 0.082 0.110 0.115 0.135 0.1511 0.179 0.199 0.218 0.236 0.254 0.270 0.286
1/ 2273
0.160 0.486 0.579 1.061 1.939 3.167 4.792 6.853 9.392 12.445 16.048 20.237
0.00046 0.0114 0.113 0.118 0.138 0.162 0.1113 0.204 0.223 0.242 0.259 0.276 0.293
1/ 2174
0.164 0.497 0.593 1.086 1.984 3.241 4.902 7.011 9.6011 12.730 16.416 20.700
0.000411 o.oa5 0.115 0.121 0.141 0.165 0.187 0.208 0.228 0.247 0.265 0.282 0.299
1/ 20113
0.168 0.5011 0.606 1.110 2.0Z8 3.312 5.010 7.165 9.819 13.010 16.776 21.154
0.00050 0.087 0.1111 0.123 0.144 0.169 0.191 0.213 0.233 0.252 0.271 0.2118 0.306
1/ 2000
0.171 0.519 0.619 1.133 2.071 3.382 5.116 7.317 10.026 13.284 17.129 21.598
0.00055 0.092 0.124 0.129 0.152 0.177 0.201 0.223 0.245 0.265 0.284 0.303 0.321
, 11118
0.180 0.546 0.650 1.191 2.175 3.552 5.372 7.682 10.525 13.945 17.980 22.671
0.00060 0.096 0.129 0.135 0.159 0.185 0.210 0.234 0.256 0.277 0.297 0.316 0.335
1/ 1667
0.189 0.571 0.680 1.245 2.274 3.714 5.617 8.031 11.003 14.577 18.794 23.696
0.00065 0.100 0.135 0.141 0.165 0.193 0.219 0.243 0.266 0.2118 0.309 0.330 0.349
1/ 15311
0.197 0.595 0.709 1.298 2.370 3.869 5.851 8.366 11.461 15.183 19.575 24.679
0.00070 0.104 0.140 0.147 0.172 0.201 0.227 0.253 0.277 0.299 0.321 0.342 0.363
1/ 1429
0.205 0.618 0.737 1.348 2.462 4.019 6.077 8.688 11.902 15.766 20.326 25.626

Coefficient for part-full pipes:

9 14 14 111 25 30 30 35 40 45 50 60

ks = 1·500mm i < 0·004

38
 ANNEX II
ks = 1·500mm Water (or sewage) at 15° C
i :0·00015 to 0·004 full bore conditions. 8
i e hydraulic gradient = velocities in m/s
1 in 6667 to 1 in 250 d 1scharges m l/s

Gradient Pipe diameters in mm:

so 75 80 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

0.00075 0.1011 0.145 0.152 0.1711 0.2011 0.236 0.262 0.2116 0.310 0.333 0.354 0.375
1/ 1333 0.212 0.641 0.764 1.397 2.550 4.163 6.295 11.999 12.327 16.329 21.051 26.539

0.000110 0.112 0.150 0.157 0. 1114 0.215 0.244 0.270 0.296 0.320 0.344 0.366 0.3611
1/ 1250 0.219 0.663 0.790 1.444 2.636 4.303 6.505 9.299 12.739 16.1173 21.752 27.422

0.000115 0.115 0.155 0.162 0.190 0.222 0.251 0.279 0.305 0.330 0.354 0.3711 0.400
1/ 1176 0.226 0.6114 0.1115 1.490 2.719 4.4311 6.710 9.591 13.137 17.401 22.432 211.278

0.00090 0.119 0.159 o. 167 0.195 0.2211 0.259 0.2117 0.314 0.340 0.365 0.3119 0.412
1/ , 11 0.233 0.704 0.1139 1.534 2.1100 4.570 6.9011 9.1174 13.524 17.913 23.092 29.109

0.00095 0.122 0.164 0.172 0.201 0.235 0.266 0.295 0.323 0.350 0.375 0.400 0.423
,, 1053 0.240 . 0. 724 0.1163 1.5711 2.1179 4.6911 7.101 10.149 13.901 18.412 23.734 29.9111

0.00100 0.125 0.1611 0.176 0.206 0.241 0.273 0.303 0.332 0.359 0.385 0.410 0.434
1/ 1000 0.246 0.744 0.11116 1.620 2.955 4.1122 7.289 10.417 14.268 111.1197 24.359 30.705

0.00110 0.132 0.177 0.1115 0.217 0.253 0.2116 0.3111 0.3411 0.377 0.404 0.430 0.456
1/ 909 0.259 0.7111 0.930 1. 701 3.102 5.062 7.651 10.934 14.975 19.833 25.564 32.223

0.00120 0.1311 0.1115 0.194 0.226 0.264 0.299 0.332 0.364 0.394 0.422 0.450 0.476
1/ 1133 0.271 0.817 0.973 1. 778 3.243 5.292 7.997 11.4211 15.651 20.727 26.715 33.674

0.00130 0.144 0.193 0.202 0.236 0.275 0.312 0.346 0.379 0.410 0.440 0.468 0.496
1/ 769 0.282 0.851 1.014 1.853 3.379 5.512 8.329 11.902 16.299 21.584 27.820 35.065

0.00140 0.149 0.200 0.209 0.245 0.286 0.324 0.360 0.393 0.426 0.457 0.486 0.515
1/ 714 0.293 0.884 1.053 1.924 3.509 5.723 8.648 12.358 16.923 22.410 28.1183 36.404

0.00150 0.155 0.207 0.217 0.254 0.296 0.335 0.372 0.407 0.441 0.473 0.504 0.533
1/ 667 0.304 0.916 1.091 1.993 3.634 5.928 8.957 12.798 17.525 23.206 29.908 37.696

0.00160 0.160 0.214 0.224 0.262 0.306 0.347 0.385 0.421 0.455 0.488 0.520 0.551
1/ 625 0.314 0.947 1.127 2.060 3.755 6.125 9.255 13.223 18.107 23.976 30.900 38.946

0.00170 0.165 0.221 0.231 0.271 0.316 0.357 0.397 0.434 0.470 0.504 0.536 0.5611
1/ 5118 0.324 0.977 1.163 2.125 3.873 6.317 9.544 13.636 18.671 24.723 31.862 40.157

0.001110 0.170 0.228 0.238 0.279 0.325 0.368 0.408 0.447 0.483 0.518 0.552 0.585
1/ 556 0.334 1.006 1. 198 2.187 3.987 6.503 9.824 14.036 19.219 25.447 32.795 41.333

0.00190 0.175 0.234 0.245 0.2116 0.334 0.378 0.420 0.459 0.497 0.533 0.567 0.601
1/ 526 0.343 1.034 1.231 2.249 4.099 6.684 10.097 14.426 19.752 26.152 33.703 42.476

0.00200 0.180 0.240 0.251 0.294 0.343 0.388 0.431 0.471 0.510 0.547 0.582 0.617
1/ 500 0.353 1.061 1.264 2.308 4.207 6.860 10.363 14.805 20.271 26.839 34.588 43.590

0.00220 0.1119 0.252 0.264 0.308 0.360 0.407 0.452 0.495 0.535 0.574 0.611 0.647
1/ 455 0.370 1.114 1.327 2.423 4.415 7.200 10.876 15.537 21.271 28.163 36.293 45.738

0.00240 0.197 0.264 0.276 0.322 0.376 0.426 0.473 0.517 0.559 0.599 0.638 0.676
1/ 417 0.387 1.165 1. 387 2.533 4.615 7.524 11.365 16.235 22.227 29.428 37.922 47.790

0.00260 0.205 0.275 0.287 0.336 0.392 0.443 0.492 0.538 0.582 0.624 0.665 0.704
1/ 3115 0.403 1.213 1.445 2.638 4.806 7.836 11.1135 16.906 23.144 30.641 39.484 49.758

0.002110 0.213 0.285 0.298 0.349 0.407 0.460 0.511 0.559 0.604 0.6411 0.690 0.731
1/ 357 0.419 1.260 1.500 2.739 4.990 8.1]5 12.287 17.551 24.026 31.808 40.9118 51.652

0.00300 0.221 0.295 0.309 0.361 0.421 0.477 0.529 0.5711 0.626 0.671 0.715 0.757
1/ 333 0.434 1.305 1. 554 2.837 5. 168 8.424 12.723 18.173 24.877 32.935 42.438. 53.479

0.00320 0.229 0.305 0.319 0.373 0.435 0.493 0.546 0.598 0.646 0.693 0.7311 0.7112
1/ 313 0.449 1.349 1.606 2.931 5.339 8.704 13.145 18.775 25.701 34.024 43.841 55.246

0.00340 0.236 0.315 0.329 0.3115 0.449 0.5011 0.563 0.616 0.666 0.715 0.761 0.1106
1/ 294 0.463 1. 391 1.656 3.023 5.506 8.975 13.554 19.358 26.499 35.080 45.201 56.959

0.00360 0.243 0.324 0.339 0.396 0.462 0.523 0.580 0.634 0.6116 0.736 0.7113 0.829
1/ 2711 0.477 1.432 1.705 3.112 5.668 9.238 13.951 19.925 27.274 36.105 46.522 511.623

0.003110 0.250 0.333 0.349 0.407 0.475 0.537 0.596 0.652 0.705 0.756 0.805 0.852
1/ 263 0.490 , .472 1. 753 3.198 5.825 9.494 14.337 20.476 211.028 37.102 47.806 60.240

Coefficient for part-full pipes:

14 20 20 25 35 40 45 50 60 70 70 110

ks = 1· SOOmm I < 0·004

39
 ks = 1·500mm Water(or sewage! at 15°( ANNEX II"
8 i = 0·004 to 0·1 full bore conditions.
<onlonurd 1e hydraulic gradient =- velocities in m/s
1 in 250 to 1 in 10 discharges 1n l/s

Gradient Pipe diameters in mm~

so 75 80 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

0.00400 0.256 0.342 0.358 0.418 0.487 0.551 0.612 0.669 0.723 0.776 0.826 0.875
1/ 250 0.503 1.511 1.799 3.282 5.978 9.743 14.713 21.013 28.762 38.074 49.057 61.816

0.004ZO 0.263 0.351 0.367 ~.428 0.499 0.565 0.627 0.686 0.741 0.795 0.846 0.896
1/ 238 0.516 1.549 1.844 3.365 6.127 9.986 15.080 21.536 29.478 39.021 50.277 63.353

0.00440 0.269 0.359 0.376 0.439 0.511 0.579 0.642 0.702 0.759 0.814 0.867 0.917
1/ 227 0.528 1.586 1.888 3.445 6.273 10.224 15.438 22.047 30.177 39.946 51.468 64.854

0.00460 0.275 0.367 0.384 0.449 0.523 0.592 0.656 0.718 0.776 0.832 0.886 0.938
1/ 217 0.540 1.622 1.931 3.523 6.416 10.4"56 15.788 22.547 30.860 40.850 52.633 66.320

0.00480 0.281 0.375 0.393 0.458 0.534 0.605 0.671 0.733 0.793 0.850 0.905 0.959
11 208 0.552 1.658 1.973 3.600 6.555 10.683 16.130 23.035 31.529 41.735 53.773 67.756

0.00500 0.287 0.383 0.401 0.468 0.545 0.617 0.685 0.748 0.809 0.868 0.924 0.978
11 200 0.564 1.692 2.014 3.675 6.692 10.905 16.466 23.514 32.184 42.602 54.889 69.162

0.00550 0.301 0.402 0.421 0.491 0.572 0.648 0.718 0.785 0.849 0.911 0.970 1.026
11 182 0.592 1.776 2.114 3.857 7.022 11.443 17.276 24.671 33.766 44.695 57.585 72.558

0.00600 0.315 0.420 0.440 0.513 0.598 0.677 0.750 0.820 0.887 0.951 1.013 1.072
11 167 0.618 1.856 2.209 4.030 7.337 11.956 18.051 25.776 35.278 46.695 60.161 75.802

0.00650 0.328 0.438 0.458 0.534 0.623 0.704 0.781 0.854 0.924 0.990 1.054 1.116
11 154 0.644 1.933 2.301 4.197 7.640 12.448 18.794 26.836 36.728 48.614 62.632 78.915

0.00700 0.341 0.454 0.475 0.555 0.646 0.731 0.811 0.887 0.959 1.028 1.095 1.159
1/ 143 0.669 2.007 2.389 4.357 7.931 12.922 19.508 27.856 38.123 50.460 65.009 81.910

0.00750 0.353 0.470 0.492 0.574 0.669 0.757 0.840 0.918 0.993 1.064 1.133 1.200
11 133 0.693 2.078 2.474 4.511 8.212 13.379 20.198 28.840 39.470 52.241 67.303 84.799

0.00800 0.365 0.486 0.508 0.593 0.691 0.782 0.867 0.948 1.025 1.099 1.170 1.239
11 125 0.716 2.147 2.556 4.661 8.484 13.822 20.865 29.792 40.772 53.964 69.522 87.594

0.00850 0.376 0.501 0.524 0.612 0.713 0.806 0.894 0.978 1.057 1.133 1.207 1.278
11 118 0.738 2.214 2.635 4.806 8.747 14.250 21.512 30.715 42.034 55.634 71.673 90.303

0.00900 0.387 0.516 0.540 0.630 0.734 0.830 0.920 1.006 1.088 1.166 1.242 1.315
11 111 0.760 2.279 2.712 4.946 9.002 14.666 22.139 31.611 43.259 57.255 73.761 92.933

0.00950 0.398 0.530 0.555 0.647 0.754 0.853 0.946 1.034 1.118 1.199 1.276 1.351
1/ 105 0.781 2.342 2.788 5.083 9.251 15.071 22.750 32.482 44.451 58.832 75.792 95.491

0.01000 0.408 0.544 0.569 0.664 0.774 0.875 0.971 1.061 1.147 1.230 1.309 1.386
11 100 0.802 2.404 2.861 5.216 9.493 15.465 23.345 33.331 45.612 60.368 77.770 97.983

0.01100 0.429 0.571 0.597 0.697 0.812 0.918 1.018 1.113 1.203 1.290 1.374 1.454
11 91 0.841 2.522 3.002 5.473 9.960 16.225 24.491 34.967 47.850 63.329 81.583 102.786

0.01200 0.448 0.597 0.624 0.728 0.848 0.959 1.064 1.163 1.257 1.348 1.435 1.519
11 83 0.879 2.636 3.137 5.718 10.406 16.951 25.586 36.530 49.988 66.158 85.226 107.375

0.01300 0.466 0.621 0.650 0.758 0.883 0.999 1.107 1.210 1.309 1.403 1.494 1.581
11 77 0.916 2.744 3.266 5.954 10.834 17.648 26.637 38.029 52.039 68.871 88.721 111.776

0.01400 0.484 0.645 0.674 0.787 0.916 1.037 1.149 1.256 1.358 1.456 1.550 1.641
1/ 71 0.951 2.849 3.390 6.180 11.246 18.318 27.648 39.472 54.012 71.482 92.083 116.012

0.01500 0.501 0.668 0.698 0.815 0.949 1.073 1.190 1.301 1.406 1.508 1.605 1.699
1/ 67 0.984 2.950 3.510 6.399 11.643 18.964 28.623 40.864 55.916 74.001 95.328 120.099

0.01600 0.518 0.690 0.721 0.842 0.980 1.109 1.229 1.344 1.453 1.557 1.658 1.755
11 62 1.017 3.047 3.626 6.610 12.027 19.590 29.567 42.210 57.758 76.437 98.466 124.051

0.01700 0.534 0.711 0.744 0.868 1.010 1.143 1.267 1.385 1.498 1.605 1.709 1.809
1/ 59 1.049 3.142 3.739 6.815 12.400 20.196 30.481 43.515 59.543 78.799 101.507 127.882

0.01800 0.550 0.732 0.766 0.893 1.040 1.176 1.304 1.425 1.541 1.652 1.759 1.862
11 56 1.079 3.234 3.848 7.014 12.761 20.784 31.369 44.782 61.276 81.092 104.460 131.602

0.01900 0.565 0.752 0.787 0.918 1.069 1.209 1.340 1.465 1.584 1.697 1.807 1.913
11 53 1.109 3.323 3.954 7.208 13.113 21.357 32.232 46.014 62.961 83.322 107.332 135.220

Coefficient for part-full pipes:

18 25 30 35 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

ks = 1·500mm i < 0·1

40
 ks = 1· 500mm Water tor sewage) at 15° C
=
i 0·004 to 0·1 full bore condittons.
ie hydraulic gradient :. velocities in m /s cont•n.. d
1 in 250 to 1 in 10 discharges in lis

Gradient Pipe diameters in mm :

50 75 80 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

0.02000 0.580 0.772 0.807 0.942 1.096 1.240 1.375 1.503 1.625 1.742 1.854 1.963
1/ so 1.138 3.410 4.058 7-396 13.456 21.914 33.073 47.214 64.603 85.494 110.130 138.743

0.02200 0.608 0.810 0.847 0.988 1.150 1.301 1.442 1.577 1.704 1.827 1.945 2.059
1/ 45 1.195 3.578 4.257 7.759 14.116 22.989 34.695 49.528 67.768 89.682 115.523 145.536

0.02400 0.636 0.846 0.885 1.032 1.202 1.359 1.507 1.647 1.780 1.908 2.032 2.151
1/ 42 1.248 3.738 4.448 8.106 14.747 24.016 36.244 51.738 70.792 93.682 120.675 152.026

0.02600 0.662 0.881 0.921 1.075 1.251 1.415 1.569 1.714 1.853 1.987 2.115 2.239
1/ 38 1.300 3.892 4.631 8.439 15.352 25.001 37.730 53.859 73.693 97.520 125.618 158.251

0.02800 0.687 0.914 0.956 1.115 1.298 1.468 1.628 1.779 1.924 2.062 2.195 2.324
1/ 36 1.349 4.040 4.807 8.760 15.934 25.949 39.159 55.899 76.483 101.212 130.373 164.241

0.03000 0.711 0.947 0.990 1.155 1.344 1.520 1.685 1.842 1.991 2.134 2.272 2.405
1/ 33 1.397 4.182 4.977 9.069 16.496 26.863 40.539 57.868 79.176 104.775 134.961 170.021

0.03200 0.735 0.978 1.023 1.193 1.389 1.570 1.741 1.903 2.057 2.205 2.347 2.484
1/ 31 1.443 4.320 5.141 9.368 17.040 27.748 41.873 59.772 81.7111 108.221 139.399 175.611

0.03400 0.758 1.008 1.054 1.230 1.431 1.619 1.795 1.961 2.120 2.273 2.419 2.561
1/ 29 1.488 4.454 5.300 9.657 17.566 28.605 43.166 61.617 84.305 111.561 143.701 181.029

0.03600 0.780 1.038 1.085 1.265 1.473 1.666 1.847 2.018 2.182 2.339 2.490 2.635
11 28 1.531 4.584 5.455 9.939 18.078 29.437 44.422 63.409 86.756 114.804 147.877 186.289

0.03800 0.801 1.066 1.115 1.300 1.514 1.712 1.898 2.074 2.242 2.403 2.558 2.708
1/ 26 1.574 4.710 5.605 10.212 18.575 30.247 45.643 65.152 89.140 117.958 151.939 191.406

0.04000 0.1122 1.094 1.144 1.334 1.553 1.756 1.947 2.128 2.300 2.466 2.625 2.778
1/ 25 1.615 4.833 5.751 10.479 19.059 31.035 46.832 66.849 91.462 121.030 155.895 196.389

0.04200 0.843 1.121 1.173 1.367 1.592 1.800 1.995 2.181 2.357 2.527 2.690 2.847
1/ 24 1.655 4.953 5.894 10.739 19.532 31.805 47.993 68.505 93.726 124.026 159.754 201.250

0.04400 0.863 1.148 1.200 1.400 1.629 1.842 2.042 2.232 2.413 2.586 2.753 2.914
1/ 23 1.694 5.071 6.033 10.993 19.993 32.555 49.125 70.121 95.938 126.951 163.522 205.996

0.04600 0.882 1.174 1.227 1.431 1.666 1.884 2.088 2.282 2.467 2.644 2.815 2.980
1/ 22 1.733 5. 185 6.170 11.241 20.444 33.290 50.233 71.701 98.099 129.811 167.205 210.635

0.04800 0.901 1.199 1.254 1.462 1.702 1.924 2.133 2.332 2.520 2.701 2.876 3.044
1I 21 1. 770 5.297 6.303 11.484 20.886 34.008 51.316 73.247 100.214 132.610 170.809 215.174

0.05000 0.920 1.224 1.280 1.492 1.737 1.964 2.178 2.380 2.573 2.757 2.935 3.107
11 20 1.807 5.407 6.434 11.721 21.318 34.711 52.377 74.762 102.286 135.350 174.339 219.620

0.05500 0.965 1.284 1.343 1.566 1.822 2.060 2.284 2.496 2.698 2.892 3.079 3.259
1I 18 1.896 5.672 6.749 12.296 22.362 36.411 54.941 78.420 107.290 141.971 182.866 230.361

0.06000 1.009 1.341 1.403 1.635 1.904 2.152 2.386 2.607 2.819 3.021 3.216 3.404
1/ 17 1.980 5.926 7.050 12.845 23.360 38.034 57.390 81.916 112.071 148.297 191.013 240.623

0.06500 1.050 1.396 1.460 1.702 1.981 2.240 2.484 2.714 2.934 3.145 3.347 3.543
1/ 15 2.062 6.169 7.340 13.371 24.316 39.592 59.740 85.268 116.657 154.365 198.827 250.466

0.07000 1.090 1.449 1.516 1.767 2.057 2.325 2.578 2.817 3.045 3.264 3.474 3.677
1I 14 2.140 6.402 7.618 13.877 25.237 41.090 62.000 88.494 121.070 160.203 206.346 259.937

0.07500 1.128 1.500 1.569 1.829 2.129 2.407 2.668 2.916. 3.152 3.378 3.596 3.1107
1/ 13 2.216 6.628 7.886 14.366 26.126 42.536 64.182 91.6C7 125.328 165.836 213.601 269.075

0.08000 1.166 1.550 1.621 1.889 2.199 2.486 2.756 3.012 3.256 3.489 3.714 3.932
11 13 2.289 6.846 8.146 14.839 26.985 43.935 66.291 94.617 129.446 171.285 220.618 277.914

0.08500 1.202 1.598 1.671 1.948 2.267 2.563 2.841 3.105 3.356 3.597 3.829 4.053
11 12 2.359 7.058 8.397 15.297 27.818 45.290 68.336 97.535 133.437 176.565 227.419 286.480

0.09000 1.237 1.644 1.~19 2.004 2.333 2.637 2.924 3.195 3.453 3.701 3.940 4.171
1/ 11 2.428 7.263 8.642 15.742 28.626 46.606 70.321 100.368 137.313 181.693 234.023 294.798

0.09500 1.271 1.689 1.767 2.059 2.397 2.710 3.004 3.283 3.548 3.803 4.048 4.285
1/ 11 2.495 7.463 8.879 16.175 29.413 47.887 72.252 103.124 141.082 186.680 240.446 302.888

0.10000 1.304 1.733 1.813 2.113 2.459 2.780 3.082 3.368 3.641 3.902 4.154 4.396
1/ 10 2.560 7.658 9.111 16.596 30.179 49.133 74.133 105.808 144.754 191.537 246.701 310.768

Coefficient for part -full pipes

20 35 35 45 50 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

ks = 1·500mm I < 0·~

41
 ks = 1·500mm
19 i =0·00015 to 0·004
Water (or sewage I at 15° C
full bore conditions.
ANNEX \

i e hydraulic gradient= velocities in m/s

1 in 6667 to 1 in 250 discharges m m3/s

Gradient Pipe diameters in mm:

350 375 LOO 500 525 600 675 700 750 BOO 825

0.00015 0.183 0.192 0.200 0.216 0.232 0.239 0.261 0.281 0.288 0.301 0.314 0.320
1/ 6667 0.018 0.021 0.025 0.034 0.045 0.052 0.074 0.101 0.111 0.133 0.158 0.171

0.00016 0.189 0.198 0.207 0.223 0.239 0.247 0.269 0.291 0.298 0.311 0.325 0.331
1/ 6250 0.018 0.022 0.026 0.036• 0.047 0.053 0.076 0.104 0.115 0.138 0.163 0.177

0.00017 0.195 0.204 0.213 0.230 0.247 0.255 0.278 0.300 0.307 0.321 0.335 0.341
1/ 5882 0.019 0.023 0.027 0.037 0.048 0.055 0.079 0.107 0.118 0.142 0.168 0.182

0.00018 0.201 0.210 0.219 0.237 0.254 0.262 0.286 0.309 0.316 0.331 0.345 0.351
1/ 5556 0.019 0.023 0.028 0.038 0.050 0.057 0.081 0.111 0.122 0.146 0.173 0.188

0.00019 0.207 0.216 0.226 0.244 0.261 0.270 0.294 0.317 0.325 0.340 0.354 0.361
1/ 5263 0.020 0.024 0.028 0.039 0.051 0.058 0.083 0.114 0.125 0.150 0.178 0.193

0.00020 0.212 0.222 0.232 0.250 0.268 0.277 0.302 0.326 0.334 0.349 0.363 0.371
1/ 5000 0.020 0.025 0.029 0.040 0.053 0.060 0.085 0.117 0.128 0.154 0.183 0.198

0.00022 0.223 0.233 0.243 0.263 0.281 0.291 0.317 0.342 0.350 0.366 0.381 0.389
1/ 4545 0.021 0.026 0.031 0.042 0.055 0.063 0.090 0.122 0.135 0.162 0.192 0.208

0.00024 0.233 0.244 0.254 0.275 0.294 0.304 0.331 0.357 0.366 0.383 0.399 0.407
1/ 4167 0.022 0.027 0.032 0.044 0.058 0.066 0.094 0.128 0.141 0.169 0.200 0.217

0.00026 0.242 0.254 0.265 0.286 0.306 0.316 0.345 0.372 0.381 0.398 0.415 0.423
1/ 3846 0.023 0.028 0.033 0.046 0.060 0.068 0.098 0.133 0.147 0.1~6 0.209 0.226

0.00028 0.252 0.264 0.275 0.297 0.318 0.329 0.358 0.387 0.396 0.414 0.431 0.440
1/ 3571 0.024 0.029 0.035 0.047 0.062 0.071 0.101 0.138 0.152 0.183 0.217 0.235

0.00030 0.261 0.273 0.285 0.308 0.330 0.340 0.371 0.400 0.410 0.428 0.446 0.455
1/ 3333 0.025 0.030 0.036 0.049 0.065 0.074 0.105 0.143 0.158 0.189 0.224 0.243

0.00032 0.270 0.282 0.294 0.318 0.341 0.352 0.383 0.414 0.423 0.443 0.461 0.470
1/ 3125 0.026 0.031 0.037 0.051 0.067 0.076 0.108 0.148 0.163 0.196 0.232 0.251

0.00034 0.278 0.291 0.304 0.328 0.351 0.363 0.395 0.427 0.437 0.456 0.476 0.485
1/ 2941 0.027 0.032 0.038 0.052 0.069 0.078 0.112 0.153 0.168 0.202 0.239 0.259

0.00036 0.286 0.300 0.313 0.338 0.362 0.373 0.407 0.439 0.449 0.470 0.490 0.499
1/ 2778 0.028 0.033 0.039 0.054 0.071 0.081 0.115 0.157 0.173 0.208 0.246 0.267

0.00038 0.294 0.308 0.321 0.347 0.372 0.384 0.418 0.451 0.462 0.483 0.503 0.513
11 2632 0.028 0.034 0.040 0.055 0.073 0.083 0.118 0.161 0.178 0.213 0.253 0.274

0.00040 0.302 0.316 0.330 0.356 0.381 0.394 0.429 0.463 0.474 0.495 0.516 0.527
1/ 2500 0.029 0.035 0.041 0.057 0.075 0.085 0.121 0.166 0.182 0.219 0.260 0.281

0.00042 0.310 0.324 0.338 0.365 0.391 0.404 0.440 0.475 0.486 0.508 0.529 0.540
11 2381 0.030 0.036 0.042 0.058 0.077 0.087 0.124 0.170 0.187 0.224 0.266 0.289

0.00044 0.317 0.332 0.346 0.374 0.400 0.413 0.450 0.486 0.497 0.520 0.542 0.553
11 2273 0.031 0.037 0.043 0.059 0.079 0.089 0.127 0.174 0.191 0.230 0.272 0.295

0.00046 0.324 0.339 0.354 0.382 0.409 0.423 0.461 0.497 0.509 0.532 0.554 0.565
11 2174 0.031 0~037 0.044 0.061 0.080 0.091 0.130 0.178 0.196 0.235 0.279 0.302

0.00048 0.331 0.347 0.362 0.391 0.418 0.432 0.471 0.508 0.520 0.543 0.566 0.577
11 2083 0.032 0.038 0.045 0.062 0.082 0.093 0.133 0.182 0.200 0.240 0.285 0.309

0.00050 0.338 0.354 0.369 0.399 0.427 0.441 0.481 0.518 C.531 0.555 0.578 0.589
1/ 2000 0.033 0.039 0.046 0.063 0.084 0.095 0.136 0.186 0.204 0.245 0.291 0.315

0.00055 0.355 0.372 0.381\ 0.419 0.448 0.463 0.504 0.544 0.557 0.582 0.606 0.618
11 1818 0.034 0.041 0.049 0.067 0.088 0.100 0.143 0.195 0.214 0.257 0.305 0.331
0.00060 0.371 0.388 0.405 0.437 0.468 0.483 0.527 0.568 0.582 0.608 0.634 0.646
1/ 1667 0.036 0.043 0.051 0.092 0.105 0.149 0.203 0.224 0.269 0.319 0.345
0.070
0.00065 0.387 0.404 0.422 0.456 0.488 0.503 0.549 0.592 0.606 0.633 0.660 0.673
1/ 1538
0.037 0.045 0.053 0.072 0.096 0.109 0.155 0.212 0.233 0.280 0.332 0.360
0.00070 0.401 0.420 0.438 0.473 0.506 0.523 0.570 0.614 0.629 0.657 0.685 0.698
1/ 1429
0.039 0.046 0.055 0.075 0.099 0.113 0.161 0.220 0.242 0.290 0.344 0.373

Coefficient for part-full pipes:

60 70 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 150

ks = 1·500mm i < 0·004

82
 =
ks 1· SOOmm v:
Water (or sewage l at 15° (
i :0·00015 to 0·004 full bore condif ions.
i e hydraulic gradient =
velocities in m/s
1 in 6667 to 1 in 250
discharges in m3/s

Gradient Pipe diameters in mm:

350 375 LOO 500 525 600 675 700 750 BOO 825

0.00075 0.416 0.435 0.454 0.490 0.524 0.541 0.590 0.636 0.651 0.681 0.709 0.723
1/ 1333 0.040 0.048 0.057 0.078 0.103 0.117 0.167 0.2211 0.251 0.301 0.356 0.3117

0.00080 0.429 0.449 0.469 0.506 0.542 0.559 0.609 0.657 0.673 0.703 0.733 0.747
1/ 1250 0.041 0.050 0.059 0.080 0.106 0.121 0.172 0.235 0.259 0.311 0.368 0.399

o.oooa5 0.443 0.463 0.483 0.522 0.559 0.577 0.6211 0.678 0.694 0.725 0.755 0.770
1/ 1176 0.043 0.051 0.061 0.083 0.110 0.125 0.178 0.242 0.267 0.320 0.380 0.412

0.00090 0.456 0.477 0.497 0.537 0.575 0.593 0.647 0.697 0.714 0.746 0.777 0.793
1/ 1111 0.044 0.053 0.063 0.085 0.113 0.128 0.183 0.250 0.275 0.330 0.391 0.424

0.00095 0.4611 0.490 0.511 0.552 0.591 0.610 0.665 0.717 0.734 0.767 0.799 0.815
1/ 1053 0.045 0.054 0.064 0.088 0.116 0.132 0.188 0.256 0.282 0.339 0.402 0.435

0.00100 0.481 0.503 0.525 0.566 0.606 0.626 0.682 0.735 0.753 0.787 0.820 0.836
11 1000 0.046 0.056 0.066 0.090 0.119 0.135 0.193 0.263 0.290 0.348 0.412 0.447

0.00110 0.504 0.528 0.550 0.594 0.636 0.657 o.716 0.112 o.79o o.az5 o.86o o.877
11 909 0.01.9 0.0511 0.069 0.095 0.125 0.142 o.zoz 0.276 0.304 0.365 0.1.32 0.469

0.00120 0.527 0.552 0.575 0.621 0.665 0.6116 0.7411 0.806 0.1125 0.862 0.898 0.916
11 833 0.051 0.061 0.072 0.099 0.131 0.149 0.211 0.289 0.318 0.381 0.1.52 0.490

0.00130 0.549 0.574 0.599 0.647 0.692 0.714 0.778 0.839 0.859 0.11911 0.935 0.954
11 769 0.053 0.063 0.075 0.103 0.136 0.155 0.220 0.300 0.331 0.397 0.470 0.510

0.00140 0.570 0.596 0.622 0.671 0.719 0.742 0.808 0.871 0.892 0.932 0.971 0.990
, 714 0.055 0.066 0.078 0.107 0.141 0.161 0.228 0.312 0.343 0.412 0.488 0.529

0.·00150 0.590 0.617 0.644 0.695 0.744 0.768 0.837 0.902 0.923 0.965 1.005 1.025
1/ 667 0.057 0.068 0.081 0.111 0.146 0.166 0.237 0.323 0.355 0.426 0.505 0.548

0.00160 0.610 0.638 0.665 0.718 0.769 0.793 0.864 0.932 0.954 0.997 1.038 1.059
11 625 0.059 0.070 0.084 0.114 0.151 0.172 0.244 0.333 0.367 0.440 0.522 0.566

0.00170 0.629 0.658 0.686 0.740 0.792 0.818 0.891 0.961 0.983 1.027 1.071 1.092
11 51111 0.060 0.073 0.086 0.118 0.156 0.177 0.252 0.344 0.378 0.454 0.538 0.584

0.00180 0.647 0.677 0.706 0.762 0.816 0.842 0.917 0.989 1.012 1.057 1.102 1.123
1/ 556 0.062 0.075 0.089 0.121 0.160 0.182 0.259 0.354 0.389 0.467 0.554 0.601

0.00190 0.665 0.695 0.725 0.783 0.838 0.865 0.942 1.016 1.040 1.087 1.132 1.151.
11 526 0.064 0.077 0.091 0.125 0. 165 0.187 0.266 0.364 0.400 0.480 0.569 0.617

0.00200 0.682 0.714 0.744 0.803 0.860 0.887 0.967 1.043 1.067 1.115 1.162 1.185
1/ 500 0.066 0.079 0.094 0.128 0.169 0.192 0.273 0.373 0.411 0.493 0.584 0.633

0.00220 0.716 0.749 0.781 0.843 0.902 0.931 1.014 1.094 1.119 1.170 1.219 1.243
1/ 455 0.069 0.083 0.098 0.134 0.177 0.202 0.287 0.391 0.431 0.517 0.613 0.664

0.00240 0.748 0.782 0.816 0.881 0.943 0.973 1.060 1.143 1.169 1.222 1.273 1.298
11 411 0.072 0.086 0. 103 0.140 0.185 0.211 0.300 0.409 0.450 0.540 0.640 0.694

0.00260 0.779 0.815 0.849 0.917 0.981 1.013 1.103 1.190 1.217 1.272 1.325 1.351
1/ 3115 0.075 0.090 0.107 0.146 0.193 0.219 0.312 0.426 0.469 0.562 0.666 0.722

0.00280 0.808 0.845 0.882 0.952 1.019 1.051 1.145 1.235 1.264 1.320 1.376 1.403
1/ 357 0.078 0.093 0.111 0. 151 0.200 0.228 0.324 0.442 0.486 0.583 0.691 0.750

0.00300 0.837 0.875 0.913 0.985 1.055 1.088 1.186 1.278 1.3oa 1.367 1.424 1.1.52
11 333 0.081 0.097 0.115 0. 157 0.207 0.236 0.335 0.457 0.503 0.604 0.716 0.776

0.00320 0.865 0.904 0.943 1.018 1.089 1.124 1.225 1.320 1.351 1.412 1.471 1.500
11 313 0.083 0. 100 0. I 18 0.162 0.214 0.243 0.346 0.472 0.520 0.624 0.739 0.802

0.00340 0.891 0.932 0.972 1.049 1.123 1.159 1.262 1:361 1.393 1.456 1.516 1.546
1/ 294 0.086 0. 103 0. 122 0. 167 0.221 0.251 0.357 0.487 0.536 0.643 0.762 0.827

0.00360 0.911 0.959 1.001 1.080 1.156 1.193 1.299 1.401 1.434 1.498 1.561 1.591
11 2711 0.088 0. 106 0.126 0. 172 0.227 0.258 0.367 0.501 0.552 0.662 0.784 0.851

0.00380 0.943 0.986 1.028 1.110 1.188 1.225 1.335 1.1.39 1.473 1.539 1.603 1.635
1/ 263 ~.091 0. 109 0. 129 0.176 0.233 0.265 0.371 0.515 0.567 0.680 0.8~6 0.874

Coefficient for part-full pipes:

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 zoo 200 200 zoo 200

k s = 1· SOOmm I < 0·0.04

83
 ks = 1· SOOmm Water(or sewage) at 15°( ANNEX VI
19 '= 0·004 to 0·1 full bore conditions.
contcnued •e hydraulic gradient :. velocities in m/s
1 in 250 to 1 in 10 discharges in m3fs

Gradient Pipe diameters in mm:

. 350 375 1.00 1.50 525 600 675 700 750 800 825

0.00400 0.967 1.012 1.055 1.139 1.219 1.257 1.370 1.477 1.511 1.579 1.645 1.678
1/ 250 0.093 0.112 0.133 0.181 0.239 0.272 0.387 0.528 0.582 0.698 0.827 0.897

0.00420 0.991 1.037 1.081 1.167 1.249 1.289 1.404 1.513 1.549 1.618 1.686 1. 719
" 238 0.095 0. 115 0.136 0.186 0.245 0.279 0.397 0.542 0.596 0.715 0.848 0.919

0.00440 1.015 1.061 1.107 1.194 1.278 1.319 1.437 1.549 1.586 1.657 ,.726 1.760
1/ 227 0.098 0.117 0.139 0.190 0.251 0.286 0.406 0.554 0.610 0.732 0.868 0.941

0.00460 1.038 1.085 1.132 1.221 1.307 1.349 1.469 1.584 1.621 1.694 1.765 1.800
1/ 217 0.100 0.120 0.142 0.194 0.257 0.292 0.415 0.567 0.624 0.748 0.887 0.962

0.00480 1.060 1.109 1.156 1.248 1.335 1.378 1.501 1.618 1.656 1.731 1.803 1.838
1/ 208 0.102 0.122 0.145 0.198 0.262 0.298 0.424 0.579 0.637 0.765 0.906 0.983

0.00500 1.082 1.132 1.180 1.274 1.363 1.407 1.532 1.652 1.691 1.766 1.840 1.876
1/ 200 0.104 0.125 0.148 0.203 0.268 0.304 0.433 0.591 0.651 0.780 0.925 1.003

0.00550 1.135 1.187 1.238 1.336 1.430 1.476 1.607 1.733 1.773 1.853 1.930 1.9611
1/ 182 0.109 . 0.131 0.156 0.212 0.281 0.319 0.454 0.620 0.682 0.819 0.970 1.052

0.00600 1.186 1.240 1.293 1.396 1.494 1.541 1.679 1.810 1.852 1.936 2.016 2.056
1/ 167 0.114 0.137 0.163 0.222 0.293 0.334 0.475 0.648 0.713 0.855 1.014 1.099

0.00650 1.235 1.291 1.346 1.453 1.555 1.605 1.748 1.884 1.9211 2.015 2.099 2.140
1/ 154 0.119 o. 143 0.169 0.231 0.305 0.347 0.494 0.674 0.742 0.890 1.055 1.144

0.00700 1. 281 1.340 1.398 1.508 1.614 1.665 1.814 1.956 2.001 2.091 2.178 2.221
1/ 143 0.123 0.148 o. 176 0.240 0.317 0.361 0.513 0.700 0.770 0.924 1.095 1.187

0.00750 1.327 1.387 1.447 1.561 1.671 1.724 1.878 2.024 2.072 2.165 2.255 2.299
1/ 133 0.128 0.153 0.182 0.248 0.328 0.373 0.531 0.724 0.797 0.956 1.134 1.229

0.00800 1.370 1.433 1.494 1.613 1.726 1.781 1.940 2.091 2.140 2.236 2.329 2.375
1/ 125 0. 132 0. 158 0.188 0.256 0.339 0.385 0.548 0.748 0.824 0.988 1.171 1.270

0.00850 1.413 1.477 1.541 1.662 1.779 1.836 2.000 2.156 2.206 2.305 2.401 2.4411
1/ 118 0. 136 0.163 o. 194 0.264 0.349 0.397 0.565 0.771 0.849 1.018 1.207 1.309

0.00900 1.454 1.520 1.585 1.711 1.831 1.889 2.058 2.218 2.270 2.372 2.471 2.520
1/ 111 0.140 0.168 0.199 0.272 0.359 0.409 0.582 0.794 0.874 1.048 1.242 1.347

0.00950 1.494 1. 562 1.629 1.758 1.881 1.941 2.114 2.279 2.333 2.437 2.539 2.589
1/ 105 0.144 0.173 0.205 0.280 0.369 0.420 0.598 0.816 0.898 1.077 1.276 1.384

0.01000 1.533 1.603 1.672 1.804 1.930 1.992 2.169 2.339 2.393 2.501 2.605 2.656
1/ 100 0.147 0.177 0.210 0.287 0.379 0.431 0.613 0.8l7 0.921 1.105 1.309 1.420

0.01100 1.608 1.682 1.753 1.892 2.025 2.089 2.276 2.453 2.510 2.623 2.732 2.786
1/ 91 0.155 0.186 0.220 0.301 0.398 0.452 0.643 0.878 0.966 1.159 1.373 1.489

0.01200 1.680 1. 757 1 .8lZ 1.976 Z.115 z. 182 Z.377 Z.56Z 2.6Z2 2.740 Z.854 2.910
1/ 83 0.162 0.194 0.230 0.314 0.415 0.472 0.672 0.917 1.009 1.Z10 1.435 1.556

0.01300 1.748 1.829 1.907 Z.057 z.20Z 2.Z72 2.474 2.667 Z.730 Z.85Z Z.971 3.0Z9
1/ 77 0.1611 O.Z02 O.Z40 0.327 0.432 0.492 0.700 0.954 1.050 1.260 1.493 1.619

0.01400 1.815 1.898 1.979 2.135 2.285 2.358 2.568 2.768 2.833 2.960 3.083 3.144
1/ 71 0.175 O.Z10 O.Z49 0.340 0.449 0.510 0.7Z6 0.991 1.090 1.308 1.550 1.681

0.01500 1.879 1.965 2.049 2.210 2.365 Z.441 2.658 2.1166 2.933 3.064 3.192 3.254
1/ 67 0.181 0.217 0.257 0.352 0.464 'i. 52·· tl.752 1.025 1.129 1.354 1.604 1.740

0.01600 1.940 2.029 2.116 2.283 2.443 2.521 Z.746 2.960 3.029 3.165 3.297 3.361
1/ 62 0.187 0.224 0.266 0.363 0.480 0.546 0.776 1.059 1. 166 1.398 1.657 1. 797

0.01700 2.000 Z.092 2.1111 2.354 2.519 Z.599 Z.830 3.051 3.122 3.Z62 3.398 3.465
1/ 59 0.192 0.231 0.274 0.374 0.495 0.563 0.800 1.092 1.202 1.441 1. 708 1.852

0.01800 Z.059 2.153 2.245 2.42Z 2.592 Z.674 Z.913 3.140 3.Z13 3.357 3.497 3.566
1/ 56 0.198 0.238 0.282 0.385 0.509 0.579 0.824 1.123 1.237 1.483 1. 758 1.906

0.01900 2.115 2.212 2.306 2.4811 2.663 2.7411 Z.993 3.226 3.301 3.449 3.593 3.664
1/ 53 0.203 0. 244 O.Z90 0.396 0.5Z3 0.595 0.846 1.154 1.Z70 1. 524 1.1106 1.958

Coefficient for part-full pipes:

120 130 140 150 zoo zoo 200 250 250 250 300 300

ks = 1·500mm i < 0·1

84
 's = • · ')OOmm Water (or sewage J at 15° C
i = 0 ·(104 to 0·1 full bore conditrons 19
. e hydraulic gradient =- velocities in m/s cont•nut<!
1 in 250 to 1 in 10 discharges in m3/s

Gradient Pipe diameters in mm :

350 375 '00 450 500 525 600 675 700 750 800 625

0.02000 2.170 2.270 2.366 2.553 2.732 2.819 3.070 3.310 3.387 3.539 3.686 3.759
1/ 50 0.209 0.251 0.297 0.406 0.536 0.610 0.868 1. 304 1. 563
1. Hl4 1.853 2.009
0.02200 2.276 2.381 2.482 2.678 2.866 2.957 3.221 3.472 3.553 3.712 3.867 3.943
1/ 45 0.219 0.263 0.312 0.426 0.563 0.640 0.911 1.242 1.367 1.640 1.944 2.108
0.02400 2.378 2.487 2.593 2.798 2.994 3.089 3.364 3.626 3.711 3.877 4.039 4.118
1/ 42 0.229 0.275 0.326 0.445 0.588 0.669 0.951 1.428 1. 713
1.298 2.030 2.201
0.02600 2.475 2.589 2.699 2.912 3.116 3.215 3.502 3.775 3.863 4.036 4.204 4.287
1/ 38 0.238 0.286 0.339 0.463 0.612 0.696 0.990 1 .351 1.487 1. 783 2.1 1l 2.291
0.02800 2.569 2.686 2.801 3.022 3.234 3.337 3.634 3.917 4.009 4.188 4.363 4.449
1/ 36 0.247 0.297 0.352 0.481 0.635 0.722 1.028 1.402 1.543 1.850 2.193 2.378
0.03000 2.659 2.781 2.900 3.128 3.348 3.454 3.762 4.055 4.150 4.335 4.516 4.605
1/ 33 0.256 0.307 0.364 0.498 0.657 0.748 1.064 1.451 1.597 1.915 2.270 2.462
0.03200 2.747 2.872 2.995 3.231 3.458 3.568 3.885 4.188 4.286 4.478 4.665 4.756
1/ 31 0.264 0.317 0.376 0.514 0.679 0.772 1.099 1.499 1.649 1.978 2.345 2.543
0.03400 2.831 2.961 3.087 3.331 3.564 3.678 4.005 4.317 4.418 4.616 4.808 4.903
,, 29
0.272 0.327 0.388 0.530 0.700 0.796 1.132 1.545 1.700 2.039 2.417 2.621
0.03600 2.914 3.047 3.177 3.428 3.668 3.784 4.122 4.443 4.546 4.750 4.948 5.045
11 28 0.280 0.337 0.399 0.545 0.720 0.819 1. 165 1.590 1. 750 2.098 2.487 2.697
0.03800 2.994 3.131 3.264 3.522 3.768 3.888 4.235 4.564 4.671 4.880 5.084 5.184
, 26
0.288 0.346 0.410 0.560 0.740 0.842 1.197 1.633 1. 798 2. 156 2.555 2.771
0.04000 3.072 3.212 3.349 3.613 3.867 3.989 4.345 4.683 4.793 5.007 5.216 5.318
1/ 25 0.296 0.355 0.421 0.575 0.759 0.864 1.228 1.676 1.844 2.212 2.622 2.843
0.04200 3.148 3.292 3.432 3.703 3.962 4.088 4.452 4.799 4.911 5.131 5.345 5.450
11 24 0.303 0.364 0.431 0.589 0.778 0.885 1.259 1.717 1.890 2.267 2.687 2.913
0.04400 3.222 3.369 3.513 3.790 4.056 4.184 4.557 4.912 5.027 5.252 5.471 5.578
, 23
0.310 0.372 0.441 0.603 0.796 0.906 1.289 1. 758 1.935 2.320 2.750 2.982
0.04600 3.294 3.445 3.592 3.875 4.147 4.279 4.660 5.023 5.140 5.370 5.594 5. 704
1/ 22
0.317 0.380 0.451 0.616 0.814 0.926 1.318 1.797 1.978 2.372 2.812 3.049
0.04800 3.365 3.519 3.669 3.959 4.236 4.371 4.760 5.131 5.251 5.486 5.714 5.827
1/ 21 0.324 0.389 0.461 0.630 0.832 0.946 1.346 1.836 2.021 2.423 2.872 3- 115

0.05000 3.435 3.592 3.745 4.041 4.324 4.461 4.858 5.237 5.359 5.599 5.832 5.947
1/ 20 0.330 0.397 0.471 0.643 0.849 0.966 1.374 1.874 2.062 2.473 2.932 3. 179
0.05500 3.603 3.768 3.928 4.238 4.535 4.679 5.096 5.493 5.621 5.872 6.117 6.237
1/ 18 0.347 0.416 0.494 0.674 0.890 1.013 1.441 1.966 2.163 2.594 3.075 3.334
0.06000 3.763 3.935 4.103 4.427 4.737 4.887 5.323 5.737 5.871 6.134 6.390 6.515
1/ 17 0.362 0.435 0.516 0.704 0.930 1.058 1. 505 2.053 2.259 2.710 3.212 3.483
0.06500 3.917 4.096 4.271 4.608 4.931 5.087 5.540 5.972 6. 111 6.384 6.651 6.781
, 15
0.377 0.452 0.537 0.733 0.968 1. 101 1.566 2.137 2.352 2.821 3.343 3.625
0.07000 4.065 4.251 4.432 4.782 5.117 5.279 5.750 6.197 6.342 6.626 6.902 7.037
, 14
0.391 0.470 0.557 0.761 1.005 1.143 1.626 2.218 2.441 2.927 3.469 3.762
0.07500 4.208 4.401 4.588 4.950 5.297 5.465 5.952 6.415 6.565 6.858 7.144 7.285
, 13
0.405 0.486 0.577 0.787 1.040 1.183 1.683 2.296 2.526 3.030 3.591 3.894
0.08000 4.346 4.545 4.739 5.113 5.471 5.644 6.147 6.626 6.780 7.084 7.379 7.524
1/ 13 0.418 0.502 0.596 0.813 1.074 1.222 1. 738 2.371 2.609 3.129 3.709 4.022
0.08500 4.480 4.685 4.885 5.270 5.639 5.818 6.336 6.830 6.989 7.302 7.606 7.756
,, 12
0.431 0.517 0.614 0.838 1.107 1.260 1.792 2.444 2.690 3.226 3.823 4-146
0.09000 4.610 4.821 5.027 5.423 5.803 5.987 6.520 7.028 7.192 7. 514 7.827 7.981
1/ 11
0.444 0.532 0.632 0.863 1.139 1.296 1.844 2.515 2.768 3.319 3.934 4.266
0.09500 4.737 4.954 5.165 5.572 5.962 6.151 6.699 7.221 7.389 7.720 8.042 8.199
1/ 11 0.456 0.547 0.649 0.886 1. 171 1.332 1.894 2.584 2.844 3.410 4.042 4.383
0. 10000 4.860 5.082 5.299 5.717 6.117 6.311 6.873 7.408 7.581 7.920 8.251 8.413
,, 10
0.468 0.561 0.666 0.909 1.201 1.366 1. 943 2.651 2.918 3.499 4.147 4.497

Coefficient for part -full pipes

150 150 200 200 200 250 250 300 300 350 350 350

ks = 1·500mm I < Q1

85
 .-}. ..... ~ :.:... . \. ......_ .\

Table 35 Proportional velocities in pipes running part-full

(a) arcuJar sections

Proportional
k
depth Coefficient for part-full pipes = [0.: + I- 1 for water at IS°C (k. and 0 in m~tres)
36000S 11J

I 5 10 20 so 100 lOO 500 1000 2000

0.02 0.000 0.043 0.073 0.100 0.116 0.128 0.140 0.148 0.154
0.04 0.073 0.121 0.154 0.184 0.200 0.213 0.226 0.235 0.242
0.06 0.143 0.191 0.224 0.254 0.270 0.283" 0.297 0.305 0.312
0.08 0.207 0.254 0.286 0.316 0.332 0.345 0.358 0.366 0.373
0.10 0.267 0.313 0.344 0.372 0.387 0.400 0.412 0.420 0.427

0.12 0.324 0.367 0.396 0.423 0.438 0.450 0.462 0.469 0.476
0.14 0.377 0.418 0.446 0.471 0.485 0.496 0.508 0.515 0.521
0.16 0.428 0.466 0.492 0.516 0.529 0.539 0.550 0.557 0.562
0.18 0.475 0.511 0.536 0.558 0.570 0.580 0.590 0.596 0.601
0.20 0.521 0.554 0.577 0.598 0.609 0.618 0.627 0.633 0.638

0.22 0.564 0.595 0.616 0.635 0.645 0.654 0.662 0.668 0.672
0.24 0.606 0.634 0.653 0.670 0.680 0.688 0.696 0.700 0.704
0.26 0.645 0.671 0.688 0.704 0.713 0.720 0.727 0.731 0.735
0.28 0.683 0.706 0.722 0.736 0.744 0.750 0.757 0.761 0.764
0.30 0.719 0.740 0.754 0.767 0.774 0.779 0.785 0.789 0.792

0.35 0.802 0.817 0.827 0.837 0.842 0.846 0.850 0.852 0.854
0.40 0.877 0.886 0.892 0.898 0.902 0.904 0.907 0.908 0.910
0.45 0.942 0.947 0.950 0.953 0.954 0.955 0.957 0.957 0.958
0.50 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
0.55 1.050 1.046 1.043 1.041 1.039 1.038 1.037 1.037 1.036

0.60 1.092 1.084 1.080 1.075 1.073 1.071 1.069 1.067 1.066
0.65 1.126 1.116 1.109 1.103 1.099 1.097 1.094 1.092 1.091
0.70 1.152 1.140 1.131 1.124 1.120 1.117 1.113 1.111 1.109
0.75 1.169 1.156 1.146 1.138 1.133 '\" 1.130 1.126 1.124 1.122

0.80 1.177 1.163 1.153 1.145 1.140 1.136 1.132 1.129 1.127
0.85 1.174 1.160 1.151 l.l42 l.l37 1.134 1.130 1.127 1.125
0.90 1.158 1.145 1.136 1.129 1.124 1.121 1.117 1.115 1.113
0.95 1.120 1.111 J.l04 1.098 1.095 1.092 1.090 1.088 1.087

Note: Values of the coefficient for part-full pipes for use with this table are given at the foot of each column
of the tables for full- bore conditions.
 ANNEX X

Table 36 Proportional discharges in pipes running part-full

(a) Qrcular sections

Proportional
k.
depth Coefficient for par!-full pipes = I0 + ) - 1 for water at IS°C (k. and I) in metres)
3600DSJtJ

5 10 20 so 100 200 500 1000 2000

0.02 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 ().00]
0.04 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003
0.06 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008
0.08 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.014
0.10 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021. 0.021 0.022 0.022

0.12 0.022 0.025 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.031 0.031 0.032 0.032
0.14 0.032 0.036 0.038 0.040 0.041 0.042 0.043 0.044 0.044
0.~6 0.044 0.048 0.051 0.053 0.055 0.056 0.057 0.057 0.058
0.18 0.058 0.063 0.066 0.068 0.070 0.071 0.072 0.073 0.074
0.20 0.074 0.079 0.082 0.085 0.087 0.088 0.089 0.090 0.091

0.22 0.092 0.097 0.100 0.104 0.105 0.107 0.108 0.109 0.110
0.24 0.112 0.117 0.121 0.124 0.126 0.127 0.128 0.129 0.130
0.26 0.133 0.139 0.142 0.145 0.147 0.149 0.150 0.15 I 0.152
0.28 0.157 0.162 0.165 0.169 0.171 0.172 0.173 0.174 0.175
0.30 0.181 0.187 0.190 0.193 0.195 0.197 0.198 0.199 0.200

0.35 0.250 0.255 0.258 0.261 0.263 0.264 0.265 0.266 0.267
0.40 0.327 0.331 0.333 0.336 0.337 0.338 0.339 0.339 0.340
0.45 0.411 0.413 0.415 0.416 0.416 0.417 0.417 0.418 0.418
0.50 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.500
0.55 0.592 0.589 0.588 0.587 0.586 0.585 0.585 0.584 0.584

0.60 0.684 0.679 0.676 0.673 0.672 0.671 0.669 0.669 0.668
0.65 0.775 0.768 0.763 0.759 0.156 0.755 0.753 0.751 0.750
0.70 0.861 0.852 0.846 0.840 0.837 0.835 0.832 0.831 0.829
0.75 0.941 0.930 0.922 0.916 . 0.912 .,. 0.909 0.906 0.904 0.902

0.80 1.010 0.997 0.989 0.982 0.977 0.974 0.971 0.969 0.967
0.85 1.064 1.051 1.043 1.035 1.030 1.027 1.023 1.021 1.019
0.90 1.097 1.085 1.017 1.010 1.066 1.063 1.059 1.057 1.055
0.95 1.099 1.090 1.084 1.078 1.075 1.072 1.069 1.068 1.066

Note: Values of the coefficient for part-full pipes for use with this table are given at the foot of each column
of the tables for full-bore conditions. ·