Coordinates: 52°31′12″N 13°24′18″E

Berlin
Berlin (/bɜːrˈlɪn/ bur-LIN, German: [bɛɐ̯ ˈliːn] ( listen))[7] is the capital and largest city of Germany by
both area and population.[8][9] Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most Berlin
populous city, according to population within city limits.[2] One of Germany's sixteen constituent Capital city, state and municipality
states, Berlin is surrounded by the State of Brandenburg and contiguous with Potsdam,
Brandenburg's capital. Berlin's urban area, which has a population of around 4.5 million, is the
second most populous urban area in Germany after the Ruhr.[3] The Berlin-Brandenburg capital
region has around 6.2 million inhabitants and is Germany's third-largest metropolitan region after
the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions.[10]

Berlin straddles the banks of the Spree, which flows into the Havel (a tributary of the Elbe) in the
western borough of Spandau. Among the city's main topographical features are the many lakes in the
western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree, Havel and Dahme, the largest of which is
Tiergarten skyline
Lake Müggelsee. Due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate
seasonal climate. About one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers,
canals, and lakes.[11] The city lies in the Central German dialect area, the Berlin dialect being a variant
of the Lusatian-New Marchian dialects.

First documented in the 13th century and at the crossing of two important historic trade routes,[12] Brandenburg Gate Berlin Cathedral
Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417–1701), Kingdom of Prussia (1701–
1918), German Empire (1871–1918), Weimar Republic (1919–1933), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945).
Berlin has served as a scientific, artistic and philosophical hub of the Enlightenment, Neoclassicism,
and liberal revolution. The Gründerzeit era's industrialization-induced economic boom multiplied
Berlin's population rapidly. Berlin in the roaring 1920s was the third-largest city in the world by
population.[13] Charlottenburg Museum Island and
Palace Berlin TV Tower
After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries, the devastated city was
divided; West Berlin became a de facto exclave of West Germany, surrounded by the Berlin Wall
(from August 1961 to November 1989) and East German territory.[14] East Berlin was declared capital
of East Germany, while Bonn became the West German capital. Following German reunification in
1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all of Germany.
Victory Column Potsdam Square
Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media and science.[15][16][17][18] Its economy is based on
high-tech firms and the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, startup
companies, research facilities, media corporations, and convention venues.[19][20] Berlin serves as a
continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The
metropolis is a popular tourist destination.[21] Significant industries also include information
technology, healthcare, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, automotive, construction, electronics,
social economy and clean tech.
Reichstag building
Berlin is home to world-renowned universities such as the Humboldt University, Technical
University, Free University, University of the Arts, ESMT Berlin, Hertie School, and Bard College
Berlin. Its Zoological Garden is the most visited zoo in Europe and one of the most popular
worldwide. With Babelsberg being the world's first large-scale movie studio complex, Berlin is an
increasingly popular location for international film productions.[22] The city is well known for its
festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts, and a very high quality of life.[23]
Flag
Berlin is also home to three World Heritage Sites: Museum Island; the Palaces and Parks of Potsdam Coat of arms
and Berlin; and the Modernism Housing Estates.[24] Other landmarks include the Brandenburg Gate,
Reichstag building, Potsdamer Platz, Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, Berlin Wall
Memorial, East Side Gallery, Berlin Victory Column, Berlin Cathedral, and Berlin Television Tower,
the tallest structure in Germany. Berlin has numerous museums, galleries, libraries, orchestras, and
sporting events including Museum Island, the German Historical Museum, Jewish Museum, Natural
History Museum, State Library, State Opera, Philharmonic, and the Berlin Marathon.

History

Etymology

Berlin lies in northeastern Germany, east of the River Elbe, that once constituted, together with the
River (Saxon or Thuringian) Saale (from their confluence at Barby onwards), the eastern border of
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
the Frankish Realm. While the Frankish Realm was primarily inhabited by Germanic tribes like the
Show Berlin
Franks and the Saxons, the regions east of the border rivers were inhabited by Slavic tribes. This is Show Germany
why most of the cities and villages in northeastern Germany bear Slavic-derived names (Germania Show Europe
Slavica). Typical Germanized place name suffixes of Slavic origin are -ow, -itz, -vitz, -witz, -itzsch and Show all
-in, prefixes are Windisch and Wendisch. The name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic Coordinates: 52°31′12″N 13°24′18″E
inhabitants of the area of today's Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-
("swamp").[25] or Proto-Slavic bьrlogъ, (lair, den). Since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the Country Germany
German word Bär ("bear"), a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore an example of State Berlin
canting arms.
Of Berlin's twelve boroughs, five bear a (partly) Slavic-derived name: Pankow (the most populous), Government
Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Marzahn-Hellersdorf, Treptow-Köpenick and Spandau (named Spandow until  • Body Abgeordnetenhaus of
1878). Of its ninety-six neighborhoods, twenty-two bear a (partly) Slavic-derived name: Altglienicke, Berlin
Alt-Treptow, Britz, Buch, Buckow, Gatow, Karow, Kladow, Köpenick, Lankwitz, Lübars, Malchow,  • Governing Franziska Giffey (SPD)
Marzahn, Pankow, Prenzlauer Berg, Rudow, Schmöckwitz, Spandau, Stadtrandsiedlung Malchow, Mayor
Steglitz, Tegel and Zehlendorf. The neighborhood of Moabit bears a French-derived name, and  • Bundesrat 4 (of 69)
Französisch Buchholz is named after the Huguenots. votes
 • Bundestag 29 (of 736)
seats
12th to 16th centuries
Area[1]
The earliest evidence of settlements in the area of today's Berlin are remnants of a house foundation  • City/State 891.3 km2
(344.1 sq mi)
dated to 1174, found in excavations in Berlin Mitte,[26] and a wooden beam dated from approximately
 • Urban 3,743 km2
1192.[27] The first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th
(1,445 sq mi)
century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join
 • Metro 30,546 km2
Berlin until 1920.[28] The central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the (11,794 sq mi)
Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document, and Berlin, across the Spree in what is now called
the Nikolaiviertel, is referenced in a document from 1244.[27] 1237 is considered the founding date of Elevation 34 m (112 ft)
the city.[29] The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the Population (2021) [2]

staple right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod.[12] In 1307,  • City/State 3,677,472
they formed an alliance with a common external policy, their internal administrations still being  • Density 4,126/km2
separated.[30][31] (10,690/sq mi)
 • Urban[3] 4,473,101
In 1415, Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until  • Urban density 1,195/km2
1440.[32] During the 15th century, his successors established Berlin-Cölln as capital of the (3,100/sq mi)
margraviate, and subsequent members of the Hohenzollern family ruled in Berlin until 1918, first as  • Metro[4] 6,144,600
electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and eventually as German emperors. In 1443,  • Metro density 201/km2 (520/sq mi)
Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new royal palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln. The
protests of the town citizens against the building culminated in 1448, in the "Berlin Indignation" Demonyms Berliner(s) (English)
Berliner (m), Berlinerin
("Berliner Unwille").[33][34] This protest was not successful and the citizenry lost many of its political
(f) (German)
and economic privileges. After the royal palace was finished in 1451, it gradually came into use. From
1470, with the new elector Albrecht III Achilles, Berlin-Cölln became the new royal residence.[31] Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)
Officially, the Berlin-Cölln palace became permanent residence of the Brandenburg electors of the  • Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Hohenzollerns from 1486, when John Cicero came to power.[35] Berlin-Cölln, however, had to give up Area codes 030
its status as a free Hanseatic city. In 1539, the electors and the city officially became Lutheran.[36] Geocode NUTS Region: DE3
ISO 3166 code DE-BE
Vehicle B[note 1]
17th to 19th centuries registration

The Thirty Years' War between 1618 and 1648 devastated Berlin. One third of its houses were GRP (nominal) €163 billion (2021)[5]
damaged or destroyed, and the city lost half of its population.[37] Frederick William, known as the GRP per capita €44,300 (2021)
"Great Elector", who had succeeded his father George William as ruler in 1640, initiated a policy of GeoTLD .berlin
promoting immigration and religious tolerance.[38] With the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Frederick HDI (2019) 0.964[6]
William offered asylum to the French Huguenots.[39] very high · 2nd of 16

By 1700, approximately 30 percent of Berlin's residents were French, because of the Huguenot Website berlin.de (http://www.be
rlin.de/en/)
immigration.[40] Many other immigrants came from Bohemia, Poland, and Salzburg.[41]

Since 1618, the Margraviate of Brandenburg had been in personal union with the Duchy Historical affiliations
of Prussia. In 1701, the dual state formed the Kingdom of Prussia, as Frederick III, Elector Margraviate of Brandenburg 1237–1618
of Brandenburg, crowned himself as king Frederick I in Prussia. Berlin became the capital Brandenburg-Prussia 1618–1701
of the new Kingdom,[42] replacing Königsberg. This was a successful attempt to centralise  Kingdom of Prussia 1701–1867
the capital in the very far-flung state, and it was the first time the city began to grow. In North German Confederation 1867–1871
1709, Berlin merged with the four cities of Cölln, Friedrichswerder, Friedrichstadt and  German Empire 1871–1918
Dorotheenstadt under the name Berlin, "Haupt- und Residenzstadt Berlin".[30]  Weimar Republic 1918–1933
 Nazi Germany 1933–1945
In 1740, Frederick II, known as Frederick the Great (1740–1786), came to power.[43]  Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949
Under the rule of Frederick II, Berlin became a center of the Enlightenment, but also, was  West Germany 1949–1990
briefly occupied during the Seven Years' War by the Russian army.[44] Following France's  East Germany 1949–1990
victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte marched into Berlin in  Germany 1990–present
1806, but granted self-government to the city.[45] In 1815, the city became part of the new
Province of Brandenburg.[46]

The Industrial Revolution transformed Berlin during the 19th century; the city's economy and population
expanded dramatically, and it became the main railway hub and economic center of Germany. Additional
suburbs soon developed and increased the area and population of Berlin. In 1861, neighboring suburbs
including Wedding, Moabit and several others were incorporated into Berlin.[47] In 1871, Berlin became
capital of the newly founded German Empire.[48] In 1881, it became a city district separate from
Brandenburg.[49]
Map of Berlin in 1688
20th to 21st centuries

In the early 20th century, Berlin had become a fertile ground for the German Expressionist movement.[50] In fields such as architecture, painting
and cinema new forms of artistic styles were invented. At the end of the First World War in 1918, a republic was proclaimed by Philipp
Scheidemann at the Reichstag building. In 1920, the Greater Berlin Act incorporated dozens of suburban cities, villages, and estates around Berlin
 into an expanded city. The act increased the area of Berlin from 66 to
883 km2 (25 to 341 sq mi). The population almost doubled, and Berlin had
a population of around four million. During the Weimar era, Berlin
underwent political unrest due to economic uncertainties but also became
a renowned center of the Roaring Twenties. The metropolis experienced its
heyday as a major world capital and was known for its leadership roles in
science, technology, arts, the humanities, city planning, film, higher
education, government, and industries. Albert Einstein rose to public
prominence during his years in Berlin, being awarded the Nobel Prize for Berlin Cathedral (left) and Berlin
Berlin became the capital of the Physics in 1921. Palace (right), 1900
German Empire in 1871 and
expanded rapidly in the following In 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power. The National
years. Socialist regime embarked on monumental construction projects in Berlin as a way to express their power and
authority through architecture. Adolf Hitler and Albert Speer developed architectural concepts for the
conversion of the city into World Capital Germania; these were never implemented.[51] NSDAP rule
diminished Berlin's Jewish community from 160,000 (one-third of all Jews in the country) to about 80,000 due to emigration between 1933 and
1939. After Kristallnacht in 1938, thousands of the city's Jews were imprisoned in the nearby Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Starting in
early 1943, many were shipped to concentration camps, such as Auschwitz.[52]

Berlin hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics for which the Olympic stadium was built.

During World War II, large parts of Berlin were destroyed during 1943–45 Allied air raids and the 1945 Battle
of Berlin. The Allies dropped 67,607 tons of bombs on the city, destroying 6,427 acres of the built-up area.
Around 125,000 civilians were killed.[53] After the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Berlin received large
numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided the city into four sectors,
analogous to the occupation zones into which Germany was divided. The sectors of the Western Allies (the
United States, the United Kingdom, and France) formed West Berlin, while the Soviet sector formed East
Berlin.[54]

All four Allies shared administrative responsibilities for Berlin. However,

Berlin in ruins after World War II
in 1948, when the Western Allies extended the currency reform in the
(Potsdamer Platz, 1945)
Western zones of Germany to the three western sectors of Berlin, the
Soviet Union imposed a blockade on the access routes to and from West
Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory. The Berlin
airlift, conducted by the three western Allies, overcame this blockade by supplying food and other supplies to
the city from June 1948 to May 1949.[55] In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West
Germany and eventually included all of the American, British and French zones, excluding those three
countries' zones in Berlin, while the Marxist–Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East
Germany. West Berlin officially remained an occupied city, but it politically was aligned with the Federal US and Soviet tanks face each
Republic of Germany despite West Berlin's geographic isolation. Airline service to West Berlin was granted other. Taken in 1961 at Checkpoint
only to American, British and French airlines. Charlie.

The founding of the two German states increased Cold War tensions. West
Berlin was surrounded by East German territory, and East Germany
proclaimed the Eastern part as its capital, a move the western powers did
not recognize. East Berlin included most of the city's historic center. The
West German government established itself in Bonn.[56] In 1961, East
Germany began to build the Berlin Wall around West Berlin, and events
escalated to a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie. West Berlin was now de
facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin
was de facto a part of East Germany. John F. Kennedy gave his "Ich bin ein
Berliner" speech on 26 June 1963, in front of the Schöneberg city hall,
The fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 located in the city's western part, underlining the US support for West The Berlin Wall (painted on the
November 1989. On 3 October Berlin.[57] Berlin was completely divided. Although it was possible for western side) was a barrier that
1990, the German reunification Westerners to pass to the other side through strictly controlled divided the city from 1961 to 1989.
process was formally finished. checkpoints, for most Easterners, travel to West Berlin or West Germany
was prohibited by the government of East Germany. In 1971, a Four-Power
agreement guaranteed access to and from West Berlin by car or train through East Germany.[58]

In 1989, with the end of the Cold War and pressure from the East German population, the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November and was subsequently
mostly demolished. Today, the East Side Gallery preserves a large portion of the wall. On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germany were
reunified as the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin again became a reunified city.[59] Walter Momper, the mayor of West Berlin, became the
first mayor of the reunified city in the interim. City-wide elections in December 1990 resulted in the first "all Berlin" mayor being elected to take
office in January 1991, with the separate offices of mayors in East and West Berlin expiring by that time, and Eberhard Diepgen (a former mayor
of West Berlin) became the first elected mayor of a reunited Berlin.[60] On 18 June 1994, soldiers from the United States, France and Britain
marched in a parade which was part of the ceremonies to mark the withdrawal of allied occupation troops allowing a reunified Berlin[61] (the last
Russian troops departed on 31 August, while the final departure of Western Allies forces was on 8 September 1994). On 20 June 1991, the
Bundestag (German Parliament) voted to move the seat of the German capital from Bonn to Berlin, which was completed in 1999.

Berlin's 2001 administrative reform merged several boroughs, reducing their number from 23 to 12.

In 2006, the FIFA World Cup Final was held in Berlin.

In a 2016 terrorist attack linked to ISIL, a truck was deliberately driven into a Christmas market next to the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church,
leaving 13 people dead and 55 others injured.[62][63]

In 2018, more than 200,000 protestors took to the streets in Berlin with demonstrations of racism for solidarity against the emergence of far-
right politics in Germany.
Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER) opened in 2020, nine years later than planned, with Terminal 1 coming into
service at the end of October, and flights to and from Tegel Airport ending in November.[64] Due to the fall in
passenger numbers resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, plans were announced to temporarily close BER's
Terminal 5, the former Schönefeld Airport, beginning in March 2021 for up to one year.[65] The connecting link of
U-Bahn line U5 from Alexanderplatz to Hauptbahnhof, along with the new stations Rotes Rathaus and Unter den
Linden, opened on 4 December 2020, with the Museumsinsel U-Bahn station expected to open around March
2021, which would complete all new works on the U5.[66] A partial opening by the end of 2020 of the Humboldt
Forum museum, housed in the reconstructed Berlin Palace, which had been announced in June, was postponed The rebuilt Berlin Palace
until March 2021.[67] nearing completion, in 2021

Berlin-Brandenburg fusion attempt

The legal basis for a combined state of Berlin and Brandenburg is different from other state fusion proposals.
Normally, Article 29 of the Basic Law stipulates that a state fusion requires a federal law.[68] However, a clause added
to the Basic Law in 1994, Article 118a, allows Berlin and Brandenburg to unify without federal approval, requiring a
referendum and a ratification by both state parliaments.[69]

In 1996, there was an unsuccessful attempt of unifying the states of Berlin and Brandenburg.[70] Both share a
common history, dialect and culture and in 2020, there are over 225.000 residents of Brandenburg that commute to
Berlin. The fusion had the near-unanimous support by a broad coalition of both state governments, political parties,
media, business associations, trade unions and churches.[71] Though Berlin voted in favor by a small margin, largely
based on support in former West Berlin, Brandenburg voters disapproved of the fusion by a large margin. It failed
The coat of arms proposed largely due to Brandenburg voters not wanting to take on Berlin's large and growing public debt and fearing losing
in the state contract identity and influence to the capital.[70]

Geography

Topography

Berlin is in northeastern Germany, in an area of low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly flat topography,
part of the vast Northern European Plain which stretches all the way from northern France to western Russia.
The Berliner Urstromtal (an ice age glacial valley), between the low Barnim Plateau to the north and the
Teltow plateau to the south, was formed by meltwater flowing from ice sheets at the end of the last
Weichselian glaciation. The Spree follows this valley now. In Spandau, a borough in the west of Berlin, the
Spree empties into the river Havel, which flows from north to south through western Berlin. The course of the
Havel is more like a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See and the Großer Wannsee. A series of lakes
also feeds into the upper Spree, which flows through the Großer Müggelsee in eastern Berlin.[72]
Satellite image of Berlin
Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley. Large
parts of the boroughs Reinickendorf and Pankow lie on the Barnim Plateau, while most of the boroughs of
Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schöneberg, and Neukölln lie on the Teltow
Plateau.

The borough of Spandau lies partly within the Berlin Glacial Valley and partly on the Nauen Plain, which
stretches to the west of Berlin. Since 2015, the Arkenberge hills in Pankow at 122 meters (400 ft) elevation,
have been the highest point in Berlin. Through the disposal of construction debris they surpassed Teufelsberg
(120.1  m or 394  ft), which itself was made up of rubble from the ruins of the Second World War.[73] The
Müggelberge at 114.7 meters (376 ft) elevation is the highest natural point and the lowest is the Spektesee in
The outskirts of Berlin are covered
Spandau, at 28.1 meters (92 ft) elevation.[74] with woodlands and numerous
lakes.
Climate

Berlin has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb);[75] the eastern part of the city has a slight continental influence (Dfb), one of the changes being the
annual rainfall according to the air masses and the greater abundance during a period of the year.[76][77] This type of climate features moderate
summer temperatures but sometimes hot (for being semicontinental) and cold winters but not rigorous most of the time.[78][77]

Due to its transitional climate zones, frosts are common in winter, and there are larger temperature differences between seasons than typical for
many oceanic climates. Furthermore, Berlin is classified as a temperate continental climate (Dc) under the Trewartha climate scheme, as well as
the suburbs of New York City, although the Köppen system puts them in different types.[79]

Summers are warm and sometimes humid with average high temperatures of 22–25 °C (72–77 °F) and lows of 12–14 °C (54–57 °F). Winters are
cool with average high temperatures of 3 °C (37 °F) and lows of −2 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F). Spring and autumn are generally chilly to mild. Berlin's
built-up area creates a microclimate, with heat stored by the city's buildings and pavement. Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city
than in the surrounding areas.[80] Annual precipitation is 570 millimeters (22  in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Berlin and the
surrounding state of Brandenburg are the warmest and driest regions in Germany.[81] Snowfall mainly occurs from December through March.[82]
The hottest month in Berlin was July 1834, with a mean temperature of 23.0  °C (73.4  °F) and the coldest was January 1709, with a mean
temperature of −13.2 °C (8.2 °F).[83] The wettest month on record was July 1907, with 230 millimeters (9.1 in) of rainfall, whereas the driest were
October 1866, November 1902, October 1908 and September 1928, all with 1 millimeter (0.039 in) of rainfall.[84]
 Climate data for Berlin Brandenburg 1991-2020, extremes 1957-2021

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

15.1 19.2 25.8 30.8 32.7 38.4 38.3 38.0 32.3 27.7 20.9 15.6 38.4
Record high °C (°F)
(59.2) (66.6) (78.4) (87.4) (90.9) (101.1) (100.9) (100.4) (90.1) (81.9) (69.6) (60.1) (101.1)

10.6 12.4 17.9 24.0 28.4 31.5 32.7 32.7 26.9 21.5 14.8 11.2 34.8
Mean maximum °C (°F)
(51.1) (54.3) (64.2) (75.2) (83.1) (88.7) (90.9) (90.9) (80.4) (70.7) (58.6) (52.2) (94.6)

3.2 4.9 9.0 15.1 19.6 22.9 25.0 24.8 19.8 13.9 7.7 4.1 14.2
Average high °C (°F)
(37.8) (40.8) (48.2) (59.2) (67.3) (73.2) (77.0) (76.6) (67.6) (57.0) (45.9) (39.4) (57.5)

0.7 1.6 4.6 9.7 14.2 17.6 19.6 19.2 14.7 9.6 4.9 1.8 9.9
Daily mean °C (°F)
(33.3) (34.9) (40.3) (49.5) (57.6) (63.7) (67.3) (66.6) (58.5) (49.3) (40.8) (35.2) (49.8)

−2.2 −1.8 0.4 4.0 8.2 11.7 14.0 13.5 9.8 5.6 1.9 −0.9 5.3
Average low °C (°F)
(28.0) (28.8) (32.7) (39.2) (46.8) (53.1) (57.2) (56.3) (49.6) (42.1) (35.4) (30.4) (41.6)

−12.0 −9.5 −5.8 −2.6 1.7 6.3 8.9 8.1 3.9 −1.3 −5.0 −8.9 −14.2
Mean minimum °C (°F)
(10.4) (14.9) (21.6) (27.3) (35.1) (43.3) (48.0) (46.6) (39.0) (29.7) (23.0) (16.0) (6.4)

−25.3 −22.0 −19.1 −7.4 −2.8 1.3 4.9 4.6 −0.9 −7.7 −17.8 −24.0 −25.3
Record low °C (°F)
(−13.5) (−7.6) (−2.4) (18.7) (27.0) (34.3) (40.8) (40.3) (30.4) (18.1) (0.0) (−11.2) (−13.5)

41.5 30.0 35.9 27.7 52.8 60.2 70.0 52.4 43.6 40.3 38.8 39.1 532.3
Average precipitation mm (inches)
(1.63) (1.18) (1.41) (1.09) (2.08) (2.37) (2.76) (2.06) (1.72) (1.59) (1.53) (1.54) (20.96)

Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.6 77.9 126.7 196.4 231.1 232.9 233.7 222.2 168.9 113.8 57.4 45.0 1,758.6

Source: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[85]

Climate data for Berlin (Schönefeld), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1957–present

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

15.1 18.0 25.8 30.8 32.7 35.4 37.3 38.0 32.3 27.7 20.4 15.6 38.0
Record high °C (°F)
(59.2) (64.4) (78.4) (87.4) (90.9) (95.7) (99.1) (100.4) (90.1) (81.9) (68.7) (60.1) (100.4)

2.8 4.3 8.7 14.3 19.4 22.0 24.6 24.2 19.3 13.8 7.3 3.3 13.7
Average high °C (°F)
(37.0) (39.7) (47.7) (57.7) (66.9) (71.6) (76.3) (75.6) (66.7) (56.8) (45.1) (37.9) (56.7)

0.1 0.9 4.3 9.0 14.0 16.8 19.1 18.5 14.2 9.4 4.4 1.0 9.3
Daily mean °C (°F)
(32.2) (33.6) (39.7) (48.2) (57.2) (62.2) (66.4) (65.3) (57.6) (48.9) (39.9) (33.8) (48.7)

−2.8 −2.4 0.4 3.5 8.2 11.2 13.5 13.0 9.6 5.4 1.4 −1.6 5.0
Average low °C (°F)
(27.0) (27.7) (32.7) (38.3) (46.8) (52.2) (56.3) (55.4) (49.3) (41.7) (34.5) (29.1) (41.0)

−25.3 −22.0 −16.0 −7.4 −2.8 1.3 4.9 4.6 −0.9 −7.7 −12.0 −24.0 −25.3
Record low °C (°F)
(−13.5) (−7.6) (3.2) (18.7) (27.0) (34.3) (40.8) (40.3) (30.4) (18.1) (10.4) (−11.2) (−13.5)

37.2 30.1 39.3 33.7 52.6 60.2 52.5 53.0 39.5 32.2 37.8 46.1 515.2
Average precipitation mm (inches)
(1.46) (1.19) (1.55) (1.33) (2.07) (2.37) (2.07) (2.09) (1.56) (1.27) (1.49) (1.81) (20.28)

Mean monthly sunshine hours 57.6 71.5 119.4 191.2 229.6 230.0 232.4 217.3 162.3 114.7 54.9 46.9 1,727.6

Average ultraviolet index 1 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3

Source: DWD[86] and Weather Atlas[87]

Climate data for Berlin (Tempelhof), elevation: 48 m or 157 ft, 1971–2000 normals, extremes 1878–present

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

15.5 18.7 24.8 31.3 35.5 38.5 38.1 38.0 34.2 28.1 20.5 16.0 38.5
Record high °C (°F)
(59.9) (65.7) (76.6) (88.3) (95.9) (101.3) (100.6) (100.4) (93.6) (82.6) (68.9) (60.8) (101.3)

3.3 5.0 9.0 15.0 19.6 22.3 25.0 24.5 19.3 13.9 7.7 3.7 14.0
Average high °C (°F)
(37.9) (41.0) (48.2) (59.0) (67.3) (72.1) (77.0) (76.1) (66.7) (57.0) (45.9) (38.7) (57.2)

0.6 1.4 4.8 8.9 14.3 17.1 19.2 18.9 14.5 9.7 4.7 2.0 9.7
Daily mean °C (°F)
(33.1) (34.5) (40.6) (48.0) (57.7) (62.8) (66.6) (66.0) (58.1) (49.5) (40.5) (35.6) (49.4)

−1.9 −1.5 1.3 4.2 9.0 12.3 14.3 14.1 10.6 6.4 2.2 −0.4 5.9
Average low °C (°F)
(28.6) (29.3) (34.3) (39.6) (48.2) (54.1) (57.7) (57.4) (51.1) (43.5) (36.0) (31.3) (42.6)

−23.1 −26.0 −16.5 −8.1 −4.0 1.5 6.1 3.5 −1.5 −9.6 −16.0 −20.5 −26.0
Record low °C (°F)
(−9.6) (−14.8) (2.3) (17.4) (24.8) (34.7) (43.0) (38.3) (29.3) (14.7) (3.2) (−4.9) (−14.8)

42.3 33.3 40.5 37.1 53.8 68.7 55.5 58.2 45.1 37.3 43.6 55.3 570.7
Average precipitation mm (inches)
(1.67) (1.31) (1.59) (1.46) (2.12) (2.70) (2.19) (2.29) (1.78) (1.47) (1.72) (2.18) (22.48)

Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.0 8.0 9.1 7.8 8.9 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.8 7.6 9.6 11.4 101.2

Source 1: WMO[88]

Source 2: KNMI[89]