Republic of the Philippines

Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

English in an international language. Most people or even nation's use this language in

international communication. Many fields of human life, such as in politics, economic,

education, cannot be separated from it. Based on the fact above, it becomes one foreign

language, which has to be mastered by all people in the world. That is why English has to be

taught in all levels of education (Lorena Parts, 2020).Teaching English, especially teaching

reading is not easy, because it requires creativity and motivation in to the students in order to

create a good situation and condition when teaching and learning process and to make the

students interested in reading, so that the goal of teaching and learning process can be achieved.

According to David Pearson (2019), reading is the process of looking at written symbols

and letters and understanding the meaning of them. It's one of the four main language skills

along side listening, speaking, and writing. Reading is usually the third language skills that you

learn in your native language, it comes after listening and speaking. While Comprehension is the

understanding and interpretation of what is read,to be able to accurately understand written

material.

Reading is not easy skill to master according to Nunan (2021), reading needs identification and

also interpretation processes which require the reader's knowledge about the language structure
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

used in the text and his knowledge abouta given topic. It is the complexity that makes some

students less interested in this kind of activity.

Reading Comprehension has an important place in lifelong learning. It is an interactive

process between the reader and the text. Students need reading comprehension skill at all

educational levels and for all school subjects. Reading Comprehension indeed is a gateway to

academic progress and success (Buslon & Alieto,2019). Hence, research on reading

comprehension has been conducted extensively. Reading Comprehension exercises are used

more effectively as a teaching device than as a testing device. They can used to teach students a

variety of skills, such as the ability to discover specific facts, to see the writer's point of view,

and to visualize what is described in words.

Determining the level of students Reading Comprehension skills is the subject of testing

evaluation. Tests used to measure students success are expected to provide accurate and reliable

information. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable reading

comprehension test. The participants in the study were the Junior High School students from

Cortes Academy Inc., Junior High levels in the Central District of Cortes.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Theoretical Framework

Reading is for many people, an enjoyable, intense and private activity, from which much

pleasure can be derived, and in which one can become totally absorbed.

Reading is private. It is a mental, or cognitive, process which involves a reader in trying to

follow and respond to a message from a writer who is distant in space and time. Because of this

privacy, the process of reading, the first think that we must know is reading habits.

This ability is very important for being good reader.

Reading in this case not only reads some table, diagram, chart and another picture but it

is read everything that has the data can be read. The important thing is you can read and

delivered it data correctly and disappear ambiguity.

Reading is usually the third language skill that we learn, reading is the way of looking at order

the sign of written and become meaningful from them. Reading is a communication process

requiring a series of skills, such us reading is a thinking process rather than an exercise in eye

movements.

Based on the definition above, that reader’s knowledge of the world depends on lived

experience.

H. Douglas Brown said that reading is likewise a skill that teachers simply expect

learners to acquire. Reading arguably the most essential skill for success in all educational

contexts, remains a skill of paramount importance as we create assessments of general language

ability.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

According to J. Charles reading is both process and product, the process of reading involves the

interaction between the reader and the text-how the reader is deciphering the writing on the page,

what he or she is thinking about while reading and reader is monitoring his or her reading.

A reader reads a text to understand its meaning, as well as to put that understanding to

use. A person reads a text to learn, to find out information, to be entertained, to reflect or as

religious practice. The purpose of reading is closely connected to person’s motivation to read. It

will also affect the way a book is read. We read a dictionary in a different way from the way we

read a novel. In the classroom, teachers need to be aware of their students’ learning needs.

Conceptual Framework

Demographic Profile
of the respondents:

Process
1) Age Intervention program
2) Gender based on the findings
of the study
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram

The schematic diagram of the study shows the sequential step of the study. The first box of
schematic diagram, reflect the demographic profile of the respondent in terms of their
names, age, gender and year level. The second box of diagram present the process, where
the survey, questionnaire and checklist are included. Where it can find how the
respondents respond to the following question. The third box of the diagram depicts the
intervention program of the study for the cause
Statement of the problem

The main purpose of the study is to know the Reading Comprehension level of the Junior

High School students of Cortes Academy, Inc.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How to improve the reading comprehension level of Junior High students of Cortes Academy,

Inc.?

2. How many students that cannot do comprehension on reading?

3. Is self- concept related to reading comprehension ability?

Scope and limitations

This study was restricted to the Junior High School students of Cortes Academy, Inc. for

the academic year 2022-2023. The grade levels studied were seventh to tenth grade and this

study use the descriptive research design.

 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Significance of the study

The result of this study will serve as a significant purpose perceived to have a great

importance to the following people in the academic community.

Researchers. The result of this study will give the researchers answers to their questions and

will absolutely satisfy their curiosity about the Reading Comprehension level of the Junior High

students.

Future Researchers. The findings of this study would serve as an accurate data useful for

further studies. This study will be helpful to the future Researchers in a sense that they can

perceived supplemental information and can create new concepts out from this paper.

Teachers. The result of this study will help the teachers to be aware of the reading

comprehension level of their students. This will also give them idea on how to encourage the

students to know the importance of comprehension on reading.

Students. This study will let the students know their reading comprehension level. They will

also know the insights of their fellow students towards reading comprehension.

Definition of terms

The following terminologies were defined conceptually or operationally to achieve

clarity, further understanding and guidance.

Foreign Language. Any language that is not native to a particular region or person, it varies

from region and by the individuals within a particular region.

 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Creativity. Having or showing an ability to make new things or think of new ideas.

Written Symbols. A thing that stands for or represents something else.

Language Structure. Sentence-level comprehension of text, including how the arrangement of

words within sentences impacts the meaning.

Complexity. The state of having many parts and being difficult to understand or find an answer

to

Interactive Process. The process of interacting directly with a program and/or data for

immediately modifying, retrieving and/or displaying information.

Gateway. Converts information, data or other communications from one protocol or format to

another.

Academic Progress. Refers to students increasing their learning relative to grade-level

standards.

Extensively. In a way that covers a large area or has a great range

Visualize. The formation of mental visual images or the act or process of interpreting visual

terms or of putting them into visible form.

Accurate Information. Their quality of being true or correct, even in small details.

Reliable Information. One that is well reasoned and based on strong evidence.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Self- Concept. The individual's belief about himself or herself, including the person's attributes

and who and what the self is.

Restricted. Limited or not accessible to the public.

Perceived. To notice or become aware of something.

Supplemental Information. Any additional materials, documents, or deliverables that provide

extra facts to the resume.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies both local and foreign that

provides relevant information for enriching and giving light to the study entitled reading

comprehension level among junior high school students of Cortes Academy Inc.

Related Literatures

Local

According to Oliviera Velarde (2022), students who struggled in reading lacked the necessary

skills and attention. This Action Research determined the efficacy of Fluency-Oriented Reading

Instruction (FORI) in strengthening reading comprehension skills of students in English. It

 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

involved the Grade V students who were considered as struggling readers. It lasted for two

weeks where learners were got involved in an hour reading activity every day after their classes.

Likewise, thematic analysis was done in identifying the themes. Findings revealed that the

intervention increased the reading comprehension skills of the students and even made them as

independent readers. They suggested that teachers from all grade levels should have to adopt

FORI and books would be available at home.

Foreign

Numerous studies have found that students’ reading strategy and their reading self-efficacy play

important roles in enhancing English reading comprehension in the context of English as a

second/foreign language( McCormick Gambrell). The study attempts to investigate whether a

relationship exists between the reading strategy and perceived self-efficacy of Thai EFL students

and their comprehension. The participants consist of 31 Thai engineering students attending a

TOEIC course at a public university in Thailand. A reading strategy questionnaire, a reading

self-efficacy questionnaire and TOEIC reading comprehension test were used for data collection.

According to the descriptive statistics, the reading comprehension ability of the participants is

below average. Pearson’s correlation coefficient test showed the existence of a significant

relationship between their reading ability and their overall reading strategy and a significant

relationship was also revealed between their reading comprehension ability and the top-down

strategies. However, no significant relationship exists between reading ability and bottom-up

strategies. Furthermore, the descriptive results reveal that the participants’ perceived reading
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

self-efficacy is at a moderate level. In addition, Pearson’s correlation coefficient test showed a

significant relationship between reading comprehension ability and self-efficacy in reading.

RELATED STUDIES
Local

According to William Aranas (2021), reading comprehension is the ability to define word by

word and create a profound idea from the talks were given or read. It plays a significant role in

the total functioning of a community. It is also one of the pillars of reading. This paper aims to

assess the Reading Comprehension level of the Senior High School in their Core Science

Subjects and determine different factors that affect one’s reading comprehension skills. A

descriptive survey attempts to establish the range and distribution of some social characteristics,

such as education or training, occupation, and location, and to discover how these characteristics

may be related to certain behavior patterns or attitudes. The instruments used to assess Reading

Comprehension has three difficulty level; Upper beginner-level story, Intermediate-level story,

and Upper Intermediate level story. Students with a 75% and above correct answer are

categorized as" mastery level." Students with 50%-74% correct answers are categorized under"

near mastery level." While the category" low mastery level" is for students with a score of 49%

and below. The students were categorized based on the reader category of Imam (2014). In terms

of reading comprehension skill result, it shows that only 7% of the total respondents are

classified as Mastery Level readers. The result is trifling compared to the 49% near mastery level

and 44% poor mastery level.

 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Foreign

Previous studies have effectively demonstrated that teaching techniques for reading

comprehension are crucial to the learning process and may have an impact on students' reading

comprehension (Chen Wang ,2021). To further investigate teachers' strategies in teaching

reading comprehension and how their students reacted to such strategies at Hau Giang

Community College. The current study adopted a qualitative study design with observation and

interviews. The study's participants were taken from five English teachers who teach in HGCC

with different experiences and degrees of background knowledge and 31 students in Pharmacy

A. According to this study, teachers have been using techniques including questioning,

predicting, retelling, and picturing to promote reading comprehension. Additionally, it showed

that the majority of the students gave enough feedback on the tactics used by their teachers.

According to these findings, teachers should inform students of the instructions before they read

the text and utilize tactics for teaching reading comprehension in line with each student's level of

ability and personality to encourage greater engagement.

Insight gained

Comprehension refers to the ability to understand written words. It is different from the

ability to recognize words( Andrew Cohen, 2019). Recognizing words on a page but not

knowing what they mean does not fulfill the purpose or goal of reading, which is comprehension.

Imagine, for example, that a teacher gives a child a passage to read. The child can read the entire

passage, but he or she knows nothing when asked to explain what was read. Comprehension adds
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

meaning to what is read. Reading comprehension occurs when words on a page are not just mere

words but thoughts and ideas. Comprehension makes reading enjoyable, fun, and informative. It

is needed to succeed in school, work, and life in general.

The purpose of reading is comprehension — getting meaning from written text. Find out

what else research tells us about the active process of constructing meaning, and how good

readers consciously employing comprehension strategies.

Without comprehension, reading is a frustrating, pointless exercise in word calling. It is no

exaggeration to say that how well students develop the ability to comprehend what they read has

a profound effect on their entire lives. A major goal of reading comprehension instruction,

therefore, is to help students develop the knowledge, skills, and experiences they must have if

they are to become competent and enthusiastic readers.

Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods that will be use in this study which includes the research

design, research setting, research respondents, and research instruments. It also discusses the

procedures of data gathering and sampling, and statistical treatment of the data. The main

purpose of this study is to find out the level of reading comprehension of the Junior High

students.

Research Design
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

This research study used the descriptive research method. According to Margaret

McCann (2013), descriptive research is a research design that is used to investigate different

phenomenon and situations. It always targets to answer questions like how the situation happen,

when in terms of the time or date, where in terms of the place it happened, and what the issue or

phenomenon is. The research design majorly focuses on explaining more of the population;

therefore, it integrates different research methods for its success. It is a unique kind of design

because there is no manipulation of the variable; rather, the researcher uses observation to

measure the findings.

With the use of this method the researchers was able to define the problem and why it exists

hence the use of varied designs that are added to help the research process. The descriptive

design is used in different organizations and institutions to solve the root of the problem.

Research setting
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Location of Cortes Academy, Inc.

This study was conducted in Cortes Academy, Inc. at Poblacion Cortes Surigao del Sur.

This institution is composed of 1 building and composed of 6 classrooms. This institution is not

only a school but a second home of students. This school offers a high quality of education, and

this is free for all poor because this school is intendeed for those students who want to finish

their studies but they can't sustain their high school needs. In this research environment, it can

help the researcher to conduct a survey and gather the necessary information for the study since

it has been the school of the researchers as well.

 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Research respondents

In this study Junior High Schools are involved in Cortes Academy, Inc. S.Y. 2022-2033.

Those students where target population, since the topic is about reading comprehension.

There are 15 students of Grade 7, 12 students of Grade 8, 14 students of Grade 9 and 20 students

of Grade 10 a total of 61 Junior Highschool students where they are respondents of the

research.The respondents were surveyed to determine the proficiency Level of Reading

Comprehension.

Research instruments

This study used Quantitative research instrument for improving reading comprehension.

The researchers use a questionnaire as it's main instrument in conducting the study . The

instruments serve the researchers data to find out the Level of Reading Comprehension of Junior

High School students of Cortes Academy, Inc. A questionnaire is a list of questions which is

intended to elicit answer to the problems of the study. The researchers use structured questions

which leaves only one way or few alternative way of answering it. The questions are simple,

clear.

Data gathering procedure

 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

The Junior High School students are the identified population needed for the researchers.

Simple survey questionnaire is used to identify the Reading Comprehension Level of the

students. The researchers send a letter to the school principal for the consent to survey.

Reading Comprehension Research Instrument The researchers adopted an instrument namely

quantitative research for improving Reading Comprehension of the Junior High School students

of Cortes Academy, Inc. ,through percentage level.

The chosen respondents of the study, the researcher utilized the survey questionnaire. To

begin the data analysis from the respondents result was then retrieved. Finally, the researchers

summarized, evaluated, calculate analyzed and interpreted the outcome of the study.

Statistical treatment

As soon as the researchers gathered the data, they were compiled, sorted, organized and

tabulated. They were subject to statistical treatment in order to answer the questions proposed in

the study. The statistical tools employed were the frequency distribution, percentage, ordinal

scale and weighted mean.

1. Frequency distribution is an arrangement of the data which shows the frequency of different

values or groups of variables.

2. Percentage is to be used to determine the proportion of each given data by using the formula.

%=(F/N) X 100
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Where:

% = Percentage

F = No. of respondents

N = total number of cases

Percentage and frequency distribution were used to show the distribution of Junior High students

Cortes Academy, Inc. in a particular range.

References
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Tuzahra, F. (2021). Reading Online: Evaluation of Online Sources Credibility. Journal of

Research on Language Education, 2(1), 32–36. https://doi.org/10.33365/jorle.v2i1.1007
Kaganang, G. (2019). The Use of Problem-Based Learning to Improve Students’ Reading
Comprehension at the First Grade Students of Senior High School 1 of Middle Halmahera.
Journal of Linguistics, 2(1), 9.
Huynh, D. P. (2022). Extensive Reading on Postgraduate Students’ Perceptions and Its Effects
on Reading Comprehension. International Journal of TESOL & Education, 2(4), 32–47.
https://doi.org/10.54855/ijte.22243
Nurdianingsih, F. (2021). Teachers’ strategies in teaching reading comprehension. Professional
Journal of English Education, 4(2), 285–289.
Pham, U. M. (2021). The Effects of Reading Habits on Reading Comprehension. International
Journal of TESOL & Education, 1(2), 15-44. Retrieved from
http://eoi.citefactor.org/10.11250/ijte.01.02.002
Albano, E.C. Jr. (2021, August 24). Non readers in High school. The Daily Tribune.
https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2021/08/24/non-readers-in-high-school/
Huynh, D. P. (2022). Extensive Reading on Postgraduate Students’ Perceptions and Its Effects
on Reading Comprehension. International Journal of TESOL & Education, 2(4), 32–47.
https://doi.org/10.54855/ijte.22243
Pham, U. M. (2021). The Effects of Reading Habits on Reading Comprehension. International
Journal of TESOL & Education, 1(2), 15-44. Retrieved from
http://eoi.citefactor.org/10.11250/ijte.01.02.002
Kosar, G., Akbana, Y. E., & Yakar, L. (2022). Development and validation of a reading self-
efficacy scale. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 9(1), 203-219. Retrieved
April 11, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.894688
Kristin Conradi Smith, Steven J. Amendum, Tamara W. Williams, Maximizing Small‐Group Reading
Instruction, The Reading Teacher, 10.1002/trtr.2146, 76, 3, (348-356), (2022).

Simbolon, F. I. (2020). The Effect OK5R Strategy On Students’ Achievement In Reading Comprehension.
The Explora, 6(3), 26–37.

Damanik, A. S. and Herman. (2021). Improving Students’ Reading Comprehension Through

Question Answer Relationship Strategy (QARS). Inovish Journal, Vol. 6, No. 1, PP. 84-101.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35314/inovish.v6i1.1949
 Republic of the Philippines
Department Of Education
CORTES ACADEMY INC.
Prk. 3, Poblacion, Cortes, Surigao del Sur
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Bolderstone, A., & Palmer, C. (2018). A Brief Introduction to Qualitative Research.

Indriyana , B. S., & Kuswandono, P. (2019). Developing Students Higher Order Thinking Skills
(HOTS) in reading . Journal of English Teaching , 204-216.