Research Template

SABLAYAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1
COMPOSITION WRITING AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF

SABLAYAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SHOOL, DIVISION OF
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO
A Research Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Sablayan

National Comprehensive High School Sto. Nino, Sablayan, Occidental
Mindoro
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for
Practical Research 2
General Academic Strand
BY
Melvie G. Cadiao
Danica Bergonia
Clarissa Gonzaga
Angelyn Quilit
Regine Beron
Anamae Gara
April Joy Prado
Ellen Rose Quiming
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
In the modern world the most valuable resource you have as you study is time.
Today, time management has been broken down into a number of categories, but they all
basically seek to achieve the same objectives. Time management is not a skill we are
usually taught growing up, so developing an organized approach to your studies is an
opportunity to learn how to study more efficiently.
Many Grade-12 students find themselves denied admission because of poor grades.
In most cases many students were smart enough to make good grades in senior high
school, but simply failed to manage their time wisely and do the hard work necessary to
achieve an exemplary grade point average. However, all of these are related by how
individuals manage their time to suit their daily living and to make it flow steadily with their
study. Time management is easily one of the most important skills a high school student
can develop. Without time management skills, life in an academic environment will
become chaotic, and the student will soon be struggling to keep their head above water. It
does not take long to fall behind, and once it happens, students can have a very difficult
time catching up. It is something that must be done constantly.
Management must become a part of a student’s basic frame of reference. For many
people, it will be a new habit, but there is no need to despair. Any high school student can
learn how to manage their time. Seneca once wrote that “it is not that we don’t have
enough time, rather we use the time we have wastefully”. It looks at how you divide your
time between activities, where good practice enables people to work smarter, not harder.
Previous studies have determined a positive effect of time management. Time
management skills have indicated a positive effect on student learning and associated
outcomes. A number of studies have identified the positive impact of time management.
Time management skills have been shown to have a positive impact on student learning
and student outcomes (Kearns & Gardiner, 2007; Kelly, 2002; McKenzie, Gow, &
Schweitzer, 2004) and Krause & Coates (2008) indicated that the ability for successfully
managing their time is the benchmark of students in developing better study habits as well
as strategies for success. Time management provides individuals the ways for structuring
and controlling their activities (Claessens et al., 2004). In addition, report that the capacity
to successfully manage their time is the foundation of students developing good study
habits and strategies for success. Time management offers individuals the means to
structure and control their activities (Claessens et al., 2004). In addition, Wang et al.
(2011) have revealed that time management is essential beyond the school, where the
ability to manage one’s free time is revealed to substantially elevates the quality of life of
an individual.
This research will add self-evaluation to student’s daily habit and plan. Also, it will provide
knowledge and recommendation for skills that can assist student for perfect personal
strategic plan. It will also help to overcome the wrong common rumors statements about
time management and will raise awareness about procrastinating behavior of time
management
Theoretical Framework
Setting goals, identifying the most crucial event, and scheduling other activities
around it are all part of time management, according to Crutsinger (1994).
The steps of the time management process in the implementation of a series of
activities are purpose, distribution of tasks, analysis of the scenarios where time is
spent, monitoring, setting priorities, making lists appropriately, and summarizing
the outcomes, according to Kirillov et al. (2015).
After conducting a survey, the Canadian Center of Management (2010) examined
the traits of the leaders of successful organizations and came to the conclusion
that having personal qualities like critical thinking, collaboration, and
creativity/innovation are crucial for becoming a strong leader. Leadership is
described as the behavior and capacity to influence one or more people toward
predetermined objectives (Kaya, 1991).
Effective leaders in this situation need critical thinking to motivate their teams,
avoid poor choices, and grow their organization. Students who are skilled at time
management can better utilize their surroundings and mold it to suit their individual
needs and values. It's crucial to distinguish between urgent and non-urgent jobs in
order to keep your burden moderate (Kirillov et al. 2015).
Setting achievable objectives and prioritizing activities can help people feel less
stressed and more in charge of their days, which is good for their wellbeing
(MacLeod, Coates, & Hetherton, 2008.

Conceptual Framework
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES
1.
1. Time Management 1. GRADE-12 GENERAL
ACADEMIC STRAND
2. Procrastination
2. Academic Performance
3. Prioritization
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to assess the status of Time management of Grade 12 General
Academic Strand Students of Sablayan National Comprehensive High School.
Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:
1.What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Sex
1.2 Age:
2. What is the effect of the ability to managing time for the Grade 12- General
academic strand students?
3. Is their General weighted average checklist on how do they manage their time at
home and at school?
4. Is there a significant relationship between time management and Grade 12
General Academic Strand students?

Scope and Limitation of the study
This study focuses on the assess Time management to the academic
performance of Senior High School student of Sablayan National
Comprehensive High School, Division of Occidental Mindoro, for
Academic year 2022-2023. Specifically, it covered the profile of the
respondents in term of Age and Sex etc.

Significance of the study
The primary purpose of this study was to establish on understanding on how will
the student will manage their time management skills, Furthermore, this study will
be contributed to the following: To Grade 12 Students of General Academic Strand,
Professional teachers, Parents. This was also a great significance to the present
researchers, as well as to the future researchers.
For the Grade 12 General students of General Academic Strand, the study of
time management can be a learning paradigm in the Grade 12 Students of General
Academic Strand to increase their knowledge on how to use time management and
academic skills.
For the Professional Teacher, this would also help them on how to understand
their students on why other students don’t deal with time managing.
For the Parents, this study would be beneficial because this will be a guide to
understand their children behavior and grades.
Likewise, the study would be beneficial for the researcher, themselves as
conveyors of knowledge in Time Management. This study will open them into other
concepts and skills that will somehow be a great help in improving themselves in
time management.
Finally, for the future researchers, this research will be a useful reference for
who would plan to make any related study about time management. It may serve
this as guidance to gather information and to have a bigger study.

Definition of terms
The researchers defined the following terms conceptually and operationally for
the better understanding of the viewers:
Time Managements. Is the coordination of tasks and activities to maximize the
effectiveness of an individual’s efforts
General Academic Strand. Students who are not yet sure of what course or
degree they want to take in college.
General Weighted Average. Is the average of all grades in one semester
Procrastination. Is the act of delaying or postponing a task or set of tasks

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter presents the different literatures reviewed by the researcher
which amplified the results of the study. It contains facts, insights, and findings of
accomplished analysis about enhancing composition writing, which has an impact
on the students' Time Management.
Conceptual Literature
In this section of the study, the researchers reviewed the concepts that are related
to this study. The main goal of the conceptual literature review is to classify and
present concepts that are relevant to the study and define the significance between
them, which includes the relevant theory and empirical research (Frederiksen,
Phelps, & Kimmons, 2018).
1. Time Management
Time is endless, and the time consumed by everyone can never be retrieved. Time
may seem to flow constantly, but as it is spent on certain activities, some may find
it not enough to finish the things to be done in a day (Carroll, 2015). Time
management is a skill that everyone should possess to effectively and efficiently
accomplish their tasks. According to Carroll (2015), proper time management leads
to better decisions, especially if one is not pressured, and thus, by making the right
decisions in a mindful manner, one can attain a successful life just by properly
managing their time. Moreover, time management skills and techniques can be
characterized by one’s personal approach, which contributes to numerous
fundamental qualities in general. And some of the main and primary factors that
should be considered in one’s time management skills are goal setting, planning,
prioritizing, and scheduling.
a. Goal Setting
Setting goals for students varies depending on their abilities and motivation to
complete academic assignments. Students struggle to set goals because they are
ignorant of the specific standards that must be met in each academic area to
achieve state competency requirements (McMillan, 2019). According to
Zimmerman, Bandura, and Martinez-Pons (1992), goal-directed action has three
characteristics: (1) self-generation: the source of energy is critical to the organism's
survival; (2) value-significance: the activities not only enable but also require an
organism's survival; and (3) goal-causation: the ensuing action is triggered by a
goal (Locke & Latham, 1991).
As stated in the study by Reyes and Galang (2009), the factors that motivate
students to study are comparable to the reasons that motivate them to value
education. As a result, people are inspired to do their best work because they love
it and are challenged by it. Some people have internalized the importance of
education, which serves as a motivator for them. Others study more diligently
because they want to improve their grades or are afraid of failing.
b. Planning
According to the study by Fitsimmons (2008), "the first key to good time
management is planning. Although it takes time to plan, it is an investment that will
pay back heavily in time saved later on. Good planning ensures that you get to a
desirable end with a project or other effort, whether that project is something
specific to your library workplace, or your whole career. " It must be in a written
form, which should be reviewed and updated regularly. This process provides an
overview of one’s workload at any particular moment, which accurately shows the
complete work plan for the future and gives an idea of what lies beyond (Forsyth,
2019).
1. Prioritizing
According to an article on the priority matrix (n.d), priorities must be established in
order to complete all of the tasks that must be completed. Prioritization is important
because it allows you to focus your attention on tasks that are important and urgent
so that you can later focus on tasks that are lower priority.
If you do not take the time to prioritize, you will struggle to complete tasks on time,
worry about how you will complete everything on your to-do list, and be
unproductive. These are the reasons why prioritization is important. If you do

not organize your schedule by priority, you might miss important tasks that you
should've put at the top of your list first.
d. Scheduling
Scheduling plays a crucial role in time management. An effective task and time
allotment will greatly improve your time management. As mentioned by Chapman,
Rupured, Price, Carney, & Clews (2020), having an effective schedule includes
knowing the things that must be done within the allotted time frame. The
challenging tasks must be planned when a lot of energy is stored, and the most
prioritized activities must be done first. Schedule small tasks for the most basic
activities, such as drafting an email or taking notes.
1. Challenges’ that the Students Encounter with Regard to Time Management
Time management plays an important role in students' academic life. The students
struggle in the absence of mentors and supervisors such as parents, family
members, and teachers. Work overload and stress made it difficult to address
tasks adequately, hence their poor academic achievements.
Many people complain about not having enough time to complete a task or
assignment to complete the tasks before the deadline is a tall order for them. The
problems lead to a lack of time management. According to Gerdes and
Mallinckrodt (1994), students who have difficulties adjusting to the new learning
environment usually have poor academic performance.

Research Literature
The increasing salience of time is

reflected in theoretical as well as
practical
publications. A number of authors
discussed the need for better
incorporating time in
theoretical models and research
designs (e.g. Ancona et al., 2001;
George and Jones,
2000; Wright, 2002). Others focused
on the ways in which people in
organizations
manage their time, and on ways in
which these efforts can be improved
(e.g. Macan,
1994). In this article we will address

time from the second perspective,
and review the
empirical studies on time
management. More specifically, we
will review definitions of
time management, discuss methods
for studying time management,
summarize
empirical findings on time
management and the use and
effectiveness of time
management methods, identify gaps
in the current research literature, and
give
suggestions for future research.
The interest in time management is

by no means new. The problem of
how to
manage time was already discussed
in the 1950s and 1960s, and several
authors
proposed methods on how to handle
time issues on the job (e.g. Drucker,
1967; Lakein,
1973; Mackenzie, 1972; McCay,
1959). They suggested simple
remedies such as writing
work plans down on paper (so-
called “to-do lists”) in order to
increase job performance.
At the same time, some authors (e.g.

Drucker, 1967) recognized that
planning tasks and
activities does not always lead to the
completion of planned work,
especially when time
pressure is high.
McCay (1959) developed a concept
for a time-management training
program, which
is still being used. Critical elements
are: giving insight into time-
consuming activities,
changing time expenditure, and
increasing workday efficiency by
teaching people how
to make a daily planning, how to

prioritise tasks, and how to handle
unexpected tasks.
Many books and articles were
written to convey these and similar
ideas to managers,
promising them a greater
effectiveness while using less time
(e.g. Blanchard and
Johnson, 1982). Over the years the
focus of time management
publications and training
courses has shifted from managers
as the major target group to a broad
audience of
working people. The term “time

management” is actually
misleading. Strictly
speaking, time cannot be managed,
because it is an inaccessible factor.
Only the way a
person deals with time can be
influenced. Time management can
be viewed as a way of
monitoring and controlling time
(e.g. Eilam and Aharon, 2003). In
this regard, it would
be more appropriate to speak about
self-management with regard to the
performance
of multiple tasks within a certain

time period. But in the literature, the
term
self-management has a different
meaning. It refers to monitoring and
regulating
oneself, but without any specific
reference to techniques for
monitoring time use.
Therefore, we will stick to the use of
the term time management in the
present paper.
In spite of all popular attention to
managing time, relatively little
research has been
conducted on the processes involved

in using one’s time effectively (e.g.
by using
“prime time” to carry out important
tasks) and completing work within
deadlines. In
1987, a review was published that
addressed the increasing popularity
of time
management (Richards, 1987). It
discussed the principles mentioned
by authors like
McCay (1959) and concluded that,
for instance, setting life goals and
keeping time logs
were important techniques for

effectively managing one’s time.
Although this article
was helpful in understanding the
ideas behind the notion of time
management, it was
not a review of empirical time
management studies. In fact, to our
knowledge, no
reviews of empirical research of
time management have been
published since the
article by Richards (1987)
Others focused on the ways in which people in organizations manage their
time, and on ways in which these efforts can be improved (e.g. Macan,1994). In
this article we will address time from the second perspective, and review the
empirical studies on time management. More specifically, we will review definitions
of time management, discuss methods for studying time management, summarize

empirical findings on time management and the use and effectiveness of time
management methods, identify gaps in the current research literature, and give
suggestions for future research. The interest in time management is by no means
new.
(e.g. Drucker, 1967; Lakein,1973; Mackenzie, 1972; Mc Cay, 1959) They
suggested simple remedies such as writing work plans down on paper (so-called
“to-do lists”) in order to increase school performance.
At the same time, some authors (e.g. Drucker, 1967) recognized that
planning tasks and activities does not always lead to the completion of planned
work, especially when time pressure is high.
Mc Cay (1959) developed a concept for a time-management training
program, which is still being used. Critical elements are: giving insight into time-
consuming activities, changing time expenditure, and increasing workday efficiency
by teaching people how to make a daily planning, how to prioritize tasks, and how
to handle unexpected tasks.
Many books and articles were written to convey these and similar ideas to
managers, promising them a greater effectiveness while using less time (e.g.
Blanchard and Johnson, 1982). The term “time management” is actually
misleading. Strictly speaking, time cannot be managed, because it is an
inaccessible factor. Only the way a person deals with time can be influenced.
In1987, a review was published that addressed the increasing popularity of
time management (Richards, 1987). It discussed the principles mentioned by
authors like Mc Cay (1959) and concluded that, for instance, setting life goals and
keeping time logs were important techniques for effectively managing one’s time.
Synthesis
The conceptual and research literatures provided viewpoints for the study, as
they comprise the ideas and concepts about time managements of students.
These correlated readings were necessary in the development of the study.
The study of Macan focused on how to improve time management, more
specifically it stated the effectiveness of time management methods. This give
suggestion for future researcher.
In addition, Drucker lakein, Mackenzie, Mc Cay suggested so called “to do list”.
Furthermore, Drucker recognized that planning task and activities does not always
lead to the completion of planned work, especially when time pressure is high.
On the other hand, Mc Cay developed a concept for a time management
training program, he discussed how to handled unexpected tasks.
Lastly, Richard discussed the principles mentioned by authors like Mc Cay and
concluded that, for instance, setting life goals and keeping time logs were
important techniques for effectively managing one’s time.

Conceptual Framework
Time management plays an important role in students' academic life. The
students struggle in the absence of mentors and supervisors such as parents,
family members, and teachers. Work overload and stress made it difficult to
address tasks adequately, hence their poor academic achievements.
Time is endless, and the time consumed by everyone can never be retrieved. Time
may seem to flow constantly, but as it is spent on certain activities, some may find it
not enough to finish the things to be done in a day (Carroll, 2015). Time management is a
skill that everyone should possess to effectively and efficiently accomplish their tasks.
According to Carroll (2015), proper time management leads to better decisions, especially
if one is not pressured, and thus, by making the right decisions in a mindful manner, one
can attain a successful life just by properly managing their time. Moreover, time
management skills and techniques can be characterized by one’s personal approach,
which contributes to numerous fundamental qualities in general. And some of the main
and primary factors that should be considered in one’s time management skills are goal
setting, planning, prioritizing, and scheduling.
As stated in the study by Reyes and Galang (2009), the factors that motivate students
to study are comparable to the reasons that motivate them to value education. As a result,
people are inspired to do their best work because they love it and are challenged by it.
Some people have internalized the importance of education, which serves as a motivator
for them. Others study more diligently because they want to improve their grades or are
afraid of failing.
According to an article on the priority matrix (n.d), priorities must be established in
order to complete all of the tasks that must be completed. Prioritization is important
because it allows you to focus your attention on tasks that are important and urgent so that
you can later focus on tasks that are lower priority.
If you do not take the time to prioritize, you will struggle to complete tasks on time, worry
about how you will complete everything on your to-do list, and be unproductive. These are
the reasons why prioritization is important. If you do not organize your schedule by priority,
you might miss important tasks that you should've put at the top of your list first.
Input Process Output
Ways to improve the

Time management of
Questionnaire Grade 12 General
Academic Strand
students
 Sex
 Age
 General weighted
average checklist
on how do they
Chapter III
manage their time
at home and at RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
school
This chapter deals with the method and procedures utilized by the
researchers. This includes the research design, locale of the study, subject of the
study, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedures, and statistical
treatment, which are important in interpreting and gathering data.
Research Design
The research approach of this study was quantitative. Accordingly, from
different types of research designs descriptive type of research design was
employed for this paper for the realization of intended objectives to describe the
time management. This research design is a fact finding study with adequate and
accurate interpretation of findings and furthermore, it allows describing quantitative
approaches (Kothari, 2004).
This study is descriptive because it aims to describe the variables which
are the time management and academic performances of the students. This study
was also correlational because it aims to identify the relationship between the time
management and academic performances of students.
According to downie and health (2002), descriptive-correlational method
of research is a measure of variables with varying level of measurements in certain
cases, two variables become related because they were related to or caused by
another variable. Hence, two variables tend to vary together, or the presence of the
other, or even can be predicted from the presence of the other.

It is for the purpose that this method is used since the focal point of the
two variables, study is to measure the significance of the relationship between
trace the relationship of two or more variables and gives an indication of how one
variables may predict another (Anatasi, 2005).
Subject of the Study
The respondents of this study were the student of General Academic Strand in
Sablayan National Comprehensive High School. They were responsible in keeping
all the records of the time management process made by the researcher necessary
for the study. It covers the time management process of students that covers the
fiscal year 2022 to this year 2023.

SECTION POPULATION SAMPLE SIZE
Gregarious 44 5
Greatness 43 5
Gorgeous 47 6
Glorious 45 5
Gentel 43 5
Genuine 41 5
Garish 45 5
308 36
Data Gathering Instrument
The main survey instrument used in gathering the data was the researchers
made survey questionnaire. The researcher requested to obtain information
regarding in the time management of Grade 12 General Academic Strand Students
in School year 2022-2023 through survey questionnaire. It aimed to determine the
profile of the respondents and the impact of time management in the students was
identified through examining the percentage.
In constructing the survey questionnaire, the researchers read books and
other reference materials which are related to the topic the researchers then
conceptualize the needed items in the test which would assess the problem
presented in chapter 1
The first draft of the researchers made survey questionnaire was prepared
and presented to the advisor for this comment and enrichment of content after
such all comments for incorporated of the second draft
The second was abated two different professional related to the research and
evaluation who are knowledgeable on the topic being investigated their correction
comments and suggestions were considered by researchers for the improvement
of the content then the researchers revise the researchers made survey
questionnaire as the final draft
After the questionnaire was validated the researchers prepared and sent a letter to
the teacher of Sablayan national comprehensive high school requesting permission
to administer the researchers made survey questionnaire. Upon the approval the
researchers administer the survey questionnaire by personally giving it to the
respondent.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher with the help of adviser, formally sought approval from the other
teachers of Sablayan National Comprehensive High School to conduct this study
and gather data regarding the Time management of Grade 12 General Academic
Strand Students from this School year 2022-2023. Upon approval, the researchers
gathered the data by personally giving the survey questionnaire to the teacher
approval. Guidelines and Explanations were given for them to understand the
mechanics of the activity. Then, the researchers checked the answers. After
recording, the results were tallied, tabulated, and interpreted. The researchers also
sought help from statistician for the statistical treatment of the data in accordance
with the patterns of the study. The researchers also consulted their adviser from
time to time for the direction and progress of the study.
Statistical treatment of data
The data gathering by the researchers to determine the time management of grade
12 general academic strand students. We're subjected to different statistical
treatments. To analyze and interpret the data objectively the following will be used:
Frequency. It only reports the Time management of Grade 12 General Academic
Strand of Sablayan National Comprehensive High school.
Mean. This was used to determine the level of time management of the student.
Median: is the middle value of the data when arranged in ascending order (Kodag,
2023)
Mode: is the value that occurs most in that data (Kodag, 2023)
Scoring of the Instruments
A scale lifted from The Likert-type Scale Response Anchors was used to assess
the Time Management of Grade 12 General Academic Strand of Sablayan National

Comprehensive High School. The data gathered were then interpreted based on
the following scale (Vagias, 2006).
Range Verbal Interpretation
1 never
2 rarely
3 sometimes
4 often
5 always

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SABLAYAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1

COMPOSITION WRITING AMONG SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF

A Research Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Sablayan

usually taught growing up, so developing an organized approach to your studies is an

opportunity to learn how to study more efficiently.

time catching up. It is something that must be done constantly.

Previous studies have determined a positive effect of time management. Time

and student outcomes (Kearns & Gardiner, 2007; Kelly, 2002; McKenzie, Gow, &

structure and control their activities (Claessens et al., 2004). In addition, Wang et al.

around it are all part of time management, according to Crutsinger (1994).

The steps of the time management process in the implementation of a series of

spent, monitoring, setting priorities, making lists appropriately, and summarizing

the outcomes, according to Kirillov et al. (2015).

After conducting a survey, the Canadian Center of Management (2010) examined

that having personal qualities like critical thinking, collaboration, and

creativity/innovation are crucial for becoming a strong leader. Leadership is

predetermined objectives (Kaya, 1991).

order to keep your burden moderate (Kirillov et al. 2015).

(MacLeod, Coates, & Hetherton, 2008.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

Statement of the Problem

Academic Strand Students of Sablayan National Comprehensive High School.

Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

1.What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

academic strand students?

home and at school?

4. Is there a significant relationship between time management and Grade 12

General Academic Strand students?

Scope and Limitation of the study

This study focuses on the assess Time management to the academic

performance of Senior High School student of Sablayan National

Comprehensive High School, Division of Occidental Mindoro, for

Academic year 2022-2023. Specifically, it covered the profile of the

respondents in term of Age and Sex etc.

Significance of the study

be contributed to the following: To Grade 12 Students of General Academic Strand,

researchers, as well as to the future researchers.

time management can be a learning paradigm in the Grade 12 Students of General

understand their children behavior and grades.

Likewise, the study would be beneficial for the researcher, themselves as

this as guidance to gather information and to have a bigger study.

the better understanding of the viewers:

Time Managements. Is the coordination of tasks and activities to maximize the

effectiveness of an individual’s efforts

degree they want to take in college.

General Weighted Average. Is the average of all grades in one semester

Procrastination. Is the act of delaying or postponing a task or set of tasks

This chapter presents the different literatures reviewed by the researcher

accomplished analysis about enhancing composition writing, which has an impact

on the students' Time Management.

Phelps, & Kimmons, 2018).

it not enough to finish the things to be done in a day (Carroll, 2015). Time

management is a skill that everyone should possess to effectively and efficiently

characterized by one’s personal approach, which contributes to numerous

prioritizing, and scheduling.

achieve state competency requirements (McMillan, 2019). According to

Zimmerman, Bandura, and Martinez-Pons (1992), goal-directed action has three

characteristics: (1) self-generation: the source of energy is critical to the organism's