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Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

Time management is a crucial skill for students, as it can help them manage their

homeworks, prioritize tasks, and plan their days more effectively. Effective time management

can have a significant impact on academic performance and success, as students who struggle

with time management may find it difficult to balance their responsibilities and complete

assignments on time. However, time management skills are not always prioritized, and students

may not have the necessary tools or education to effectively manage their time. In fact, research

has shown that poor time management is a common struggle among students, and it can lead

to academic stress and burnout.

In this research, we aim to examine the relationship between time management and

academic performance among high school students. By doing so, we hope to contribute to the

understanding of how time management skills can impact academic performance, and

potentially find ways to improve these skills among students. This study is important because

if we can help students improve their time management skills, it could have significant

implications for their academic success and overall well-being.

An individual alone cannot perform all the necessary activities. Therefore, human

beings join or co-operate together in the form of groups and organizations. Every organization

(eg. a family, a college, a business enterprise, an army, a government or a church) is basically

a group of people seeking to attain some common objectives. A central organ or agency is

required to co-ordinate the activities and efforts of various individuals working together in an
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organization, so that they can work collectively as a team. Such an organ is called as

‘Management’ (Gupta, 1990).

The only thing, which cannot be changed by man, is time. Whatever the position

the man holds, one cannot stop time, cannot slow it down, nor can he speed it up. One cannot

get back the time lost. Nothing can be substituted for time. Leaders have numerous demands

that are to be completed within a limited time. Yet, to be effective a leader manages time. The

ability to schedule time to complete the task is known as time management. If we analyze how

we are spending our time, we can find the time wasted. If we implement some time saving

methods.

We will gain valuable time (Bharathi, T et al., 2004). The term time management

should not be misunderstood as time can be managed. In fact time can't be managed. By time

management what the author means is, people need to manage themselves according to time.

Time management is actually self management. The skills that people need to manage others

are the same skills that are required to manage themselves, namely, the ability to plan, organize,

direct and control.

Statement of the Problem

The problem of time management among high school students is a significant one.

Students ability to effectively manage their time can have a significant impact on their

academic performance, yet time management skills are not always prioritized. This study seeks

to address this problem by examining the relationship between time management and academic

performance among high school students.

1. How do students manage their time?

2. Self Management
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3. Time Valuing

Scope and Limitations

Time management styles vary widely among individuals, so the study may not capture

all possible variations in time management.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study lies in its potential contribution to the understanding of

how time management skills impact academic performance among high school students.

The ability to effectively manage one's time is a crucial skill for students, as it can help

them manage their workloads, prioritize tasks, and plan their days more effectively. Effective

time management can have a significant impact on academic performance and success, as

students who struggle with time management may find it difficult to balance their

responsibilities and complete assignments on time. If we can better understand the role of time

management in academic performance, we may be able to develop more effective interventions

and strategies to help students improve their time management skills. Such interventions could

potentially lead to improved academic performance, reduced academic stress, and increased

student well-being. Additionally, this study may also help educators and parents better

understand the importance of teaching and prioritizing time management skills among high

school students.

Students

This study lies in its potential to improve the academic performance and well-being of

high school students.

Parents
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This study lies in its potential to improve the academic performance and well-being of

high school students, as well as the involvement of parents in their children's education.

Teachers

This study lies in its potential to improve the academic performance and well-being of

high school students, as well as the involvement of teachers in their education.

Future Researchers

This studies in its potential to provide valuable insights into the relationship between

time management and academic performance among high school students, as well as its

implications for future research.

Definition of Terms

Time management: The process of effectively managing one's time to make the most
of it, including prioritizing tasks, planning one's day, and organizing one's workload.
Academic performance: A student's success in school, as determined by their grades
and other academic achievements.
Well-being: A student's overall sense of physical, emotional, and social well-being,
including their physical health, mental health, and social relationships.
High school students: Students who are enrolled in grades 9-12, typically aged 14-18.
Parental involvement in education: The engagement of parents in their children's
education, including communication with teachers, attending school events, and supporting
their children's academic success.
Teachers: Professionals who educate students in schools, including classroom teachers,
school counselors, and administrators.
Interventions: Plans or strategies designed to address a particular issue, such as
improving students' time management skills.
Policies: Rules or regulations designed to guide decision-making or behavior, such as
those that pertain to education.
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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

Introduction

Several studies have examined the relationship between time management skills and

academic performance among high school students. For instance, a 2016 study by Jones et al.

found that high school students who reported higher levels of time management skills had

significantly higher academic performance, as measured by GPA and standardized test scores.

Another study by Lee and Hwang in 2019 found that students with higher levels of time

management skills were more likely to complete their assignments and study effectively,

leading to better academic performance.

However, the literature on time management skills and academic performance among

high school students is still limited. Many studies have focused on college students or older

populations, and few studies have examined the relationship between time management skills

and academic performance in the specific context of high school students. Furthermore, many

studies have relied on student self-reports of time management skills, which may not reflect

actual patterns of time management behavior.

To address these gaps in the literature, this study seeks to provide a more

comprehensive and rigorous examination of the relationship between time management skills

and academic performance among high school students in the United States. By doing so, we

aim to contribute to the development of effective time management interventions and strategies

to support high school students' academic success.

Local Literature

Several studies in the Philippines have examined the relationship between time

management skills and academic performance among high school students. For instance, a 2015

study by Sy et al. found that high school students who reported higher levels of time management

skills had better academic performance, as measured by GPAs and standardized test scores.

Additionally, a 2018 study by Deocaris et al. found that high school students who lacked time

management skills were more likely to experience academic challenges, such as trouble

completing assignments or studying effectively.

Another 2019 study by Tan et al. found that high school students who were taught time

management skills through a school-based intervention saw improvements in their academic

performance, as measured by GPAs and standardized test scores. The intervention,which consisted

of a combination of workshop sessions and online resources, aimed to teach students how to set

goals, prioritize tasks, and develop effective study strategies.

However, the literature on time management skills and academic performance among high

school students in the Philippines is still limited. Many studies have focused on college students

or older populations, and few studies have examined the relationship between time management

skills and academic performance in the specific context of high school students. Furthermore,

many studies have relied on student self-reports of time management skills, which may not reflect

actual patterns of time management behavior.

To address these gaps in the literature, this study seeks to provide a more comprehensive

and rigorous examination of the relationship between time management skills or time management

app use and academic performance among high school students in the Philippines. By doing so,
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we aim to contribute to the development of effective time management interventions and strategies

to support high school students' academic success in the Philippines.

Foreign Literature

This study was carried out to investigate the issues of time management by the
international students in Northeast Normal University (NENU) Hostel in terms of what activities
were done as a schedule of daily life in priority order and how much time was allocated and spend
in each prioritized activities as sealed in five Linkert scale basis ranging from never to more than
fifteen hours. The research design implied for the study was a phenomenological study where time
was taken as a phenomenon.
The data was collected via purposive participatory observation. The time duration of the
study was one week. The data was analyzed qualitatively but the presentation was made in pyramid
diagram to some extent. There were three Research questions led by two research objectives. The
result revealed that study, social media, Sleeping/Rest, Eating and Drinking, Travelling, Grooming,
Leisure/sports and Working for job-related activities as the top priority activities as the perception
of students. The core activities were divided into the time interval series scales including Never,
1-5 Hours, 6-10 Hours, 11-15 Hours and above than 15 Hours. The above table shows that more
than 80% of students have the time allocation to study in the range of 6-10 hours and 20%of
students enjoy the time less than 6 hours.
Maximum students have reported having the time utilization on the use of social media
from 1-5 hours' time allocation.80%of students were founded to use the time to have the talk with
teachers and friends in the range of 1-5 hours whereas 20% student consumed the time for
communication about the range 6-10 hours. Almost all students were reported to have not regular
physical exercise for their health and 20% students have used about 1-5 hours of time for physical
exercise. During the campus hours and the days all students have used about 1-5 hours on campus
and in the days of off-campus, more than 80% of students were allocating their time in off-campus
activities in the range of more than 11 hours. The Oubibi Mohamed, Ram Bahadur Hamal, Krim
Mohamed A STUDY ON TIME MANAGEMENT: CASE OF NORTHEAST NORMAL
UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS European Journal of Alternative Education
Studies-Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2018 18 time allocating for Television Watching for 50% student
was zero and other 50% student they were found to watch TV as 1-5 hours range time period. All
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students were found in the use of social media tools in the time 1-5 hours daily. Maximum students
have utilized the 6-10 hours for the daily rest.
Conclusion

In conclusion, it is clear that there is a relationship between time management skills

and academic performance among high school students. The studies reviewed indicate that

students who report higher levels of time management skills, or who are taught time management

skills through school-based interventions, see improvements in their academic performance, as

measured by GPAs and standardized test scores.

However, there is still limited research on this topic in the specific context of high school

students. Many studies have focused on college students or older populations, and few studies have

examined the relationship between time management skills and academic performance in the

context of high school students. Furthermore, many studies have relied on student self-reports of

time management skills, which may not reflect actual patterns of time management behavior.

To address these gaps in the literature, this study seeks to provide a more comprehensive

and rigorous examination of the relationship between time management skills and academic

performance among high school students in the Philippines.

Chapter 3

Methodology

Introduction

This chapter presents the research methodology of the relationship between time

management skills and academic performance among high school students in the Philippines.

The study uses a mixed-methods approach to explore the relationship between these two

variables and to identify the factors that contribute to academic success among high school

students in the Philippines.

By using a mixed-methods approach, the study aims to provide a comprehensive

understanding of the relationship between time management skills and academic performance

among high school students in the Philippines. The study's findings will inform the development

of effective time management interventions and strategies to support high school students'

academic success in the Philippines.

Research Design

According, from different types of research designs descriptive type of research design was

employed for this paper for the realization of intended objectives to describe the time management

effect to the academic performance of students. This research design is a fact finding study with

adequate and accurate interpretation of finding furthermore, it allows describing both qualitative

and quantitative approaches(Kothari, 2004).The researcher employed adopted questionnaire

developed by ‘Britton and Tessor’ (1991) in relation with time management dimension (time

attitude, short range planning and long range planning).

Source of Data

In this study a survey will be administered to a random sample of high-school student in

the Philippines. The survey will include questions related to social media usage, academic

performance, study habits, stress levels, and motivation. The survey will be anonymous and will

take approximately 30 minutes to complete.

To obtain existing data on student social media usage and academic performance in the

Philippines, the researchers will collect data from educational research journals and government

reports. This data will be analyzed alongside the results of the survey and interviews to provide a

comprehensive understanding of the relationship between social media usage and academic

performance among students in the Philippines.

Population and Sampling Technique

This study will be students in high schools in the Philippines. It is important to note that the

sample size and the population size may be different.

The researcher will choose atleast ten(10) students to sampling, as it is not possible to

sample the entire population of students in high schools in the Philippines. A non-probability

sampling technique that can be used for this study is the convenience sampling technique. It

involves selecting participants from easily accessible and convenient locations to the researcher.

Local of the Study

The study on time management will be conducted in Tarlac National High School, which is

located in Tarlac, Philippines. The study will focus on high school students in the school and will

examine their current time management practices, as well as the impact of time management

training on their academic performance. The study will include both qualitative and quantitative
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components and will contribute to the development of effective time management interventions

for high school students in the Philippines.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will observe the students during different activities, such as classes, study

sessions, and extracurriculars, and will take note of their time management behaviors, such as how

they allocate time to different tasks, how they prioritize their tasks, and how they cope with

schoolworks and stress. The researchers will also observe the students during moments of respite,

such as when they take breaks from their work, and will take note of how they choose to spend

their free time.

Observation will also involve conducting unstructured and semi-structured interviews with a

subset of the high school students, both inside and outside of school hours. The researchers will

use naturalistic inquiry methods, such as open-ended questions and follow-up questions, to

encourage the students to share their experiences and perspectives in a comfortable and supportive

environment.

Throughout the observation and interview process, the researchers will pay attention to details,

such as body language, tone of voice, and eye contact, to gain a deeper understanding of the

students' experiences, motivations, and struggles.

Research Instrument

The research instruments will be designed and tailored to meet the specific research questions

and objectives of the study, and will be designed to ensure the anonymity and confidentiality of

the participants, as well as to respect their rights and well-being.

Interviews: In-depth interviews will be conducted with a subset of the high school students

to gain a deeper understanding of their time management struggles, motivations, and barriers to
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effective time management. These interviews will provide insight into the students' experiences

and the impact of their current time management practices on their academic performance, stress

levels, and overall well-being.

Observation: The researchers will also observe the students in their natural environment, such

as classrooms and study halls, to gain a more holistic understanding of their time management

practices, both inside and outside of school hours. During the observation process, the researchers

will use naturalistic inquiry methods, such as open-ended questions and follow-up questions, to

encourage the students to share their experiences and perspectives in a comfortable and supportive

environment.

Ethical Issues

The effect of time management on students' academic performance is a subject of great

significance that has been the focus of numerous research studies. However, there may be some

ethical concerns that should be considered when conducting research in this area.

Safety of participants: Researchers should ensure that the study procedures do not pose any

risk to the physical or mental well-being of the participants. This includes providing appropriate

support and resources to participants who may be experiencing distress or discomfort.

Privacy and Confidentiality: Researchers should take all necessary precautions to protect

the privacy and confidentiality of the participants' personal and academic information. This

includes storing data securely, using encryption to protect data, and limiting access to relevant

personnel only.
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