Target Questions

TARGET QUESTIONS
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomical Terms
1. Anatomical position
2. Anatomical planes
3. Anatomical regions
4. Anatomical directions
5. Anatomical cavities
2
Anatomical Position
In the anatomical position, a
person:
1. Stands upright
2. Facing forward
3. Feet pointed forward
and slightly apart
4. Arms at sides
5. Palms facing forward
3
Anatomical Planes
Anatomical planes are three imaginary
lines which divide the body in half
1. Saggital plane: vertical division of body

into right and left portions
2. Frontal (coronal) plane: vertical division

of body into front and back portions
3. Transverse plane: horizontal division of

body into upper and lower portions
4
Anatomical Regions
The human body is
divided into several
major regions:
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Trunk
4. Upper limbs
5. Lower limbs
5
ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS
Directional Term Definition
Superior Toward the head or upper part of structure

Inferior Away from the head or lower part of structure
Anterior Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior Nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial Nearer to the midline of the body
Lateral Further from the midline of the body
Proximal Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Distal Further from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial Nearer the surface of the body
Deep Further from the surface of the body
6
• Superior (Cranial)
• Toward the head or upper part of structure
• Eg: the heart is superior to the liver
• Inferior (Caudal)
• Away from the head or lower part of
structure
• Eg: the stomach is inferior to the lungs
7
• Anterior (Ventral)
• Nearer to or at the front of the body
• Eg: the sternum is anterior to the heart
• Posterior (Dorsal)
• Nearer to or at the back of the body
• Eg: the esophagus is posterior to the trachea
8
• Medial
• Nearer to the midline
• Eg: the bridge of the nose is medial to the
eye
• Lateral
• Further from the midline
• Eg: the lungs are lateral to the heart
9
• Proximal
• Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the
trunk
• Eg: the elbow is proximal to the wrist
• Distal
• Further from the attachment of a limb to the
trunk
• Eg: the knee is distal to the hip
10
• Superficial (external)
is something on the outside.
Ex: Skin is superficial to muscles.
• Deep (internal)
is inside, away from the skin.
Ex: Bone is deep to muscles.
ANATOMICAL CAVITIES
Body cavities are spaces within the body that protects, separate
and supports internal organs
The four main cavities are:

1. Cranial
2. Thoracic
3. Abdominal
4. Pelvic
13
ANATOMICAL CAVITIES
14
Body Cavities
CAVITY MAJOR ORGANS
CRANIAL CAVITY Brain
THORACIC CAVITY Lungs, heart,
ABDOMINAL Stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines,

CAVITY gallbladder
PELVIC CAVITY Sigmoid colon,
rectum,anus,reproductive organs,
urinary bladder
15
CELL
1. The cell is the smallest
living unit in the human
body
2. There are 3 parts to a cell:
a. Plasma membrane
b. Cytoplasm
c. Nucleus
16
Cell Division
1. Somatic Cell Division 2. Reproductive Cell Division
1. Occurs in sex cells
1. Occurs in all body cells 2. Process is Meiosis
except sex cells (ovary, testis) 3. New cells have 23
2. Process is Mitosis chromosomes (half the number
3. New cells have 46 of chromosomes from the
chromosomes (just like original original cells)
cells)
17
Reminder…
1. A substance is soluble in a fluid if it dissolves in the fluid
2. Solute is the dissolved substance
3. Solvent is the dissolving fluid
4. Solution is the combination of solute and the solvent
5. Concentration – is the measure of how much of a given substance
there is mixed with another substance (the amount of solute
dissolved in a solvent)
18
Vascular Connective Tissue (Blood)
Blood is a connective tissue with a fluid matrix
called plasma. Three basic types of cells are
found suspended in plasma
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Thrombocytes
19
Types of bones according to shape
20
Ulna- Small Finger - Medial
Radius- Thumb – Lateral
Thumb has only proximal & distal phalanges. No

middle phalange
Humerus- Longest in Upper body

Femur- Longest & Strongest in Whole Body
Tibia- Major support of body weight
Blood flow of the heart
• The two atria contract simultaneously, while the two
ventricles relax
• Then the two ventricles contract simultaneously, while the

two atria relax
• Then all chambers rest before the cycle begins again

Blood flow through the heart (con’t)
1. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart from all
parts of the body via the superior and inferior vena
cavae to the right atrium of the heart
2.The blood is then squeezed through the tricuspid
valve into the right ventricle
Blood flow of the heart (con’t)
3.From the right ventricle the blood is pumped through
the pulmonary semilunar valve to the pulmonary
trunk, which divides into the right and left pulmonary
arteries
4.The pulmonary arteries carry the blood to the lungs
where it releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen
5. The oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of
the heart through the pulmonary veins
6. The blood is squeezed through the bicuspid (mitral)

valve into the left ventricle
7. The left ventricle pumps the blood through the aortic

semilunar valve to the ascending aorta, which
distributes the blood to all organs of the body
The organs of respiratory system
1. nose
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. bronchi
6. lungs
Structure of respiratory system
2. Pharynx (throat)
• Pharynx is a long tube extending from the base of the skull to the
level of the 6th cervical vertebra
• Location:
Lies behind the nose, mouth and larynx
• Structure:
It is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
• Function:
• Passage way for food and air
• Forms chamber for speech sounds
• Oropharynx is the only one where food and water passes in the
respiratory system
Three process of respiration
1.Ventilation or breathing - movement of air between the atmosphere
and lungs
2 phases of ventilation:
a. inhalation or inspiration – moves air into the lungs
b. exhalation or expiration – moves air out of the lungs
a) External respiration – exchange of gasses between the lungs and blood

b) Internal respiration – exchange of gasses between the blood and body
cells
c) Cellular respiration.
Parts of the Ear
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hormones released:
1. Growth hormone (GH)
2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
3. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
4. Prolactin
5. Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)
6. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
7. Melanocyte - stimulating hormone (MSH)
32
Hormone Function
GH - Stimulates cell metabolism
- Stimulates growth of bones & muscles
ACTH - Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
- Helps reduce inflammation
TSH - Stimulates thyroid gland to produce its hormone
FSH - Stimulates development of follicles in ovaries and sperm
cell production
LH - Stimulates ovulation and progesterone production
- Helps maintain pregnancy
Prolactin - Stimulates milk production in mammary glands
- Maintain progesterone levels following ovulation and
during pregnancy
Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Formed by nervous tissue
- Does not synthesize hormones.
- Stores and releases two hormones
1. Oxytocin
2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
34
Hormone Function
Antidiuretic hormone - Maintain body’s water balance by

(ADH) also known as promoting water reabsorption in nephrons
Vasopressin - Large amounts can cause constriction of
blood vessels
Oxytocin - Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles

in uterine wall
- Lactation
Small Intestine
• Functions:
– Digestion: neutralize acid from
stomach, add digestive enzymes and
bile, break proteins, carbohydrates
and lipids to absorbable materials
– Absorption: 95% of food absorbed
here
• Structure
– Regions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
– Mucosa adaptations: villi containing
blood and lacteal capillaries

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TARGET QUESTIONS

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

1. Saggital plane: vertical division of body

2. Frontal (coronal) plane: vertical division

3. Transverse plane: horizontal division of

Superior Toward the head or upper part of structure

The four main cavities are:

THORACIC CAVITY Lungs, heart,

ABDOMINAL Stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines,

Thumb has only proximal & distal phalanges. No

Humerus- Longest in Upper body

• Then the two ventricles contract simultaneously, while the

• Then all chambers rest before the cycle begins again

6. The blood is squeezed through the bicuspid (mitral)

7. The left ventricle pumps the blood through the aortic

a) External respiration – exchange of gasses between the lungs and blood

- Does not synthesize hormones.

- Stores and releases two hormones

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Antidiuretic hormone - Maintain body’s water balance by

Oxytocin - Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles

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