MATHEMATICS IN THE

MODERN WORLD

Submitted to: Mrs Jean Centina

Submitted by: Carbon, J., Codlisan, C., Colinares, M.,Delacruz, D.,
Gantes, A.,Javellana, J., Magalzo, C., Pelarion, A., and Sabarat,
M.
 MODULE 1

Mathematics
In Nature
"Mathematics is the alphabet that with which God has written the universe”
- Galileo Galilei

Lessons in this module:

1.Mathematics In My Life
2.Fibonacci Sequence

Module Objectives:
Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life;
Name mathematicians and their contributions; and
Discuss the concept of Fibonacci and its application.
 LESSON 1

Mathematics
In My Life

Lesson Objectives:
Articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life.
Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.
Name significant mathematicians and their contributions.
 Introduction

Mathematics is everywhere. It is in the objects we create in the works of art

we admire. It is the pillar of our organized life in the present day , without it, we
cannot resolve any issues in our daily lives . Although we may not notice it,
mathematics is present in the nature that surrounds us , in the landscapes and
species of plants, animals and human species. Our attraction to other humans
and even our mobility depends on it.

Let's Get Started

Answer the following questions:

1. How much time do you allot for travelling to avoid getting late for class?
2. Do you check if you still have money for fare?
3. How do you think jeepney drivers give you your change when you hand them

your fare?

Let's Think It Over

Routine transactions like those mention above, knowingly

or unknowingly, are mathematics at work because they

involve calculating numbers most of the time. The heart of mathematics is more than just numbe
useful product” (Stewart, 1995, pp. 71-72).
 Let's Explore!

If you count the number of petals of most flowers,

notice that they are either of one petal, two petals, three petals, five, or eight. The sequences of
Leonardo of Pisa. He was born in Pisa, Italy around 1175. Fibonacci is the

shortened word for the Latin term “filius Bonac ci” , which stands for “son of
Bonaccio”. His father’s name was Guglielmo Bonaccio.

The German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler ( known for his laws of planetary
motion)observedthatdividingaFibonacci

number by the number immediately before it in the ordered sequence yields a quotient
approximately equal to 1.618. This
amazing ratio is denoted by the symbol "ϕ" called the Golden Ratio. Kepler once claimed that “
a line into extreme and mean ratio. The first we may compare to a measure of
gold, the second we may name a precious jewel] ” ( Stakhov and Olsen, 2009).
 The Golden Ratio is so fascinating
that proportions of the human body such
as the face follows the so called Divine
Proportion. The closer the proportion of
the body parts to the Golden Ratio, the
more aesthetically pleasing and beautiful
the body is. Many painters, like the
famous Leonardo da Vinci were so
that they used
fascinated it in
with thetheir works
Golden of art.
Ratio

Nature has its laws. These laws are the law

of freely falling bodies by Isaac Newton. Another in
the 17th century, Newton and Gottfried Leibniz

developed modern calculus. This development

would not have been possible without the
Cartesian coordinate system the fusion of
geometry and algebra by Rene Descartes (1596 -
1650).

Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955), who

discovered energy equation, E = mc^2 ,
would not have gone farther in his theory
of r elativity without mathematics.
Without mathematics, all these
inventions and discoveries are not
possible.
 Let's Do It!

Now that we are done discussing the uses of mathematics in our

daily life and the mathematicians and their contributions, you are now tasked to write a

Mathematics is everywhere because it finds many practical applications in daily life.

God, the Mathematician Architect, designs everything in this universe to follow rules, form

you are going to discover a pattern, that just like math, is everywhere.
 LESSON 2

Fibonacci
Sequence

Lesson Objectives:
In this chapter we will know about Fibonacci
Sequences and look its pattern in the nature and the
world around us. As we have seen in the previous
lesson, the human mind is capable of recognizing and
organizing patterns. We were also to realize that there
are structures and patterns in nature that we don't
generally see. We also came to the conclusion that
some objects in nature follow mathematical sequences,
one of which being the Fibonacci series. It's incredible
to think that the Fibonacci sequence is so prominent
in nature, and it opens the door to a deeper
understanding of sequence.
 Introduction
The Italian mathematician, who was born around A.D. 1170,was initially known as Leonardo of Pi

Let's Get Started

Identify and encircle the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is a sequence of Fibonacci

numbers? a. 0,1,1,2,3,13,21
b. 1,1,2,3,5,6,8,13,35
c. 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21
d. None of the above

2. In the Fibonacci sequence, the first term is always 0, and the second term is
always 1?
TRUE
FALSE

Identify the formula of Fibonacci sequence.

xn
xn-1xn-1
xn=xn-1+xn-2
xn-x-1
 Let's Think It Over
Let us try to answer the following questions.
What is the Fibonacci sequence used for?
What inspired Fibonacci sequence?
In your own knowledge what is Fibonacci sequence?

Let's Explore!

The Fibonacci sequence is an array of numbers that given two terms, the
next term is determined by adding the given terms. In addition, Fibonacci
sequence is a series of numbers where a number is the addition of the last two
numbers, starting with 0, and 1. Written as a rule, the expression is: Fn = Fn-1
+ Fn-2.

If the Fibonacci sequence is denoted F (n), where n is the first term in the
sequence, the following equation obtains for n = 0, where the first two terms are
defined as 0 and 1 by convention: F (0) = 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 ...
In the West, the Fibonacci sequence first appears in the book Liber Abaci (1202) by Leonardo of P
a single newly born pair of rabbits (one male, one female) are put in a field;
rabbits are able to mate at the age of one month so that at the end of its second month a fe
rabbits never die and a mating pair always produces one new pair (one male, one female) every
 Fibonacci discovered the sequence by posing the following question:
If a pair of rabbits is placed in an enclosed area, how many rabbits will be born there if we assum
Start: At the start no rabbits are born, as the initial pair has not had time to be pregnant and bo
The first month: One pair of rabbits are born (1).
The second month: Again, one pair of rabbits are born as the new rabbits have not yet matured t
The third month: Two pairs of rabbits reproduce, and one pair is not ready, so

two pairs of rabbits are born (2).

The fourth month: Three pairs of rabbits reproduce and 2 pairs of rabbits are not ready, so three p
The fifth month: Five pairs of rabbits produce and three are not ready, so five
pairs of rabbits are born (5).

And so on.
The puzzle that Fibonacci posed was: how many pairs will there be in one year?
 Suppose we let the number of rabbit pairs in the field at the end of the
nth month be denoted by Fn. Consider just the new "baby rabbit pairs" in the
nth month. They must be equal in number to the pairs of rabbits that are
mature enough to give birth to baby rabbits . This, of course, is precisely the
number of rabbit pairs alive two months previously, Fn−2.
Now the total number of rabbit pairs in the nth month is the number of pairs
alive in the previous month (i.e., Fn−1) plus the number of new baby rabbit
pairs, Fn−2.
Thus, we have the following recursive definition for the nth Fibonacci number,
F0=F1=1
Fn:=Fn−1+Fn−2
Starting with 0 and 1, the succeeding terms in the sequence can be generated
by adding the two numbers that came before the term:

To find the nth Fibonacci number without using the recursion formula, the
following is evaluated using a calculator:
This form is known as the Binet's formula of the nth Fibonacci number.
Binet's formula is an explicit formula used to find the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence. It is so
 Though Fibonacci’s question concerning the rabbits is an unrealistic scenario, the sequence
The Fibonacci appears in the smallest, largest objects in nature.

Flower Heads
Sunflowers are beautiful, and iconic for the way their giant yellow heads stand off against a bold b
pattern of seeds held within the center of these special flowers? Sunflowers are

more than just beautiful food -- they're also a mathematical marvel. The pattern of seeds within a sun

you see in the center are generated from this sequence -- there are two series
of curves winding in opposite directions, starting at the center and stretching
out to the petals, with each seed sitting at a certain angle from the neighboring
seeds to create the spiral.
Tree Branches
Although we all usually see trees everywhere in our day to day life, how often have you looked for t

taller.We also see the golden ratio in their branches as they start off with one
trunk which splits into 2, then one of the new branches stems into 2, and this pattern continu
Sea Shells
When cut open, nautilus shells form a logarithmic spiral, composed of chambered sections calle
 Let's Do It!
Choose the correct answer.

1. A Fibonacci number is said to be a Fibonacci prime if it is a prime if it is

a prime number. For example, 2, 3, 5, 13 and 89. There are only 3 one-digit and 2 two-digit Fibo
digits. How many 5-digit Fibonacci prime(s) is/are there?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 0 D. 3

2. What is the first three-digit square number that appears on the list of Fibonacci
numbers? Hint
A. 121 B. 100 C. 169 D. 144

3. The Fibonacci numbers were first introduced in Fibonacci's book, "Liber

abaci" in a question to find the population of an animal at a particular time . What
animal did he use?
A. rabbit B. deer C. bee D. sheep

4. The first few Fibonacci numbers are 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13... These numbers

are named after Fibonacci, whose real name is?
A. Leonardo da Pisa B. Leonardo de Carpio.
C. Leonardo de Vinci D. Leonardo da Euler

5. Fibonacci spirals (generated by drawing a quarter-circle in each box, where a

larger box lays adjacent to a smaller one, and the lengths of these boxes are Fibonacci number

A. True B.False
References:
Well done!! You have just finished this lesson. Next to this is the Module 2- Mathematics
Aufmann, R. N., Lockwood, J. S., Nation, R. D. & Clegg, D. K. (2013). Mathematical Excursions. 3r

Mathematics in the Modern World. (2018). Rex Book Store, Inc.

Smith, Karl J. (2010) Nature of Mathematics. Tenth Edition. CA: Brooks/Cole,

Cengage Learning.
 ANSWER KEY

Mathematics in
Nature
LESSON 1: MATHEMATICS IN MY LIFE

Let's Get Started

Answer the following questions.
1. How much time do you allot for travelling to avoid getting late for class?
2. Do you check if you still have money for fare?
3. How do you think jeepney drivers give you your change when you hand them
your fare?

ANSWER:
Answers may vary.
Answers may vary.
Answers may vary.

Let's Do It
Now that we are done discussing the uses of mathematics in our daily life and the mathematicia

ANSWER:
1. Answers may vary.
 LESSON 1: FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
Let's Get Started
Identify and encircle the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is a sequence of Fibonacci numbers?

a. 0,1,1,2,3,13,21
b. 1,1,2,3,5,6,8,13,35
c. 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21
d. None of the above

In the Fibonacci sequence, the first term is always 0, and the second term is
always 1?
TRUE
FALSE

3. Identify the formula of Fibonacci sequence.

a. xn
b. xn-1xn-1
c. xn=xn-1+xn-2
d. xn-x-1

ANSWER:

1.C 2. A 3.C

Let's Think It Over

Let us try to answer the following questions.
What is the Fibonacci sequence used for?
What inspired Fibonacci sequence?
In your own knowledge what is Fibonacci sequence?
ANSWER:
The Fibonacci sequence is widely used in applications pertaining to mathematics, science, comp
The Fibonacci sequence was the outcome of a mathematical problem about rabbit breeding that
Answers may vary.
Let's Do It
Choose the correct answer.

1. A Fibonacci number is said to be a Fibonacci prime if it is a prime if it is a

prime number. For example, 2, 3, 5, 13 and 89. There are only 3 one-digit and 2 two-digit Fibon

A. 1 B. 2 C. 0 D. 3

2. What is the first three-digit square number that appears on the list of
Fibonacci numbers? Hint

A. 121 B. 100 C. 169 D. 144

3. The Fibonacci numbers were first introduced in Fibonacci's book, "Liber

abaci" in a question to find the population of an animal at a particular time. What
animal did he use?
A. rabbit B. deer C. bee D. sheep

4. The first few Fibonacci numbers are 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13... These

numbers are named after Fibonacci, whose real name is?
A. Leonardo da Pisa B. Leonardo de Carpio.
C. Leonardo de Vinci D. Leonardo da Euler

5. Fibonacci spirals (generated by drawing a quarter-circle in each box, where a

larger box lays adjacent to a smaller one, and the lengths of these boxes are Fibonacci numbers

A. True B.False

ANSWER:
1. A
2. D 3. A 4. A 5.A
 MODULE 2

Math as
Language
and Symbol
Lessons in this module:
1. Mathematical
Language and symbol

Module Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:
• Recognize the language, symbols, and conventions of
mathematics
• Perform operations on mathematical Expressions
correctly
• Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language
 Introduction

Throughout the year, the mathematics was rampant in the different country.
Many mathematicians regards mathematics as a universal language .its
characteristic as a language is evident in the numbers , variables, symbols, and
operations used to form equations that are common in every part of the world.
Mathematics is the system used by mathematicians to communicate
mathematical ideas among themselves, and is distinct from natural languages
in that it aims to communicate ab logical ideas with precision and u ambiguity .
In mathematics, a symbolic language is a language that uses characters or
symbols to represent concepts, such as mathematical operations, expressions,
and statements, and the entities or operands on which the operations are
performed.
This module will discuss the main purpose of this chapter in t he whole
mathematical language and symbols.

Let's Get Started

Let's warm up our brain.

What is the name of this symbol π?

Translate ×=1 in English sentence or phrase.
Translatethissentenceintomathematicalexpression;ANUNKNOWN QUANTITY LESS FOURTEEN.
In your own understanding what is Precision, Conciseness and Powerful?
 Let's Think It Over
In connection with the activity above, answer the following questions.
What do you notice about your answer?
What strategy did you use to answer the activity given?
What is your idea about the mathematical language and symbols , base your answer on the activ

Let's Explore!

Mathematics is written in a symbolic language that is designed to express

mathematical thoughts. English language is a source of knowledge , but it is not
designed for doing mathematics. Thus this lesson will describes how
mathematical thoughts, methods, and facts are expressed in symbolism. That
is, it emphasizes how to read and write mathematics. The system used to
communicate mathematical ideas is called mathematical language. Burns
mentioned 3 characteristics of mathematical language these are:
Precise - able to make very fine distinctions

Concise - able to say things briefly

Powerful - able to express complex thoughts with relative ease
A Mathematical Convention is a fact, name, notation, or usage which is generallyagreed upon b
Ten Digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Basic Operation: +, -, ×, ÷ Variables: a,b,c,d,…,x,y,z
Special Symbols: =,≠,π,<,>,≥, ≤,..
 Mathematical Symbols

A mathematical expression is the mathematical analogue of an English noun;

a correct arrangement of mathematical symbols used to represent a
mathematical object of interest. A mathematical sentence is the mathematical
English sentence
analogue and is a correct arrangement of mathematical symbols that
of ,an
state a complete thought.
Let's Do It!
A. Translate each phrase into a mathematical expression.
Six less than twice a number x
Five less than a number
A number decreased by 8
All real numbers greater that or equal to zero
The quotient of 48 and a number

B. Convert the mathematical expression into mathematical sentence. 1. 2 (n -

3) 1. x – 80
2. 2x +6
3. x +4
4. 3 (x + 5)

C. Give the symbol name of the following symbol

1. Π
2. <
3. [
]
4. ^
5. &
 Languages are ways of transforming information
and meaning. Mathematics is a language which is

developed usingsymbols.To study the

the and
mathematics,itisnecessarytounderstand
language in what way the mathematics read write.

Like
a range all discipline areas
of mathematical , Mathematics
contexts has specific
and for different purposes is fundamental
language that students must understand in order to
make meaning and develop their knowledge. Being able to interpret language in

to mathematical problem solving . Problem solving is the process of finding

solutions to difficult or complex issues , while reasoning is the action of thinking
about something in a logical and sensible way. Thus, mathematical language
will help you to interpret, understand and solve the problem solving.

References:

https://www.thoughtco.com/why-mathematics-is-a-language-4158142

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315712910_The_Symbolic_Langua
ge_of_Mathematics

https://englishstudyhere.com/vocabulary/32-mathematical-symbols-signs-and-
meanings/
 ANSWER KEY

Math as
Language
and Symbols

LESSON 1: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOL

Let's Get Started

Let's warm up our brain.
1. What is the name of this symbol π?
2. Translate×=1 in English sentence or phrase.
Translatethissentenceintomathematicalexpression;ANUNKNOWN QUANTITY LESS FOURTEE
In your own understanding what is Precision, Conciseness and Powerful?

ANSWER:
Pi
X is equals to 1 3. X - 14
4. Answers may vary.
Let's Think It Over
In connection with the activity above, answer the following questions.
What do you notice about your answer?
What strategy did you use to answer the activity given?
What is your idea about the mathematical language and symbols , base your answer on the activity?
ANSWER:
Answers may vary.
Answers may vary.
Answers may vary.

Let's Do It
A. Translate each phrase into a mathematical expression.
1. Six less than twice a number x
2. Five less than a number
3. A number decreased by 8
4. All real numbers greater that or equal to zero
5. The quotient of 48 and a number

B. Convert the mathematical expression into mathematical sentence. 1. 2 (n -

3) 1. x – 80
2. 2x +6
3. x +4
4. 3 (x + 5)

C. Give the symbol name of the following symbol

1. Π 2. < 3. [ ]
4. ^
5. &
ANSWER:

A
1. 2x -6
2. x - 5
3. n - 8
4. x ≥
0 5.
48/n
B.
1. Two times the total of three less than n
2. A number decreased by eighty
3. The sum of twice a number and six
4. A number increased by four
5. Three times the total of a number and
five C.
1. pi constant
2. less than
3. brackets
4. caret
5. Ampersand
 MODULE 3

Problem Solving
with Logic

Lessons in this module:

1. Reasoning
2. Polya's Problem
Solving Strategy

Module Objectives:
Use different types of reasoning to justify
statements and arguments made about mathematics
and mathematical concepts.
Solve problems involving problems and recreational
problems following Polya’s four steps.
Organize one’s methods and approaches to proving and
solving problems.
 LESSON 1

Inductive and
Deductive
Reasoning

Module Objectives:
Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments m
 Introduction
Mathematics has always been seen as a tool for problem solving. Math by nature is based on log

Let's Get Started

Determine whether the argument is an example of inductive reasoning or

deductive reasoning.

1. Emma enjoyed reading the novel Under the Dome by Stephen King, so she
will enjoy reading his next novel.
2. All pentagons have exactly five sides. Figure A is a pentagon. Therefore,
Figure A has exactly five sides.
Every English setter likes to hunt. Duke is an English setter, so Duke likes to hunt.
Cats don't eat tomatoes. Tigger is a cat. Therefore, Tigger does not eat tomatoes.
Two computer programs, a bubble sort and a shell sort, are used to soft data. In each of 50 expe
 Let's Think It Over
Let us try to answer the following questions:
What is inductive reasoning?
What is deductive reasoning?
How do we use deductive reasoning in logic puzzles ?

Let's Explore!

Inductive Reasoning
The type of reasoning that uses specific examples to reach a general
conclusion is called inductive reasoning. The conclusion formed by using
inductive reasoning is called conjecture which may or may not correct. For
instance, the following are examples of inductive reasoning:
Jenny leaves for school at 7:00
am. Jenny is always on time.
Conclusion: Therefore, Jenny assumes then that if she leaves for school at 7:00
am., she will always be on time. The conclusion, however, may not be accurate because Jenny

Even when you examine a list of numbers and predict the next number in the list according to so
 Use Inductive Reasoning to Predict a Numbers.

a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ? b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ?

SOLUTION:
Each successive number is 3 larger than the preceding number. Thus we predict that the next
The first two numbers differ by 2. The second and the third numbers differ by 3.It appears that
than the preceding difference. Since 10 and 15 differ by 5, we predict that the
next number in the list will be 6 larger than 15, which is 21.

Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture out of the following procedure.

1. Pick a number.
2. Multiply the number by 8,
3. Add 6 to the product
4. Divide the sum by 2
5. And subtract 3.
Complete the above procedure for several different numbers . Use inductive
reasoning to make a conjecture about the relationship between the size of the
resulting number and the size of the original number.

SOLUTION:
Suppose we pick 5 as our original number. Then the procedure would produce the following
Multiply by 8: 8×5=40
Add 6: 40+6=462
Divide by 2: 46 ÷2=23
Subtract 3: 23−3=20

ANSWER: THE RESULTING NUMBER IS FOUR TIMES THE SIZE OF THE ORIGINAL NUMB
 Deductive Reasoning
n that it is the process of reaching a conclusion by applying general principles and procedures . For

s.

chart that enable us to display the give information in visual manner.

Solve a Logic Puzzle

 LESSON 2

Polya's Problem
Solving Strategy

Module Objectives:
Solve problems involving problems and recreational problems following
Organize one’s methods and approaches to proving and
solving problems.
One of the foremost recent mathematicians to make a study of problem solving was George Poly

Polya’s Problem-Solving Strategy

Understand the problem.
Devise a plan.
Carry out the plan.

4. Review the solution.

Polya’s four steps are deceptively simple. To become a good problem solver, it
helps to examine each of these steps and determine what is involved.
 Apply Polya’s Strategy

A baseball team won two out of their last four games. In how many different orders could they
Solution:
Understand the Problem. There are many different orders. The team may have won two straight g

other possibilities, such as WLWL.

Devise a Plan. We will make an organized list of all the possible orders. An

organized list is a list that is produced using a system that ensures that
each of the different orders will be listed once and only once .
Carry Out the Plan. Each entry in our list must contain two Ws and two Ls .
We will use a strategy that makes sure each order is considered , with no
duplications. One such strategy is to always write aW unless doing so will
produce too many Ws or a duplicate of one of the previous orders . If it is
not possible to write a W, then and only then do we write an L. This strategy
produces the six different orders shown below.
1. WWLL (Start with two wins)
2. WLWL (Start with one win)
3. WLLW
4. LWWL (Start with one loss)
LWLW
LLWW (Start with two losses)
Review the Solution. We have made an organized list. The list has no duplicates and the list con
Let's Do It!
In exercise 1-4. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of the following list.

In exercise 5. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture out of the following

procedure. (5pts)

Consider the following procedure:

1. Pick a number.
2. Multiply the number by 9.
3. Add 15 to the product.
4. Divide the sum by 3.
5. Subtract 5
Complete the above procedure for several different numbers . Use inductive
reasoning to make a conjecture about the relationship between the size of the
resulting number and the size of the original number.

Solve a logic puzzle using deductive reasoning for 10 pts.

Brianna, Ryan , Tyler, and Ashley were recently elected as the new class
officers.( president, vice president, secretary, treasurer) of the sophomore
class at summit college . From the following clues, determine which position
each holds.
Clues
1. Ashley is younger than the president but older than the treasurer.
2. Brianna and the secretary are both the same age, and they are the
youngest members of the group.
3. Tyler and the secretary are next-door neighbors.
 Directions: Apply Polya’s Strategy in every problem for 20pts.

1. A true-false quiz contains five questions . In how many ways can a student
answer the questions if the student answers two of the questions with
“false” and the other three with “true”?
2. An Agency charged ₱15, 000 for a 3-day and 2-night tour in Macau and
₱20,000 for thesame tour with a side trip to Hongkong(HK). Ten
persons joined the trip, which enable them to collect ₱170,000 . How
many tourist made a side trip to Hongkong?

Well done!! You have just finished this lesson.

Next to this is the Module 4- Data Management.

References:

Liljedahl, P., Santos-Trigo, M., Malaspina, U., Bruder, R. (2016). Problem

Solving in Mathematics Education. In: Problem Solving in Mathematics
Education. ICME-13 Topical Surveys. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40730-2_1

https:// reasoning/#:~:text=Inductive%20reasoning%20is%20a%20bottom,general%20 premise

https:// strategy
 ANSWER KEY

Problem
Solving with
Logic
LESSON 1: REASONING
Let's Get Started
Determine whether the argument is an example of inductive reasoning or
deductive reasoning.
1. Emma enjoyed reading the novel Under the Dome by Stephen King, so she
will enjoy reading his next novel.
All pentagons have exactly five sides. Figure A is a pentagon. Therefore, Figure A has exactly five
Every English setter likes to hunt. Duke is an English setter, so Duke likes to hunt.
Cats don't eat tomatoes. Tigger is a cat. Therefore, Tigger does not eat tomatoes.
Two computer programs, a bubble sort and a shell sort, are used to soft data. In each of 50 experim
ANSWER:
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning

Let’s Think It Over

Let us try to answer the following questions:

1. What is inductive reasoning?

2. What is deductive reasoning?
3. How do we use deductive reasoning in logic puzzles ?

Answer Key
1. The type of reasoning that uses specific examples to reach a general
conclusion is called inductive reasoning.
2. Deductive reasoning is distinguished from inductive reasoning in that it is
the process of reaching a conclusion by applying general principles and
procedures .
3. Logic puzzles can be solve by using deductive reasoning and a chart
that enable us to display the give information in visual manner.

Let’s Do It
In exercise 1-4. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in
each of the following list.
1. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25,___
2. 3/5 , 5/7, 7/9, 9/11, 11/13, 13/15, ?
3. 2, 5 , 10 , 17, 26 ___
4. 2, 7 ,-3, 2,-8,-3, -13, -8,-18,___
In exercise 5. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture out of
the following procedure. (5pts)
Consider the following procedure:
1. Pick a number.
2. Multiply the number by 9.
3. Add 15 to the product.
4. Divide the sum by 3.
5. Subtract 5
Solve a logic puzzle using deductive reasoning for 10 pts.
Brianna, Ryan , Tyler, and Ashley were recently elected as the new class
officers.( president, vice president, secretary, treasurer) of the sophomore class
at summit
college. From the following clues, determine which position each holds.

Clues
1. Ashley is younger than the president but older than the treasurer.
2. Brianna and the secretary are both the same age, and they are the youngest
members of the group.
3. Tyler and the secretary are next-door neighbors.

Answer Key

In exercise 1-4. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of
the following list.
1. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
2. 3/5 ,5/7 ,7/9 ,9/11 ,11/13 , 13/15 , 15/17
3. 2, 5 , 10 , 17, 26, 37
4. 2, 7 ,-3, 2,-8,-3, -13, -8,-18,-13
In exercise 5. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture out of the
following procedure. (5pts)
4
4×9 = 36
36+ 15 =51
51 ÷3 = 17
17- 5 = 12
Solve a logic puzzle using deductive reasoning for 10 pts.

Problem Solving
1.
2.
 MODULE 4

Data
Management

Module Objectives:
Define roles in the data management system
Learn more about why data management is important.
Advocate the use of statistical data in making important
decisions
Organize and present data in forms that are both
meaningful and useful to decision.
Enumerate ten fields of work where statistics is useful.
 Introduction

Data is everywhere. It can be seen or measured. Data may now be accessed

from anywhere and by anybody, thanks to daily technological advancements .
Valid analysis and interpretation can be generated to produce valuable
knowledge when data is correct.
Data management is the process of collecting and processing data in order
to ensure that it is accessible and reliable to its users . In the processing and
administration of such data, statistics is an essential instrument. In practically
every field of human endeavor, statistics are used. It is widely used in a variety
of disciplines, including education, research, business, agriculture, and other
aspects of daily life.

Let's Get Started

Highlight all the words indicated below.

CONSUMERGOODS DATAMANAGEMENT GENETICS

INSURANCE STATISTICS
Let's Think It Over
Reflect and observe the words found above, look up in the internet what those words have to do

Let's Explore!

Importance of Data
By establishing processes and regulations for data consumption , as well as
fostering trust in the data being used to make choices across your business , data
management helps to reduce the risk of errors . Companies can respond more
quickly to market developments and client needs if they have access to
trustworthy, up-to-date data. And for constructing graphs, tables, and computing
averages, among other things. Data management provides a purpose to master
arithmetic in this method. Data management is a composite of notions and skills
that are difficult to separate from other mathematical concepts and skills.

What is Statistics?
Statistics is the mathematical science involved in the application of
quantitative
principles to the collection, analysis, and presentation of numerical data.
Statistics can be used in:
1. Statistics helps in providing a better understanding and accurate description
of nature's phenomena.
2. Statistics helps in the proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry
in any field of study.
3. Statistics helps in collecting appropriate quantitative data.
 FIELDS OF WORK WHERE STATISTICS IS USEFUL

1. Weather Forecasts - These computer models are built using statistics that
compare prior weather conditions with current weather to predict future
weather.
2. Emergency Preparedness – Emergency management agencies move into high
gear to be ready to rescue people. Emergency teams rely on statistics to tell
them when danger may occur.
3. Predicting Disease - Lots of times on the news reports, statistics about a
disease are reported. If the reporter simply reports the number of people
who either have the disease or who have died from it, it's an interesting fact
but it might not mean much to your life. But when statistics become
involved, you have a better idea of how that disease may affect you.
4. Medical Studies - For example, studies have shown that 85 to 95 percent of
lung cancers are smoking related. The statistic should tell you that almost all
lung cancers are related to smoking and that if you want to have a good
chance of avoiding lung cancer, you shouldn't smoke.
5. Genetics - SPH statistical geneticists create statistical methods for
understanding the genetic basis of human diseases and traits. Large-scale
data sets from candidate-gene, genome-wide, and re-sequencing studies,
involving both unrelated and related individuals, are used in these methods.
6. Political Campaigns - Election campaigns cost a lot of money for politicians.
While most people focus on advertising, there are other important – and
costly – financial aspects to consider. Statistical research that leads to
strategy accounts for a sizeable portion of spending.
Insurance - You know that in order to drive your car you are required by law to have can insuran
Consumer Goods – Wal-Mart, a worldwide leading retailer, keeps track of everything they sell a
the weather forecast.
 Let's Do It!

Write an essay with a minimum of 200 words regarding the importance of

data management in your personal life and to the country your are currently living in.

Well done! Congrats you have finish the

subject "MATH IN THE MODERN WORLD". Keep it up you are near to your bright future.

References:

https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/definition/data-
management

https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatamanagement/definition/data-
governance

https://ani.stat.fsu.edu/undergrad/statinf2.php

https://www.academia.edu/32687060/Everyday_Reasons_Why_Statistics_Ar
e_Important_-_vocabulary
 ANSWER KEY

Data
Management
LESSON 1: CAESAR CIPHER

Let's Get Started

ANSWER :
Let's Think It Over

Reflect and observe the words found above, look up in the internet what those words have to

ANSWER:
Answers May Vary

Let’s Do It

1. Write an essay with a minimum of 200 words regarding the importance of

data management in your personal life and to the country your are currently
living in.

ANSWER:
1. Answers May Vary
 MODULE 5

LINEAR
REGRESSION

Module Objectives:
Solve for variables in the equation y=b+mx, given a set of data.
Write the linear regression equation, given the set of data
Predict the value of a variable given certain conditions.
 Introduction

Linear regression attempts to model the relationship between two variables

by fitting a linear equation to observed data. One variable is considered to
be an explanatory variable, and the other is considered to be a dependent
variable. For example, a modeler might want to relate the weights of
individuals to their heights using a linear regression model.

Linear Regression - a statistical tool used to predict the value of a variable

certain conditions. It's simple linear regression equation is y = mx + b.
Given a data set, the constants m and b are determined from the formulas
below.

Let's Get Started

Study the given example below and its calculation.

It has been established that there is a positive correlation between scores in Mathematics and
Using these data, determine the linear regression equation and use this equation to predict
the Mathematics quiz.
 Use this formula;

And solve for y using

y=mx + b

SOLVE FOR:

m=
b=

y=

Let's Explore!

ABSTRACTION
Linear Regression is to study the relationship between a single
dependent variable Y and one or more independent variable X.
It is a statistical took that is used to predict the value of a
variable given certain conditions. Its simple linear regression
equation is y
= mx + b. Given a data set, the constants m and b are
determined from the formulas below:

Study the given example below

Problem: The heights ( in cm.) of a group of fathers and sons are given below.
Find the lines of regression and estimate the height of son when the height of the father is 1

Substituting the values to the formulas:

( 1 0 ) (2 8 3 6 0 7 )
m= -- - - - - -- - -- - - --
– (1 6 7 7 ) ( 1 6 9 0 ) b= 169 – (0.757561)(167.70)
- -- -- - - - - - - - -- -
b = 41.9570
(10)(281 489) – (1677)²
m= 0.757561

Rounding off to two decimal places, the linear regression equation

is y = b + mx
y = 41.96 + 0.76
Thus, the height of son when the height of the father is 164 cm is 167 cm ,
as shown below.
y = 41.96 + 0.76 x
y = 41.96 + (0.76)(164)
y= 166.6 or 167 cm
 Let's Do It!

Let us put your understanding into practice.

Using the given formulas, try to determine the values of the variables
to come up with the regression.

Exercise 1
The following data relate to advertisement expenditure ( in lakh of rupees)
and their corresponding sales (in crores of rupees).
1. Compute for m and b in the linear equation.
2. Give the regression equation.
3. Estimate the sales corresponding to advertising expenditure of Rs. 30 lakh.
Substituting the values to the formula.

Rounding off to two decimal places, the linear regression equation is (y=

b+mx): y = +( ) x

This, the sales corresponding to advertising expenditure of Rs. 30 lakh is

, as shown below. y = +( ) x
y = +( )( ) y =

Linear Regression is a technique used to model the relationship between observed variables.
 ANSWER KEY

Linear
Regression

LESSON 1: LINEAR REGRESSION

Let's Get Started

 Let's Do It!

Substituting using the formula;

y = b + mx
y = 18.48 + 0.70 x
Thus, the sales corresponding to advertising expenditures of Rs. 30 lakh is 39
crores of rupees, as shown below y = 18.48+0.70x
y = 18.48+0.70(30)
y = 39.48 or 39 crores in rupees
 MODULE 6

Codes -
Cryptography

Lessons in this module:

1.Caesar Cipher
2.Decimation Cipher

Module Objectives:
Familiarized basic cyptography; and
Code and decode cryptography.
 LESSON 1

Caesar Cipher

Lesson Objectives:
Know the concept of caesar cipher; and Code and decode caesar ciph
 Introduction
Sending messages in an essential thing in our daily lives, especially during normal conversations

this module, we are going to talked about two basic codes.

Let's Get Started

Decode Me: Decode the letters given below and write the formed
words.

1. PDWK - ____
2. LV - __
3. IXQ - ___

Let's Think It Over

Answer the following questions:
How did you come up with your answers?
What was the reason why caesar code what created?
 Let's Explore!
A Caesar cipher is a simple method of encoding messages. Caesar ciphers use a substitution me
alphabet. A Caesar cipher with a shift of 3 would encode an A as a D, an M as an
P, and a Z as an C, and so on. The method is named after Roman leader Julius Caesar, who use

a. Encryption
To encrypt a message, replace a letter of the message in position i by a letter
in position (i + 3).
*note: letters are numbered as A=0, B=1, C=2, D=3, and so on.

Example:
B in a message is replaced by E (1 + 3 = 4)
F is replaced by I (5 + 3 = 8)
L is replaced by O (11 + 3 = 14)

How are messages sent?

Sender composes a message or information in plaintext.
The message is converted to coded form ciphertext.
The coded message is sent to the receiver.
The message is converted back to coded form.
 a. Decryption
e letters of the encrypt message from the bottom and the one position just right above them is the eq

Let's
age Do It!
is equivalent to F X in an encrypted message is equivalent to U Q in an encrypted message is eq
Encrypt and Decrypt the following messages using the caesar cipher.

A. Encrypt
1. GOD IS GOOD -
2. TIME IS GOLD -
3. HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY -

B. Decrypt
1. VHFRQG -
2. BHDU -

Well done!! You have just finished this lesson. Next to this is the Lesson 2- Decimation Ciph
 LESSON 2

Decimation
Cipher

Lesson Objectives:
Know the concept of caesar cipher; and Code and decode caesar ciphe
 Introduction
Mathematics is indeed everywhere, aside from nature and our surroundings, we can still see mat

Let's Get Started

Guess the scrambled words.

1. TROACF -
2. OODMUL -
3. IANMERERD -

Let's Think It Over

Answer the following questions.
What is decimation cipher?
Whatdoyouthinkthewordsabovehavetowith decimation cipher?
Whatisthedifferencebetweencaesarcipherand decimation cipher?
Let's Explore!
The decimation cipher encrypts a message by using modular arithmetic. Each letter in the messa

Steps to Encode and Decode

I. Encode

Step 1: Assign the 26 letters of the English alphabet the numbers 0 to 25 in

order.

Step 2: Select an odd integer p between 3 and 25 except 13 (13 is a factor of

26). Make sure that p and 26 have no common prime divisors.

Step 3: Replace the letter in the message with the position value i with the letter
of numerical value pi mod26.
 If p is 7, C is replace by O. It is because of pi:
C=2
pi = 7 x 2 = 14
14 in the decimation cipher table is equivalent to letter O.
In cases that pi is equal to or greater than 26, to find the replacement letter
follow this steps:
If p is 7, F is replaced by J. It is because:
F=5
pi = 7 x 5 = 35
35mod26 = 9 (the remainder)
J has the value 9.
Example:
Encrypt the following word: GROUP, p=5
Solution: G R O U P
position (i) 6 17 14 20 15
position x p value (pi) 30 85 70 100 75
new position (pi mod26) 4 7 18 22 23
encrypted message E H S W X

II. Decode
Use the same method, but multiply the numerical value for each encrypted letter
by 15; because 15 corresponds to 7 in the table, 15 is the decryption value
for 7. 15 is used to decrypt the message as it has the property that 15 X 7 = 105
105mod26 = 1

Example:
Decrypt the following word:
Let us use the encrypted message above, let us see if we can come up with the right word. EHSWX

Solution: E H S W X
position 4 7 18 22 23
position x i value (21) 84 147 378 462 483
new position (pi mod26) 6 17 14 20 15
decrypted message G R O U P
 Let's Do It!
A. Encrypt the following words with p=3.
1. MATHEMATICS -

ALL -
AROUND -

B. Decrypt the message. KWJMZN KAFVMKAFYGC with the encryption value

p=3.

Well done! You have just finished this module about

codes. Next to this is Module 7- Linear
Programming.

References:

Baltazar, E. C., Evangelista, J., Ragasa, Carmelita (2018). Mathematics in the

Modern World, pp. 200-204.

Brodie, M. (2012). The Decimation Cipher. Retrieved from:

http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/TheDecimationCipher/
 ANSWER KEY

Codes -
Cryptography
LESSON 1: CAESAR CIPHER

Let's Get Started

Decode Me: Decode the letters given below and write the formed words.
1. PDWK 2. LV 3. IXQ

ANSWER:
1. MATH
2. IS 3. FUN

Let's Think It Over

Answer the following questions:
How did you come up with your answers?
What was the reason why caesar code what created?
ANSWER:
Answers May Vary
Caesar Box. The "Caesar Box," or "Caesar Cipher," is one of the earliest known ciphers. Deve
 Let's Do It
Encrypt and Decrypt the following messages using the caesar cipher.
A. Encrypt
1. GOD IS GOOD -
2. TIME IS GOLD -
3. HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY -
B. Decrypt
1. VHFRQG -
2. BHDU -

ANSWER:

A.
1. JRG LV JRRG
2. WLPH LV JROG
3. KRQHVWB LV WKH EHVW SROLFB
B.
1. SECOND
2. YEAR

LESSON 1: DECIMATION CIPHER

Let's Get Started

Guess the scrambled words.
TROACF
OODMUL
IANMERERD

ANSWER:
1. FACTOR
2.MODULO 3. REMAINDER
 Let's Think It Over
Answer the following questions.
1. What is decimation cipher?
2. What do you think the words above have to with decimation cipher?
3. What is the difference between caesar cipher and decimation cipher?

ANSWER:

1. The decimation cipher encrypts a message by using modular arithmetic.

2. Answers may vary
3. They differ on how to get the equivalent of of each letters, in caesar
cipher you have to move 3 steps to the right, while in decimation cipher a lot
of process like having p value and modulo are needed.

Let's Do It
A. Encrypt the following words with p=3.
1. MATHEMATICS
2. ALL
3. AROUND
B. Decrypt the message. KWJMZN KAFVMKAFYGC with the encryption value
p=3.

ANSWER:
A.
KAFVMKAFYGC
AHH
AZWINJ B.
1. MODERN MATHEMATICS
 MODULE 7

Linear
Programming

Module Objectives:
To maximize or minimize specified objectives, such as profit as co
The quantity to be optimized
To choosing the best alternative from the available alternatives
Describe the role of mathematical models in operations decision
 Introduction
Linear programming (LP, also known as linear optimization) is a technique for achieving the optim

Linear programming is a technique for the optimization of a linear objective function, subject to li

region is a convex polytope, which is a set defined as the intersection of finitely many half spaces, ea

has the smallest (or largest) value if such a point exists.

Let's Get Started

Solve the following problems graphically.

Let's Explore!

Example 1.
A fruit shake stand sells banana and mango shakes. To be profitable it must sell at least 10 order

limited space, however, no more than 40 orders of banana shakes or 70 orders of

mango shakes can be served. Even the total number of orders for the day cannot exceed 90. If p

profit? Step 1. Tabulate the information:

 Let's Think It Over

Put the following problem in canonical form and solve by

determining all its basic solutions. Interpret graphically shape of galaxies and hurricanes.
 Let's Explore!

THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN OPERATIONS DECISION MAKING

Advances in business and engineering research and computer technology

have expanded managers’ use of mathematical models. A model represents the essential features o

various conditions. From this we determine the best system design or action to
take.
Mathematical models are cheaper, faster, and safer than constructing and
manipulating real systems. Suppose we want to find the mixture of recycled
scrap paper to use when producing a type of paperboard that minimizes cost. A
company could try several different combinations, check the quality, and
calculate the cost. Since all possible combinations are not tried , the optimum
combination will probably not be found. Alternatively, using a mathematical
model, we evaluate all possible combinations to find the one that satisfies
product specifications at the lowest price. Mathematical modeling is quicker and less expensive
Facility location, vehicle routing and scheduling, personnel, machine and job scheduling, produc
 Let's Do It

1. John, a school supply retailer, sells imported pencils and notebooks. He

can regularly get between 400 and 500 pencils and between 150 and 200
notebooks but no more than 650 items altogether. The pencils cost P18 to buy
wholesale and sell for P25 whereas the notebooks cost P28 wholesale but can
be sold for P45. How many of each type should he acquire to make a
maximum profit.

Well done! Congrats you have finish the first

semester of the subject "MATH IN THE MODERN
WORLD" keep it up you are near to your future :)
 ANSWER KEY

Linear
Programming

LESSON 1: LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Let's Get Started

Solve the following problems graphically.
ANSWER:
 Let's Think It Over!
Put the following problem in canonical form and solve by determining all its
basic solutions. Interpret graphically.

ANSWER:
 Let's Do It

ANSWER:
 MODULE 8

Simple Interest

Module Objectives:
Gain an understanding on the concept of simple
interest.
Understand how simple interest in applied to business
practice.
Acquire basic knowledge on how to compute for simple
interest.
Understand the concept of time and interest as applied
to investment.
 Introduction

Simple interest is interest calculated on the amount , commonly known as the

principal, P, received by the borrower at the time the loan is obtained and is
added to that amount when the loan becomes due on its term or time , t, at a
certain interest rate, r. As a result, simple interest is computed only once for
the entire period of investment. However, in accounting, the recognition of an
interest (whether an expense or income, as the case may be) is done on an
accrual basis.

The simple interest on a principal , P, is proportional to the time , t, P, in which

the princip al is invested. As a result, the amount of interest earned for each
period is constant. In the case of a longer term, such as more than a year, the
interest per year is multiplied by t to obtain the total interest on the
investment.The formula for interest is derived from these premises as:

Formula: SIMPLE INTEREST

I = Prt

Where :
I=Interest
P=Principle/original amount borrowed
r=Interest
t=time/ter
m
 Let's Get Started

PUT THE RIGHT!!

Answer the following problems. Show your Solution.

1. Shaina invest P10,000 for a year. The investment bears interest rate
of 9%. How much does it earn after 4 years?

2. Vinmar extended a P10,000 amount of loan to lavernat a certain

interest rate. If the investment had accumulated an investment rate
must have been agreed by them?

3. Ely extended a P5,000 loan to Angelito at an interest rate of 8 %. If

Ely received a total interest of 2,000 at the date of maturity, how long
is the agreed term?

Let's Think It Over

PLet us try to answer the following questions

What are some examples of simple interest?

How do you explain simple interest?
In your own understanding is simple interest good or bad?
 Let's Explore!

SIMPLE INTEREST

Money is not free to borrow! We will refer to money in terms of present value P,

which is an amount of money at the present time , and future value F, which is
an amount of money in the future. Usually, if someone loans money to another
person in present value, and are promised to be paid back in future value , then
the person who loaned the money would like the future value to be more
than the present value. That is because the value of money declines over time
due to inflation. Therefore, when a person loans money, they will charge
interest. They hope that the interest will be enough to beat inflation and make
the future value more than the present value.
When you deposit money in a bank—for example, in a savings account—you are
permitting the bank to use your money . The bank may lend the deposited
money to customers to buy cars or make renovations on their homes. The bank
pays you for the privilege of using your money. The amount paid to you is called
interest. If you are the one borrowing money from a bank, the amount you pay for the privilege o
Simple interest is interest that is only calculated on the initial amount of the loan .
This means you are paying the same amount of interest every year . An example of
simple interest is when someone purchases a U.S. Treasury Bond.

Simple Interest Formula

F=P(1+rt)(5.2.1)(5.2.1)F=P(1+rt)
where,
FF is the Future value
PP is the Present value
rr is the Annual percentage rate (APR) changed to a decimal
tt is the Number of years

EXAMPLES:
Sue borrows $2000 at 5% annual simple interest from her
bank. How much does she owe after five years? Solution

Example 5.2.25.2.2: Simple Interest -- Using the Formula

Chad got a student loan for $10,000 at 8% annual simple interest. How
much does he owe after one year? How much interest will he pay for that one
year?
Solution
P = $10,000, r = 0.08, t = 1 F=P(1+rt)(5.2.2)
(5.2.2)F=P(1+rt) F=10000(1+0.08(1))=$10,800
Chad owes $10,800 after one year. He will pay $10800 - $10000 = $800 in
interest.
Example 5.2.35.2.3: Simple Interest -- Finding Time
Ben wants to buy a used car. He has $3000 but wants $3500 to spend. He invests his $3000 into
Solution
F = $3500, P = $3000, r = 0.06 F=P(1+rt)
3500=3000(1+0.06t)
3500/3000=1+0.06t
3500/3000-1=0.06 t
3500/3000-1=t

t = 0.06

Let's Do It!

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Choose the correct answer.

A friend asks to borrow $300 and agrees to repay it in 30 days with 3% interest. How
much interest will you earn?
3%
5%
9%
2%
2. Treasury Notes (T-notes) are bonds issued by the federal government to cover its expenses. Supp

A. $160 B. $100 C. $169 D.$ 144

 3. James invests $6,000 into an account at an annual rate of 0.3% simple interest for 12
months. What is the Principal in this scenario? A.1
B. 0.003
C. 0.3%
D. $6000

4. You invest $5,000 in a bank for 2 years at a 3% interest rate. What is the interest you
have earned after this time? MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the correct answer.
A. $300
B. $350
C. $424
D. $540

5. Mrs. Payne has $20,000 to invest. She wants to earn $10,000 in interest. She is
considering a savings and loans bank that is offering her 5 .6% interest per year. For how
long will she have to leave her money in the bank in order to reach her goal of $10,000?

A. 9
B. 8
C.11
D.7

Well done!! You have just finished this lesson. Next to this is the Module 9 - Voting Methods.
 ANSWER KEY

Simple
Interest
Let's Get
Started PUT THE
RIGHT!!
Answer the following problems. Show your Solution.
1. Shaina invest P10,000 for a year. The investment bears interest rate of 9 %.
How much does it earn after 4 years?
2. Vinmar extended a P10,000 amount of loan to Lavern at a certain interest
rate. If the investment had accumulated an investment rate must have been
agreed by them?
3. Ely extended a P5,000 loan to Angelito at an interest rate of 8 %. If Ely
received a total interest of 2,000 at the date of maturity, how long is the
agreed term?
ANSWER:
1.I=Prt
I= (10,000)(0.09)(4)
I= 3,600
2. r= (I/Pt)x 100
r= [1,600/(10,000)(2)] x 100 r= 8%
3. t= I/ Pr
t= 2000/(5,000)(0.08)
t= 5 years
 Let's Think It Over
Let us try to answer the following questions

What are some examples of simple interest?

How do you explain simple interest?
In your own understanding is simple interest good or bad?

ANSWER:

Answers may vary.

Answers may vary.
Answers may vary.

Let’s Do It
1.A A friend asks to borrow $300 and agrees to repay it in 30 days with 3%
interest. How much interest will you earn?
A. 3 %
B. 5%
C. 9%
D. 2%
2.Treasury Notes (T-notes) are bonds issued by the federal government to cover
its expenses. Suppose you obtain a $1,000 T-note with a 4% annual rate, paid semi-annually
A. $160
B. $100
C. $169
D.$ 144
James invests $6,000 into an account at an annual rate of 0.3% simple interest for 12 months. Wh
A.1
B. 0.003
C. 0.3%
D. $6000
You invest $5,000 in a bank for 2 years at a 3% interest rate. What is the interest you have earned a
A. $300
B. $350
C. $424

D. $540
5. Mrs. Payne has $20,000 to invest. She wants to earn $10,000 in interest. She is
considering a savings and loans bank that is offering her 5.6% interest per year. For
how long will she have to leave her money in the bank in order to reach her goal of
$10,000?
A. 9
B. 8
C.11
D.7

ANSWER:
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. A
 MODULE 9

Voting Methods

Module Objectives:
Use the voting methods of Plurality, Borda Count, Plurality with Eli
Determine the winner of an election using the 4 voting methods
Determine wheter an election has voting flaws
 Introduction

Voting seems like such a simple idea: two candidates both want a position,
and whichever one gets the most votes wins. But like most things in the
modern world, elections rarely turn out to be as simple as they appear. The
most obvious complication arises when there are more than two
candidates. Should the winner just be the one who gets the most votes,
even if less than half of the votes want him or her in office? Maybe voters
should rank the candidate in order of preferences . . . but then how do we
decide on the winner?
We will begin our study of voting methods by examining a method for
summarizing the results when candidates are ranked in order of preference
by voters. We’ll then study the simplest of the methods of determining the
winner of an election, and begin a study of the weaknesses inherent in
different voting systems.

Let's Get Started

Four candidates, W,X,Y, and Z, are running for student government president.
The students were asked to rank all candidates in order of preference. The
results of the election are shown in the preference table.

How many students voted?

How many people voted for candidates in the order, Y,Z,X,W?
How many students picked candidate Y as their first choice?
How many students picked candidate Was their first choice?
 Let's Think It Over

Let us try to answer the following questions:

1. What is plurality method? The simplest method of determining a winner in

an election with three or more candidate

2. What is a criterion? Criterion is a way of measuring or evaluating a situation.

3. What is a head-to-head comparison?

The head-to-head comparison criterion states that if particular candidate

wins all head-tohead comparisons with all other candidates, then that
candidate should win the election.
Let's Explore!
Voting is a method for a group, such as a meeting or an electorate, in order to make a collectiv

lesson.
PLURALITY
• This is the most commonly used and easiest method to use when there are more
than two candidates.
• Each voter votes for one candidate. The candidate receiving the most votes is
declared the winner.the number of votes cast for a candidate who receives more
than any other but does not receive an absolute majority.
• Voting for Math Club President: Four students are running for president of the
Math Club: Jerry, Thomas, Annette and Becky. The club members were asked to
rank all candidates. The resulting preference table for this election is shown.
BORDA COUNT

• The Borda count is a family of positional voting rules which gives each
candidate, for each ballot, a number of points corresponding to the number of
candidates ranked lower.
• Voters rank candidates from the most favorable to the least favorable.
Each lastplace vote is awarded one point, each next-to-last-place vote is
awarded two points, each third-from-last-place vote is awarded three points,
and so forth. The candidate receiving the most points is the winner of the
election.
 PLURALITY WITH ELIMINATION

• Also called Instant Runoff Voting.

• Each voter votes for one candidate. If a candidate receives a majority of votes,
that candidate is declared the winner. If no candidate receives a majority, eliminate the candidate
Repeat this process until a candidate receives a majority.
 1. PAIRWISE COMPARISON
• A Pairwise Comparison is the process of comparing candidates in pairs to judge
which of each candidate is preferred overall.

• Voters rank the candidates. A series of comparisons in which each candidate is

compared with each of the other candidates follows. If candidate A is preferred to
candidate B, A receives one point. If candidate B is preferred to candidate A, B
received 1 point. If the candidates tie, each receives 1⁄2 point. After making all
comparisons among the candidates, the candidate receiving the most points is
declared the winner.

Example: Pairwise Comparison

• Use the pairwise comparison method to determine the winner of the election for
math club president.
• Comparisons needed:
 Flaws of Voting- all methods of voting have flaws.

Methods of voting are evaluated using Fairness

Criteria:

1. Majority Criterion If a candidate receives a majority (more than 50%), of the

first-place votes, that candidate should be declared the winner.

2. Head-to-Head Criterion If a candidate is favored when compared head-to-

head with every other candidate, that candidate should be declared the winner.

3. Monotonicity Criterion A candidate who wins a first election and then gains

additional support without losing any of the original support should also win a second election

4. Irrelevant Alternative Criterion If a candidate is declared the winner of an election and in a sec
MODULE 9

Vo t ing - Me t hod s

Let's Get Started

Four candidates, W,X,Y, and Z, are running for student government president.
The students were asked to rank all candidates in order of preference . The
results of the election are shown in the preference table.

How many students voted?

How many people voted for candidates in the order, Y,Z,X,W?
How many students picked candidate Y as their first choice?
How many students picked candidate Was their first choice?
 ANSWER:

1. To find the total number of voters, find the sum of the numbers in the top
row.
86 +42 +19 +13 +40 =200

2. The ranking Y,Z,X,Wis in the third column of the table, which is headed by
the number 19. This means that 19 voters chose that order.

3. There were 19 voters whose Y,Z,X,W(third column) and 40 that chose

Y,X,Z,W(fifth column), and those are the only rankings with Y listed first. So, 19 +40 =59voters

4. Only one ranking has candidate W first — the one in the second column.
There were42 voters who submitted that order, so 42 people chose candidate Was their first c

Let's Think About It

1. What is plurality method?
2. What is a criterion?
3. What is a head-to-head comparison?

ANSWER:

The simplest method of determining a winner in an election with three or

more candidate
Criterion is a way of measuring or evaluating a situation.
The head-to-head comparison criterion states that if particular candidate wins all head-to-he
 Let's Do It!

Using the plurality method, which candidate wins the election in Table
? If there is a tie for winner,say who are tied.
Using the Borda count method, which candidate wins the election in Table 1.1? If there i
Using the plurality-with-elimination method, which candidate wins the

election in Table 1.1? If there is a tie for winner, say who are tied.
4. Using the method of pairwise comparisons, which candidate wins the
election in Table 1.1? If there is a tie for winner, say who are tied.
5. Find the Condorcet candidate in the election in Table 1.1, or explain why
there is not one.
6. If in any answers to questions 1-4 you did find a tie for winner, use
bottom-up comparison to break the tie.
7. If in any answers to questions 1-4 you did find a tie for winner, use top-
down comparison to break the tie.
8. Rank the candidates in the election in Table 1.1 using the extended
Borda count method. (Do not break ties, but state ranks with ties.)
9. Rank the candidates in the election in Table 1.1 using the extended
plurality-with elimination method. (Do not break ties, but state ranks with
ties.)
10. An election is to be decided using the plurality method. There are five candidates and 212 v