Module 2:

1-A HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

SAFETY HAZARDS

B.E.S.O. SAFETY TRAININGS & CONSULTANCY SERVICES

DOLE Accredited OSH Training Organization: No. 1030-103020-127

thebesoproject@gmail.com BESO STO

 OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:

• Describe hazards from poor housekeeping.
• Explain the causes and extent of fire incidents.
• Enumerate common electrical hazards.
• Identify causes and effects of machine related accidents.
• Identify common hazards associated with materials
handling.
• Develop control measures against hazards in the
workplace before accidents and injuries can occur.
 CONTENTS

• Hazards due to poor housekeeping

• Fire hazards

• Electrical hazards

• Machine hazards

• Hazards from improper materials handling

HOUSEKEEPING
 INTRODUCTION

• Housekeeping is a basic foundation for not only a safe

workplace, but also a productive one.

• When housekeeping is poor at a worksite, employees are

more likely to be hurt on the job.

• The unsafe conditions present due to poor housekeeping

is often a contributing factor or a direct cause for
workplace injuries.

• It is important to realize the impact of housekeeping has on

your ability to work safe.
 WORKPLACE HOUSEKEEPING
(DEFINITION)

Workplace Housekeeping
• activities undertaken to create or maintain an orderly,
clean, tidy, and safe working environment
• “A place for everything and
everything in its place.”

• Housekeeping entails general care,

cleanliness, orderliness, and
maintenance.
• Housekeeping is a crucial aspect of
workplace safety as good
housekeeping helps prevent accidents
and also reduce the severity /
consequences of accidents.
 BENEFITS OF GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

• Eliminates accident and

fire hazards
• Maintain safe, healthy
work conditions
• Saves time, money,
materials, space and
effort
• Improves productivity and
quality
• Boosts morale
• Reflects a well-run
organization
 SIGNS OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING

• Poorly arranged work areas.

Poor housekeeping
• Untidy or dangerous storage in the workplace not
of materials. only affects your
• Dusty, dirty floors and work ability to focus, but
surfaces. also hides hazards
that cause harm
• Tools and equipment left in when unnoticed.
work areas instead of being
returned to proper storage
places.
• Overflowing waste bins and
containers.
• Spills and leaks.
CONSEQUENCES OF POOR
HOUSEKEEPING
 COST OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING

• Slips, trip, falls

• Fires
• Machine accidents
• Injuries
• Property damage
• Collisions
• Falling objects
• Health problems
 POOR HOUSEKEEPING ISSUES IN
THE WORKPLACE

Source: OSH Brief No. 7, www.ilo.org

 POOR HOUSEKEEPING ISSUES IN
THE WORKPLACE

Source: OSH Brief No. 7, www.ilo.org

POOR HOUSEKEEPING ISSUES IN
THE WORKPLACE

Source: WHS Council, Published by Amice May

 POOR HOUSEKEEPING ISSUES IN
THE WORKPLACE

01 03

02 04
FIRE HAZARDS
COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE
 DEFINITION OF FIRE

• FIRE is a process or chemical reaction called COMBUSTION.

• The process works ONLY when three (3) elements are

present namely:

– Oxygen
– Fuel
– Heat

• The chain reaction causes FLAME,

known as the FIRE TRIANGLE.
 FIRE CHEMISTRY

1. HEAT
– The temperature at which a material produces a vapor,
and the temperature at which vapors will burn.
– Vapors will self-ignite if the temperature is hot enough.

2. FUEL
– The fuel for a fire may be a SOLID, LIQUID, or GAS.
– The type and quantity of the fuel will determine which
method should be used to extinguish the fire.

3. OXYGEN
– Fires will burn vigorously in any atmosphere of at least 20
percent oxygen. Without oxygen, fuel could be heated
until entirely vaporized, and it will not burn.
SOURCES OF IGNITION (HEAT)
SOURCES OF OXYGEN
 SOURCES OF FUEL

1. Solids: these include, wood, paper, cardboard, plastics,

rubber, foam, textiles, building materials, waste materials
(e.g. wood shavings, dust, paper, etc.).

2. Liquids: these include, paint, varnish, thinners, adhesives,

petrol, acetone and other chemicals.

3. Gases: flammable gases include LPG

(liquefied petroleum gas in cylinders,
usually butane or propane), acetylene
(used for welding).
FUEL CLASSIFICATIONS (NFPA 10)
FIRE SPREAD AND HEAT TRANSFER
COMMON WORKPLACE FIRE
HAZARDS
COMMON WORKPLACE FIRE
HAZARDS
WORKPLACE FIRE HAZARDS AND
CONCERNS
WORKPLACE FIRE HAZARDS AND
CONCERNS
WORKPLACE FIRE HAZARDS AND
CONCERNS
 EXTENT OF FIRE INCIDENTS

• Death: most people who die in fires, die from breathing

smoke and toxic gases.
• Destruction of a building or properties.
• Human reaction to fire:
– Mental: brain can be affected by way of we are acting brilliantly
when in fact we are acting in an ineffectual manner.
– Physical: we can tolerate for limited period of time (150ºF)
– Emotional: when fire strikes different reaction takes place most
people are stunned for a moment, but then they begin to take
“emotional shock”.
– Panic and danger: STAMPEDE
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
INTRODUCTION
 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
(DEFINITION)

• An electrical hazard is a dangerous condition where a

worker can or does make electrical contact with
energized equipment or a conductor.

• Three recognized electrical hazards:

– Shock
– Arch flash (heat, fire)
– Arc blast (pressure, shrapnel, sound)
CAUSES OF ELECTROCUTION
FATALITIES
ELECTRICAL INJURIES
EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY ON THE
HUMAN BODY
EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY ON THE
HUMAN BODY (BURNS)
EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY ON THE
HUMAN BODY (BURNS)
EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY ON THE
HUMAN BODY (BURNS)
ELECTRICAL INJURY (FALL)
ELECTRIC SHOCK
HOW SHOCK OCCURS?
 THREE BASIC PATHWAYS ELECTRIC
TRAVELS THROUGH THE BODY

• Current passing through the heart and lungs is the most

serious.
EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC SHOCK
CLUES THAT ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
EXIST
COMMON ELECTRICAL HAZARDS IN
THE WORKPLACE
WORKPLACE ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
(EXPOSED ELECTRICAL PARTS)
WORKPLACE ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
(OVERLOADED CIRCUITS)
WORKPLACE ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
(DEFECTIVE INSULATION)
WORKPLACE ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
(GROUNDING)
WORKPLACE ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
(POWER TOOLS)
WORKPLACE ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
(OVERHEAD POWER LINES)
WORKPLACE ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
(WET CONDITIONS)
UNSAFE WORK PRACTICES AND
CONDITIONS
UNSAFE WORK PRACTICES AND
CONDITIONS
UNSAFE WORK PRACTICES AND
CONDITIONS
UNSAFE WORK PRACTICES AND
CONDITIONS
MACHINE HAZARDS
 INTRODUCTION

• Machine or Mechanical Hazards are those associated with

power-driven machines, whether automated or manually
operated.

• In an industry, people interact with machines that are

designed to drill, cut, shear, punch, etc.

• If appropriate safeguards are not in place or if workers

fail to follow safety precautions, these machines can
cause major human injuries and damage to the property.

• Workers who operate and maintain machinery may suffer

amputations, lacerations, crushing injuries, abrasions and
death.
 CAUSES OF MACHINE INCIDENTS

• Unauthorized
person doing
maintenance or
using the machines.
• Reaching in to
“clear” equipment
• Not using
Lockout/Tagout
• Missing or loose
machine guards.
• Lack of training.
 BASIC AREAS OF MACHINE TO BE
SAFEGUARDED

• Point of Operation: the place where work is performed on the material

such as cutting, shaping, boring or forming

• Power Transmission Apparatus: transmits energy to the part of

machine performing the work (i.e. shafting, flywheels, pulleys, belts,
chain drives, etc.)

• Operation Controls: control mechanisms

• Other Moving Parts: can include reciprocating, rotating, transverse

moving parts, feed mechanisms, and auxiliary parts of the machine
MECHANICAL HAZARDS
 NON-MECHANICAL HAZARDS

Non-Mechanical Hazards

Dust Mist (vapors or fumes)

Explosive or flammable atmospheres Noise

Ignition sources (flame or
Heat (radiated or conducted)
spark)
High intensity light (laser, ultraviolet) Molten materials

Heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury) Chemicals

Steam Pressurized fluids and gases

Ionizing radiation (x-rays, microwaves) Electrical

 HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTIONS
AND ACTIONS

• Hazardous Mechanical Motions:

– Rotating
– In-running nip points
– Reciprocating
– Transversing

• Hazardous Mechanical Actions:

– Cutting
– Punching
– Shearing
– Bending
 HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTION
(ROTATING)

• Any rotating motion can be dangerous, even when the motion

appears to be slow and smooth.
• Machinery grips and moves clothing, hair and body parts into
danger area.
• Danger increases when projections are present
– Screws, bolts, nicks, abrasions, etc.
 HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTION
(IN-RUNNING NIP POINTS)

• Nip points are created when rotating parts on a machine

come in contact with, or are in close proximity to each other.
– Between two (2) rotating parts.
– Between rotating and tangential parts.
– Between rotating and fixed parts which shear, crush, or abrade.
 HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTION
(RECIPROCATING)

• This back-and-forth or up-and-down motion creates a

crushing hazard between moving and stationary parts.
• Hazard – caught between moving part and stationary part.
 HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL MOTION
(TRANSVERSE)

• Transverse motion is movement in straight or continuous line.

• Hazard may strike or catch employee a pinch or shear point.
 HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL ACTION
(CUTTING)

• Cutting action may involve rotating, reciprocating or

transverse motions.
• The danger of cutting action exists at the point of operation
(cutting action).
• Hazards: flying chips or sparks from circular saw, drills, etc.
 HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL ACTION
(PUNCHING)

• Punching action results when power is applied to a slide in

order to blank, draw or stamp metal or other materials.
• Example: Power press
 HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL ACTION
(SHEARING)

• Shearing action applies power to slide or a knife in order to

trim or shear metal or other materials.
 HAZARDOUS MECHANICAL ACTION
(BENDING)

• Bending action occurs when power is applied to a slide in

order to shape, draw, or stamp materials.
• Example: Press brake, Tube benders
MATERIALS HANDLING
 INTRODUCTION

• When handling and storing materials,

you need to aware of hazards such as:
– Falling objects
– Improperly stacked or stored
materials
– Twisting and turning
– Unsupported bending

• These hazards can result in injuries

including:
– Back pain
– Fractures
– Cuts and bruises
 MATERIALS HANDLING
(DEFINITION)

Materials Handling is concerned with the loading /

unloading, moving, storage and control of materials in a
process.

Two diverse operations involved:

• manual materials handling: the movement of a load by

human effort alone (i.e. carrying bags or materials,
unpacking materials)

• mechanical materials handling: use of different types of

equipment and mechanism (i.e. forklift, crane, rigging)
MANUAL HANDLING OF LOADS
MATERIALS MANUAL HANDLING
(RISK FACTORS)
 OSHS RULE 1412.07: LIFTING OF
WEIGHTS

• For continued lifting, a male worker shall not be made to

lift, carry or move any load over fifty kilograms (50 kgs.)
and female workers over twenty-five kilograms (25 kgs.).

• Weights over these

shall either be
handled by more
than one worker or
by mechanical
means.
 MATERIALS MANUAL HANDLING
INJURIES

• Lifting objects is a major cause of back injuries in the

workplace.

• Other injuries include being struck by and/or crushed by

equipment that is improperly stored and handled.

• Potential hazards relating to injuries include:

– Improper, manual lifting or carrying loads that
are too large or heavy.
– Being struck by materials or caught in pinch
points.
– Being crushed by machines, falling materials,
or improperly stored materials.
– Incorrectly cutting ties or securing devices.
 MECHANICAL MATERIALS
HANDLING HAZARDS

• Collisions between people and the mechanical equipment.

• Collision between people and the moving load.
• Personal injury from being trapped in moving parts of the
mechanical equipment.
• The nature of the load: substances which are flammable or
hazardous to health
• The security and stability of the load: collapse of bales or
incorrectly stacked pallets.
• Errors made by operators.
MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
(FAILURES OF WHEEL-MOUNTED CRANE)
MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
(FAILURES OF WHEEL-MOUNTED CRANE)
MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
(FAILURES OF WHEEL-MOUNTED CRANE)
MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
(FAILURES OF HOIST CRANE)
MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
(FAILURES OF HOIST CRANE)
MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
(FAILURES OF FORKLIFT TRUCKS)
MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
(FAILURES OF FORKLIFT TRUCKS)
MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
(FORKLIFT TRUCKS – PHYSICAL HAZARDS)
MECHANICAL HANDLING EQUIPMENT
(CONVEYORS AND ELEVATORS)
questions
 KEY POINTS

• A deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence of a

deteriorating safety and health program.
• Chemistry of fire is represented by the fire triangle: Fuel, Heat
and Oxygen
• Electrical hazards in the workplace may be caused by failure
to ensure a safe design and proper work procedures as well
as improper servicing and maintenance of electrical
equipment.
• Mechanical hazards occur: (1) at the point of operation, (2)
power transmission components and (3) other exposed
moving parts of the machine.
• Lifting and moving things at work may cause disabling injuries
and even deaths.
THAT WOULD BE ALL. THANK YOU!