What are operators in python?

Operators are special symbols in Python that carry out arithmetic or logical computation. The value that the operator

operates on is called the operand.

For example:

>>> 2+3
5

Here, + is the operator that performs addition. 2 and 3 are the operands and 5 is the output of the operation.

Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.
Operator Meaning Example

+ Add two operands or unary plus x + y+ 2

- Subtract right operand from the left or unary minus x - y- 2

* Multiply two operands x*y

/ Divide left operand by the right one (always results into float) x/y

x % y (remainder of
% Modulus - remainder of the division of left operand by the right
x/y)

Floor division - division that results into whole number adjusted to the left in the
// x // y
number line

x**y (x to the power

Example 1: Arithmetic operators in Python

# Output: x + y = 19
print('x + y =',x+y)

# Output: x - y = 11
print('x - y =',x-y)

# Output: x * y = 60
print('x * y =',x*y)
# Output: x / y = 3.75
print('x / y =',x/y)

# Output: x // y = 3
print('x // y =',x//y)

# Output: x ** y = 50625
print('x ** y =',x**y)
Run Code

Output

x + y = 19
x - y = 11
x * y = 60
x / y = 3.75
x // y = 3
x ** y = 50625

Comparison operators
Comparison operators are used to compare values. It returns either True or False according to the condition.
Operator Meaning Example

> Greater than - True if left operand is greater than the right x>y

< Less than - True if left operand is less than the right x<y

== Equal to - True if both operands are equal x == y

!= Not equal to - True if operands are not equal x != y

>= Greater than or equal to - True if left operand is greater than or equal to the right x >= y

<= Less than or equal to - True if left operand is less than or equal to the right x <= y

Example 2: Comparison operators in Python

# Output: x > y is False

# Output: x < y is True

# Output: x == y is False
print('x == y is',x==y)

# Output: x != y is True
print('x != y is',x!=y)

# Output: x >= y is False

# Output: x <= y is True

Output

x > y is False
x < y is True
x == y is False
x != y is True
x >= y is False
x <= y is True

Logical operators
Logical operators are the and , or , not operators.
Operator Meaning Example

and True if both the operands are true x and y

or True if either of the operands is true x or y

not True if operand is false (complements the operand) not x

Example 3: Logical Operators in Python

print('x and y is',x and y)

print('x or y is',x or y)

print('not x is',not x)
Run Code

Output

x and y is False
x or y is True
not x is False

Here is the truth table for these operators.

Bitwise operators
Bitwise operators act on operands as if they were strings of binary digits. They operate bit by bit, hence the

name.
For example, 2 is 10 in binary and 7 is 111 .

In the table below: Let x = 10 ( 0000 1010 in binary) and y = 4 ( 0000 0100 in binary)
Operator Meaning Example

& Bitwise AND x & y = 0 ( 0000 0000 )

| Bitwise OR x | y = 14 ( 0000 1110 )

~ Bitwise NOT ~x = -11 ( 1111 0101 )

^ Bitwise XOR x ^ y = 14 ( 0000 1110 )

>> Bitwise right shift x >> 2 = 2 ( 0000 0010 )

<< Bitwise left shift x << 2 = 40 ( 0010 1000 )

Assignment operators
Assignment operators are used in Python to assign values to variables.
a = 5 is a simple assignment operator that assigns the value 5 on the right to the variable a on the left.

There are various compound operators in Python like a += 5 that adds to the variable and later assigns the

same. It is equivalent to a = a + 5 .
Operator Example Equivalent to

= x=5 x=5

+= x += 5 x=x+5

-= x -= 5 x=x-5

*= x *= 5 x=x*5

/= x /= 5 x=x/5
 %= x %= 5 x=x%5

//= x //= 5 x = x // 5

**= x **= 5 x = x ** 5

&= x &= 5 x=x&5

|= x |= 5 x=x|5

^= x ^= 5 x=x^5

>>= x >>= 5 x = x >> 5

<<= x <<= 5 x = x << 5

Special operators
Python language offers some special types of operators like the identity operator or the membership operator.

They are described below with examples.

Identity operators
is and is not are the identity operators in Python. They are used to check if two values (or variables) are

located on the same part of the memory. Two variables that are equal does not imply that they are identical.
Operator Meaning Example

is True if the operands are identical (refer to the same object) x is True

is not True if the operands are not identical (do not refer to the same object) x is not True

Example 4: Identity operators in Python

# Output: False
print(x1 is not y1)

# Output: True
print(x2 is y2)

# Output: False
print(x3 is y3)
Run Code

Output

False
True
False

Here, we see that x1 and y1 are integers of the same values, so they are equal as well as identical. Same is

the case with x2 and y2 (strings).

But x3 and y3 are lists. They are equal but not identical. It is because the interpreter locates them separately in

memory although they are equal.

Membership operators
in and not in are the membership operators in Python. They are used to test whether a value or variable is

found in a sequence (string, list, tuple, set and dictionary).

In a dictionary we can only test for presence of key, not the value.
Operator Meaning Example

in True if value/variable is found in the sequence 5 in x

not in True if value/variable is not found in the sequence 5 not in x

Example #5: Membership operators in Python

# Output: True
print('H' in x)

# Output: True
print('hello' not in x)

# Output: True
print(1 in y)

# Output: False
print('a' in y)
Run Code

Output

True
True
True
False

Here, 'H' is in x but 'hello' is not present in x (remember, Python is case sensitive). Similarly, 1 is key

and 'a' is the value in dictionary y . Hence, 'a' in y returns False .