M07.02 Workshop Practices Rev 1

Fundamentals
M7
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Rev.-ID: 1
Author: WiM
For Training Purposes Only
ELTT Release: May. 23, 2013
M7.2
Workshop Practices
E
C
Revision 1 / 17.02.14
Training Manual
For training purposes and internal use only.

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MAINTENANCE PRACTICES EASA PART-66 M7
WORKSHOP PRACTICES
M7.2
M7 MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
M7.2 WORKSHOP PRACTICES
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
Revision 1 / 17.02.14 ATA DOC Page 1

WORKSHOP PRACTICES Tools and Workshop Materials
M7.2
TOOLS AND WORKSHOP MATERIALS
Maintenance and Servicing of Tools

General
Good tools are expensive, should be treated with respect and kept in good
condition.
A bad condition of tools can lead to bad working results and is potentially
dangerous.
S Lubricate them regularly to prevent corrosion and seizing up.
S Inspect them before use for any damage (cracks, splits, rounding-off of
edges, bluntness etc).
Damaged tools beyond repair should be demonetized.
Tool inspection
Employees take the responsibility for their tools and the whole working area
should be clean and free from foreign objects.
Tool Stores
Tool stores will often have a system in place whereby all tools on loan to a
tradesman will be accounted. In this way, it can be quickly established that a
tool is missing from the store and who booked it out.
This is to prevent the theft of tools, but also (and more importantly) to minimize
the chance of the tool being left in the aircraft, becoming a potential
loose-article hazard.
Personal Tools
All personal tools should be marked by the individual so that they are traceable
to him.
Precision measuring and test equipment

Precision measuring and test equipment must, by definition, be accurate. To be
able to rely on the equipment’s accuracy, it must itself be checked (calibrated)
periodically.
Standards for calibration are laid down by the authorities, and companies
performing the calibration must meet exacting criteria.
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M7.2
Figure 1 Tool Inspection

M7.2
Use of Workshop Equipment S Phenolic plastics should be segregated from cadmium-plated steel parts.
S Magnesium alloys should not be stored with flammable materials.
Safety S All parts should remain in its delivery packaging as long as is practicable.
Workshops contain a variety of items that may S Materials in long lengths (extrusions, tubes, bars etc) should be stored
S be heavy vertically or well supported along their length thereby reducing the risk of
S be sharp bowing and handling damage.
S flammable S All pipe and hose assemblies should be stored with their ends blanked to
S be toxic prevent ingress of dirt. Hoses should be unrolled.
S give off noxious fumes S Tyres should be stored vertically in special racks embodying tubes that
ensure each tyre is supported at two points, reducing distortion to a
S electrically loaded minimum. They should be rotated every two or three months and any
S irritate the eyes etc. delivery wrapping should be kept in place.
The list is seemingly endless, but it is important to S Sheet metal should be stored on edge in racks clear of the floor with
S recognize that workshops are potentially dangerous places transport protection (grease, paper or plastic coating) left in place. Flat
S know how to minimize the risks. stacking is not acceptable to minimize scratching.
Because of danger it is important to wear work clothes and to engage with the S Fasteners (nuts, bolts, rivets etc) should be kept in their delivery packaging
materials themselves. (with their identification labels) as long as possible prior to use. This is a
safety issue; it reduces the possibility of an incorrect item being fitted if it is
The correct handling of materials, especially the high strength aluminium clearly identified.
alloys, is of extreme importance. Great care is necessary during loading and
unloading and storage to ensure that the material is not damaged by chafing, Identification
scratching, bruising or indentation. All materials in storage should have sufficient information attached to them to
The parts must be protected from any influences that my change the material provide an audit trail, so they can be identified to a manufacturer’s batch.
properties. This information should be copied to work documents.
Heavy forgings, extrusions and castings should be carried and stored singly,
ensuring that there is adequate support to maintain the material in its intended Care
shape without strain. Care should be taken with all material used in the workshop.
Scratches in metal surfaces are stress-raisers that can initiate cracks or

Storage
corrosion.
Aircraft supplies should be stored in clean, well-ventilated premises maintained
at an even dry temperature to minimize the effects of condensation. Very often, Environment
the manufacturer will specify the ideal conditions. Environmental guidelines have to be followed. Dispose of waste according to
All materials of a flammable nature (dope, thinners, paint and other solvents) local instructions in approved containers.
should be stored in special rooms or safety cabinets.
Items that can adversely affect other items should be segregated:
S Acid should not be placed whereby its fumes may affect raw materials or
finished parts.

M7.2
Figure 2 Typical Equipment Stores

WORKSHOP PRACTICES Dimensions, Allowances, Tolerances, Standards
M7.2
DIMENSIONS, ALLOWANCES AND TOLERANCES,

STANDARDS
Dimensions
Introduction
In order to arrive at values of distance, weight, speed, volume, temperature,
pressure etc., it is necessary to be familiar with the accepted methods for
measuring these values and the units used to express them.
Measurements used today in aviation are the Imperial system and the SI
(metric) system.
SI is the abbreviation for the Système International d’Unités, the modernized
version of the metric system that Europe and other nations have agreed to use.
Measurement of Dimensions
Measuring of material and machined subjects involves the use of measuring
tools to determine sizes of length, width, thickness, diameters etc.
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M7.2
Diameter
Width Boiling point
of water
Thickness
Length
Freezing point
of water
Celsius Fahrenheit
Figure 3 Measurement
M7.2
MEASUREMENT UNIT SYSTEM Imperial System
The majority of people in English−speaking countries are familiar with the
Metric System General
Imperial unit system. Its units of length, time and weight are the inch, second
The International System of Units (SI) defines the meter as the unit of length and pound. The imperial system is used i.e. in the complete documentation of
and the kilogram as the unit of mass. Boeing aircraft, but often the metric equivalent is also given.
These units were created by the National Academy of Science and adopted by Airbus documentation uses largely both units: Imperial and metric.
the National Assembly of France in 1795.
The United States Congress legalized the use of the metric system throughout Imperial Length System
the United States on July 28, 1866, but it was not until December 23, 1975 that Originally the units inch, foot, yard and mile had no connection to one another.
the metric Bill was signed into law in the United States to convert all But this connection has been created to make the system easier.
measurements into the metric system.
Therefore the following equations are valid:
One of the great advantages of the metric system is the fact that it is built on
S 1 Foot = 12 Inch
decimal units.
S 1 Yard = 3 Feet
Each basic unit may be multiplied or divided by ten as many times as it is
necessary to get a convenient size. Each of these multiples has a definite S 1 Mile = 5282 Feet or 1760 Yards.
prefix, symbol and name. Historically the inch was the width of a male thumb. The foot was the length of
a human foot and the yard was the distance from the tip of the nose to the tip
Metric Length System of the thumb when the arm was extended to the side with the thumb pointing
The length of a meter is based on a distance equal to one ten−millionth of the forward and the head faced forward.
distance from the equator to the poles measured along a meridian, along the The mile was originated by the Romans and represented 1,000 paces, each
earth’s surface. pace being two steps (or 5 ft.).
In order to provide an exact reference meter for scientific purposes, a bar of This distance was later changed to 5280 ft., which is the present statute mile
platinum−iridium was inscribed with two lines exactly 1m apart at the freezing in both Great Britain and the United States.
point of water (32_Fahrenheit (F) or 0_Celsius (C)).
The nautical mile, used internationally for navigation, is based on 1/60 of one
The International Meter bar is kept at the Bureau of Weights and Measures degree of the earth’s circumference at the equator. It is approximately 6,080 ft.,
near Paris. Copies of this bar have been made and are kept in depositories in or 1,853.2m.
all the principal nations.
Because of the increase in travel, international commerce and scientific
In the metric system, all measurements of length are either multiples or
exchanges, there was a need for the standardization of measurements. This

sub-divisions of the meter based on multiples of 10 e.g.: has taken place through the use of the metric system.
S 10 millimeter = 1 centimeter
S 10 centimeters = 1 decimeter
S 10 decimeter = 1 meter
S 10 hectometers = 1 kilometer
In practice the units of length most commonly used are the millimeter, the
centimeter, the meter and the kilometer.

M7.2
1 Inch
Yard
Imperial Metric
Figure 4 Measurement Systems

M7.2
UNIT CONVERSION
Conversions between the Imperial and Metric Length System
In Aviation it is essential to know the conversion between meters and inches
because hole sizes, material gauges, dimensions etc. are often given in inches,
the measurement equipment and the tools are often using the metric system.
Conversion Examples:
S 1 Inch = 25,4 mm
S 1/2 in = 25,4B 2 = 12,7mm
S 3/8 in = 25,4B 8 x 3 = 9,53mm
S 5/16 in = 25,4B 16 x 5 = 7,94mm
S 1/4 in = 25,4B 4 = 6,35mm
S 3/16 in = 25,4B 16 x 3 = 4,76mm
S 5/32 in = 25,4B 32 x 5 = 3,97mm
S 1/8 in = 25,4B 8 = 3,18mm
S 0.032 in = 25,4 x 0,032 = 0,81mm
S 0.040 in = 25,4 x 0,040 = 1,01mm
S 0,050 in = 25,4 x 0,050 = 1,27mm
S 0.063 in = 25,4 x 0,063 = 1,60mm

M7.2
INCHES, DECIMAL FRACTIONS AND MILLIMETERS
Decimal fraction
Inches
Inch Millimeter
1/64 0.0156 0.379

1/32 0.0313 0.794
3/64 0.0469 1.191
1/16 0.0625 1.588
5/64 0.0781 1.985
3/32 0.0938 2.381
7/64 0.1094 2.778
1/8 0.1250 3.175
9/64 0.1406 3.572
5/32 0.1563 3.969

11/64 0.1719 4.366
3/16 0.1875 4.762
13/64 0.2031 5.159
7/32 0.2188 5.556
Figure 5 Decimal and Metric Equivalent of Inches
M7.2
Allowance and Tolerances

Dimensional Tolerances
A general tolerance is usually given for all dimensions on a drawing and is
stated in a printed box on the drawing. When the general tolerance is not
appropriate, an individual tolerance may be given to a dimension.
Tolerances may be expressed by:
S Quoting the upper and lower limits
or:
S Quoting the nominal dimension and the limits of tolerance above and below
that dimension.
Maximum and Minimum Allowable Size

For every part a minimum and maximum size is given. Dimensions are still
considered acceptable if their size falls within the range given.
The difference between the basic dimension and the upper or lower limit is
called the allowance or tolerance.
Example:
A dimension is depicted as .3125 inches +/- .0005 (20 mm +/- 0,3 mm), the
allowable dimensions are between .3120 and .3130 inches (19,7 to 20,3 mm).

M7.2
Figure 6 Dimensions and Tolerances

M7.2
Standards of Workmanship
General
Safety in the aircraft business is judged to be of the utmost importance.
All working procedures are strictly specified. Service tasks have to be carried
out correctly, safely and in the tolerances. A difference between the procedures
and the guidelines of the designer is not acceptable!
When working with aircraft you are often under pressure to complete work
quickly. Always remember that you should take enough time to look after care
and completeness of the work. Possible failures can maybe not be corrected
anymore.

M7.2
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M7.2
MEASURING EQUIPMENT
Rules General
Steel scales or steel rules are found in almost all tool kits in both 6− and
12-inch lengths (15 - 30 cm.). They are used for sheet metal layout and for
making measurements where the accuracy of a slide gauge or a micrometer is
not needed.
The scale on the brink is made in fractions or in decimal fractions, some rulers
have both.
Fractionally graduated scales usually have one scale divided in increments of
1/32 inch and the other in 1/64 inch increments.
Decimal scales have one scale in 1/10 or 1/50 of an inch and the other scale in
increments of 1/1,000 inch.
Metric graduations are in centimeters and millimeter.
Scales are available in both the flexible form (about 0.015 inch (0,4 mm) thick)
and the rigid form (about 0.040 inch (1 mm) thick).
Flexible Steel Tape

The flexible steel tape is a very useful instrument for taking measurements up
to several feet.
The steel tape is equipped with a hook on one end so that it will hold onto a
corner or ledge, thus making it possible for the rule to be used by one
individual. The hook is attached to the tape with rivets and is slotted to allow it
to move slightly to account for its thickness in calculations.
Steel tapes are graduated in inch or in metric measurements.
Scale Handling
When taking measurements with a scale, it should be so held that the
graduation lines are as close as possible to the face. The eye which is
observing the reading should be as near as possible opposite to the mark being
read, to minimize the possibility of reading (parallax) error.

M7.2
Flexible tape
Steel rule
Figure 7 Rules and Scale Handling

M7.2
TRI SQUARES AND PROTRACTORS
Tri square
The tri square is the most common tool for testing squareness of components
and parts. A tri-square is therefore not suited for measuring but for gauging,
that means comparison of angles.
A common example is a testing of squareness of components/parts. In this
case the tri-square is used as a gauge, which has an exact right angle (90
degrees). By holding the tri-square at the part that has to be checked the angle
of the part can be compared with the right angle of the tri-square and therefore
a difference angle can be seen.
Tri-Squares with different angles than 90 degrees are also available.
When using the square, care should be taken to ensure that its blade is held
perpendicular to the surface being tested or errors may occur.
Protractor
The protractor consists of a half round dial that is graduated from 0° to 180°
and is suited for measuring angles of components and parts.
It consists of an adjustable blade, which is hold at the being to checked angle
and then locked by a nut. The existing angle can be read on the scale.
The protractor is generally used in assembly areas to check part flanges or to
verify angles, bore series, etc.
To produce a good result the edge of the protractor should be hold
perpendicular to the surface of the part being tested.

M7.2
External angle
measurement
Internal angle
measurement
Tri square Protractor

Figure 8 Squares
M7.2
GAUGES
Radius Gauge
Radius gauges are used to measure either inside or outside radii.
Find a blade that fits the surface being checked and hold it to the radius. It is
now possible to see a correlation or a difference of the radii.
Thickness (Feeler) Gauge

The feeler gauge is made up of a number of thin steel leaves with different
thickness that fold into a handle.
The thickness in thousandths of an inch or in hundreds of a millimeter is
marked on each leaf.
The marked leaves are inserted into a gap until the closest fitting leaf is found.
The thickness of that leaf represents the size of the gap.
The gauge is generally used in assembly areas to check interface gaps or gaps
under bolt heads or nuts.

M7.2
Radii of the work are

Inside radius too small
Radii found okay
Outside radius
Radii of the work are

too large
Radius Gauge Feeler Gauge
Figure 9 Gauges
M7.2
TEMPERATURE Conversion Examples:
Temperature and their units in General A:
With the temperature you are measuring the degree of heat of a body, a fluid or 63°F = ?° C
a gas. There are three common temperature scales in use today; Fahrenheit, 63°F = 5/9 (63−32)
Celsius and Kelvin.
63°F = 5/9 x 31
Fahrenheit Unit 63°F = 17,2° C
In the English/American unit system all temperatures are given in degrees
B:
Fahrenheit.
27°C = ?° F
Fahrenheit temperature scale is a scale based on 32° F for the freezing point of
water and 212° F for the boiling point of water with a difference of 180° F 27°C = 27 x 9/5 + 32
between the two points. Absolute zero is −460° F. 27°C = 80,6° F
The 18th−century German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit originally took
Kelvin Unit
as the zero of his scale the temperature of an equal ice−salt mixture and
selected the values of 30 and 90 for the freezing point of water and normal Kelvin temperature scale is the base unit of thermodynamic temperature
body temperature, respectively; these later were revised to 32° and 96°, but measurement in the International System (SI) of measurement. It is defined as
the final scale required an adjustment to 98.6° for the latter value. 1/ 273.16 of the triple point (equilibrium among the solid, liquid, and gaseous
phases) of pure water.
Celsius Unit The scale is named for the British physicist Baron Kelvin. The Kelvin-scale is
The Celsius scale is in general use wherever metric units have become not noted in degree, but is given with the symbol „K“. Zero K describes the
accepted, and it is used in scientific work everywhere. absolute zero temperature point. (equals -273°C).
Celsius temperature scale (also called centigrade temperature scale) is the This absolute zero point describes the theoretical temperature at which the
scale based on 0° for the freezing point of water and 100° for the boiling point molecules of a substance have the lowest energy.
of water. Absolute zero = −273°. Many physical laws and formulae can be expressed more simply when an
Invented in 1742 by the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, it is sometimes absolute temperature scale is used; accordingly, the Kelvin scale has been
called the centigrade scale because of the 100−degree interval between the adopted as the international standard for scientific temperature measurement.
defined points. The Kelvin scale is related to the Celsius scale. The difference between the
The conversion formula from Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C) value is: freezing (273 K or 0°C) and boiling points (373 K or 100°C) of water is 100
S °C = 5/9 x (°F – 32). degrees in each, so that the Kelvin has the same magnitude as the degree
Celsius.
The conversion formula from Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F) value is:
Therefore the conversion from Kelvin (K) to Celsius (°C) is very easy:
S °F = 9/5 x °C + 32.
S °C = (K – 273).

M7.2
Figure 10 Temperature Scales

M7.2
MARKING AND THE RELATING TOOLS Dividers
Dividers are used for scribing arcs and circles, for measuring between points
General
and for transferring dimensions. The distance between the sharp ends of the
Marking out means marking on the material all the lines and points which are arms is compared with the rule.
needed to work with. In general this will be done in accordance with a
Dividers are difficult to use accurately when the legs are widely extended and
dimensional drawing. This is a drawing showing the exact shape with all
the points steeply inclined to the work surface.
dimensions indicated.
Dividers or compasses should not be used when marks or reference lines are
The material must be marked with the given dimensions with as accurate as
drawn on metal skin surfaces, since the metal points will cause permanent
possible. After that the part can be manufactured according to the marking.
damage. Instead, pencils are commonly used to mark out skins.
Marking Out Rules
S Never use a lead pencil on titanium. The carbon, when heated, can infuse
the metal and cause cracking.
S When using a scriber or pencil with a straight edge, hold it at a slight angle
so that the line will be parallel and as close as possible to the straight-edge.
S For marking of aluminium alloy use only a soft lead pencil (except for
cut-lines, when a scriber may be used).
S Mark preferably thin lines.
S Mark lines only once.
Pencil
When working with aluminium parts and components, only a soft lead pencil
may be used for layout work or for marking reference lines in areas that will not
be removed. However, using normal lead pencils on bare aluminium alloy can
scratch the surface and introduce graphite into the material, resulting in
corrosion.
Pencils with a lead made out soft wax crayon may also be used.
Rule
For marking out length, a rule or steel tape is used.
Tri Square
Tri-squares are used for marking out i.e. right angle lines.

M7.2
Rule
Tri square Dividers
Figure 11 Marking Sequence

M7.2
SCRIBER Using a Height Gauge
When using a vernier height gauge:
General
S ensure that the base of the height gauge, the surface table and the work
The scriber is used to mark permanent lines on component or part surfaces. At
piece are kept perfectly clean at all times
this the surface scribed with a sharp point (scriber), that means a thin
sharp-edged line type depression is generated. S bed the work piece and the base of the height gauge firmly onto the datum
surface with the finger slightly above the work piece
NOTE: A scriber is used only when the material within the scribed line is
S secure the fine adjustment clamp and use the fine adjustment screw to
to be cut out and the scribe mark is removed as part of the
bring the finger lightly into contact with the feature being measured
scrap.
When you finish using the height gauge it should be carefully returned to
Vernier height gauge proper storage.
The vernier height gauge has a vertical beam scale fixed to a flat base. It is
Measuring to the Underside
usually used on a surface plate or a marking out table (the datum beam
surface). The vernier height gauge can also be used for measuring to the underside of a
feature on the component. To do this the finger should be reversed, as shown
The instrument can be used for measuring absolute height above the datum
in the illustrations.
surface, but is often used for measuring differences in height between different
parts of the item being measured. When using the instrument in this way, a further allowance (additional to any
allowance for the zero reading) must be added to the scale reading to give the
The height gauge is also frequently used for making accurate markings on
absolute dimension. This allowance is equal to the height of the finger arm plus
components. A finger with a sharp ground edge is used for this purpose.
twice the height of the finger, which is X + 2Y mm.
Vernier height gauges are often dual scale instruments. These have both
millimeter and inch scales on the same instrument.
Scribing with the Vernier High Gauge

Use a Vernier High Gauge for marking out in the following way:
S Position the Vernier High Gauge approximately to the desired height and
tight the Fine Adjustment Clamp. Use the Fine Adjustment Screw to get the
height exactly right.
S Slide the Vernier High Gauge across the marking out table until the point of
the scriber contacts the work piece at the required position.

S Hold the Vernier High Gauge firmly and slide it on the marking-out table so
that the point of the scriber marks a line on the work piece. When doing this
you must ensure that:
− the base of the scribing block remains firmly seated on the marking-out
table
− the point of the scriber bears on the work piece with a steady pressure
− the point of the scriber trails as it is moved along the work piece.

M7.2
Beam Y mm
Scale X mm
Beam
Y mm
Fine adjustment Fine adjustment

screw clamp
Finger clamp Clamping

Screw
Measuring/
scribing
finger Base
L
Measuring to the underside
Figure 12 Vernier Height Gauge

WORKSHOP PRACTICES Calibration
M7.2
CALIBRATION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

General
Precision measuring and -test equipment has to be calibrated within periodical
intervals to ensure that unchanging accuracy of measurement is guaranteed.
Calibrating means to compare measured data of the inspected tool with the
true value of the measurement value (reference measure/reference value).
Requirements are that specific conditions are fulfilled, for example to meet
allowed temperatures.
Calibrating also includes the documentation of deviation, calculation of
measuring allowance (tolerance) and preparation of a certificate.
Calibration intervals
To ensure always accurate measurements, the test equipment has to be
calibrated within periodical intervals. The gap between these calibrations is
called calibration interval. The extent of this time period is determined among
others by:
S accuracy of measurement;
S specification or recommendation of manufacturer;
S specified guidelines;
S operating conditions and/or operation frequency.
Use of Precision Measuring and Test Equipment

When using precision measuring and test equipment, ensure that a calibration
certificate accompanies the tool and that it is within its calibration due-date.
If desired, record the equipment’s details and calibration information on the job
card.
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WORKSHOP PRACTICES Calibration
M7.2
Figure 13 Calibration of Tools

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M07.02 A E
TABLE OF CONTENTS
M7 MAINTENANCE PRACTICES . . . . . . . . 1
M7.2 WORKSHOP PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
TOOLS AND WORKSHOP MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
MAINTENANCE AND SERVICING OF TOOLS . . . . . . . 2
USE OF WORKSHOP EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
DIMENSIONS, ALLOWANCES AND TOLERANCES,
STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ALLOWANCE AND TOLERANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
STANDARDS OF WORKMANSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CALIBRATION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . 28
Page i
M07.02 A E
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page ii
M07.02 A E
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Tool Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Figure 2 Typical Equipment Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Figure 3 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Figure 4 Measurement Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 5 Decimal and Metric Equivalent of Inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 6 Dimensions and Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 7 Rules and Scale Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Figure 8 Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 9 Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Figure 10 Temperature Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Figure 11 Marking Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Figure 12 Vernier Height Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 13 Calibration of Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
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TABLE OF FIGURES
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M07.02 A E
TABLE OF FIGURES
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TABLE OF FIGURES
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Fundamentals

For training purposes and internal use only.

Lufthansa Technical Training

Tel: +49 (0)40 5070 2520

Revision 1 / 17.02.14 ATA DOC Page 1

TOOLS AND WORKSHOP MATERIALS

Maintenance and Servicing of Tools

Precision measuring and test equipment

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Figure 1 Tool Inspection

Scratches in metal surfaces are stress-raisers that can initiate cracks or

Revision 1 / 17.02.14 01|Tools+WS Mat|L3|A/B1/B2 Page 4

Figure 2 Typical Equipment Stores

DIMENSIONS, ALLOWANCES AND TOLERANCES,

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Width Boiling point

exchanges, there was a need for the standardization of measurements. This

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Figure 4 Measurement Systems

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INCHES, DECIMAL FRACTIONS AND MILLIMETERS

1/64 0.0156 0.379

5/32 0.1563 3.969

Allowance and Tolerances

Maximum and Minimum Allowable Size

Revision 1 / 17.02.14 01|Dim+Tools|L3|A/B1/B2 Page 12

Figure 6 Dimensions and Tolerances

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THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

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Flexible Steel Tape

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Figure 7 Rules and Scale Handling

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Tri square Protractor

Thickness (Feeler) Gauge

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Radii of the work are

Radii found okay

Radii of the work are

Radius Gauge Feeler Gauge

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Figure 10 Temperature Scales

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Tri square Dividers

Figure 11 Marking Sequence

Scribing with the Vernier High Gauge

the scriber contacts the work piece at the required position.

Revision 1 / 17.02.14 01|Dim+Tools|L3|A/B1/B2 Page 26

Fine adjustment Fine adjustment

Finger clamp Clamping

Measuring to the underside

Figure 12 Vernier Height Gauge

CALIBRATION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Use of Precision Measuring and Test Equipment

Revision 1 / 17.02.14 03|Calib|L3|A/B1/B2 Page 28

Figure 13 Calibration of Tools

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