Introduction Clinical

INTRODUCTION
As we know, clinical psychology plays an important role in our daily lives. Clinical psychology is a
broad approach to human, individual and interpersonal issues ranging from assessment, diagnosis,
consultation, treatment, development, administration and research programs, taking into account a
large number of populations including children, adolescents, adults, parents, families, groups and
less fortunate people. There is also an overlap between several fields of clinical psychology and
other fields of professional psychology such as counseling psychology and clinical neuropsychology
as well as some professional fields beyond psychology
In other words, clinical psychology is a branch of psychology associated with the assessment and
treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior and psychiatric problems. This field also integrates
psychological sciences with the treatment of complex human problems as well as making it an
attractive career option for those looking for a challenging and rewarding field
The first American psychologist, Lightner Witmer, introduced the term in 1907. Witmer, who is also
a former Wilhelm Wundt student, defined clinical psychology as "an individual study by observation
or experiment with the aim of promoting change". Today, clinical psychology is seen as one of the
most popular sub-fields in psychology.
And in this assignment, I will elaborate on two intentional treatments namely in biological and
psychosocial as well as the role of psychiatrists in mental health services.
. BIOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS
2.1.Psychopharmacotherapy (Psychopharmacotherapy)
For information, psychopharmacotherapy is the use of medicines in the treatment of psychiatric

disorders. These medicines are often referred to as psychoactive or psychotropic drugs. Medicines
used in psychopharmacotherapy are usually prescription drugs. Psychopharmacotherapy can be
used alone or in conjunction with psychotherapy to help reduce personal symptoms of anxiety,
depression, psychosis and other psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric drugs used in the treatment of
psychological disorders can be categorized into five main groups: Antidepressants, Anxiolytic,
Antipsychotic Drugs, Antimanic and Psychostimulants
2.1.1.Antidression
Antidepressants are medications for depression. It is often used to treat a variety of conditions such
as anxiety disorders, outrageous compulsive disorders, eating disorders, chronic pain, neuropathic
pain and some mediocre ersonal disorders such asp ersonality and for snoring, ersonal, hyperactivity
disorders (ADHD), drug abuse and sometimes insomnia or sleep disorders.
Antidepressants can be used alone or combined with other medicines. Most antidepressants have a
slow start that lasts for 2 to 6 weeks but for those who respond well to the drug given, some levels
of efficacy are often seen after 1 week. Examples of medicines are Prozac.
Classification
There are many antidepressant drugs available in the market. The key role is played by the time that
might be required for a particular outcome of the drug on the individual i.e. the response time of a
drug can be known in the due course. The commonly used antidepressants are
• Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Serotonin and norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
• Tetracyclic antidepressants
• Serotonin receptor modulators (SRMs) • Lithium Salts
2.1.2.Anxiolytic
Anxiolytic is also known as antipanic or antianxiety which is a drug to prevent anxiety. Anxiolytic is a
drug used to treat anxiety and psychological and physical-related symptoms. In other words,
anxiolytic is useful in treating anxiety disorders. In addition, beta blockers receptors such as
propranolol and oxprenolol can be used to combat anxiety symptoms even without anxiolytic. In the
meantime, anxiolytic is also known as a small sedation where the term is less used in the modern
context and originally from the primary sedative which is also known as the neurolepticsor
antipsychotic
Examples of common anxiety disorders include general anxiety disorders and phobic disorders.
Almost 25% of the population will suffer anxiety disorders at a certain time during their lifetime.
Until the 1990s, these medicines were the backbone of pharmacologic treatments for associated
anxiety disorders
The Administration of Drug Enforcement (DEA) classifies anxiolytic as a controlled substance because
sometimes these drugs are being misused or used for recreational and pleasure purposes. In
addition, physical dependence occurs when these medicines are used at high doses or for a
prolonged period of time.
This means that if someone who is experiencing symptoms is unpleasant this is because they
suddenly stop in taking their medicines. Common symptoms include anxiety, insomnia, anxiety,
anxiety, muscle tension and irritability as well as seizuresand depression
2.1.4.Antimanic
This medicine can treat bipolar disorder patients. Some of the related symptoms include
extraordinary cheerfulness, angered mood, the level of sleep dropping, talk, disturbance and engage
in fun activities with high personal and excessive personal effects
Antimanic drug, any drug that stabilizes mood by controlling symptoms of mania, the

abnormal psychological state of excitement.
Mania is a severe form of emotional disturbance in which a person is progressively and
inappropriately euphoric and simultaneously hyperactive in speech and locomotor behaviour.
This is often accompanied by significant insomnia (inability to sleep), excessive talking,
extreme confidence, and increased appetite. As the episode builds, the person experiences
racing thoughts, extreme agitation, and incoherence, frequently replaced
with delusions, hallucinations, and paranoia, and ultimately may become hostile and violent
and may finally collapse. In some persons, periods of depression and mania alternate, giving
rise to bipolar disorder.
The most effective antimanic medications, which are used primarily for bipolar disorder, are
the simple salts lithium chloride or lithium carbonate. Although some serious side effects can
occur with large doses of lithium, the ability to monitor blood levels and keep the doses
within modest ranges makes it an effective treatment for manic episodes, and it can also
stabilize the mood swings of the patient with bipolar disorder. Lithium has a gradual onset of
action, taking effect several weeks following initiation of treatment. The precise mechanism
of its action is not known.
If patients take an overdose of lithium, or if their normal salt and water metabolism becomes
unbalanced by intervening infections that cause anorexia or fluid loss, then loss of
coordination, drowsiness, weakness, slurred speech, and blurred vision, as well as more
serious chaotic cardiac rhythm and brain-wave activity with seizures may occur. Because
lithium is generally excreted along with sodium in the urine, rehydration and supportive
therapy are all that is required for treatment. Prolonged use of lithium, however, can in fact
damage the body’s ability to respond properly to the hormonevasopressin, which stimulates
the reabsorption of water, thus causing the emergence of diabetes insipidus, a disorder
characterized by extreme thirst and excessive production of very dilute urine. Lithium can
also interfere with the response of the thyroid gland to the thyroxin-stimulating hormone
produced in the pituitary gland.
Other compounds used in the treatment of mania include valproic acid, carbamazepine,
gabapentin, benzodiazepines (e.g., clonazepam and lorazepam), haloperidol, and
chloropromazine. These substances reduce the transmission of nerve impulses in
the brain and thereby lessen the severity of manic episodes. They are important
antimanic alternatives to lithium in instances when lithium does not provide adequate
symptom control, and, with some exceptions, they may be used in combination with lithium,
particularly when rapid control of acute mania is needed to bridge the delay to onset of action
of lithium therapy.
2.1.5.Psychostimulants

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INTRODUCTION

For information, psychopharmacotherapy is the use of medicines in the treatment of psychiatric

• Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

• Serotonin and norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

• Serotonin receptor modulators (SRMs) • Lithium Salts

Antimanic drug, any drug that stabilizes mood by controlling symptoms of mania, the

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