DR.

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PAKISTAN AFFAIRS
LECTURE 4

DR. SANAWAR IQBAL

B.Sc (PU) , B.D.S (PMC), M.S HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (IAS, PU)

PMS 2015
AD MOD 2019
DEPUTY ACCOUNT OFFICER 2020
ELECTION OFFICER 2020
CSS 2020
AC IRS

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LECTURE 4 :

I. Land and people of Pakistan- Geography, Society, Natural resources, Agriculture,

Industry and education with reference to characteristics, trends and problems.
II. Economic Challenges in Pakistan.
III. Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous
and Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of
Economy.

Land and people of Pakistan- Geography, Society, Natural

resources, Agriculture, Industry and education with reference
to characteristics, trends and problems.

1. Northern Mountains
 North of Pakistan
 Northern Border of the country
 Secure Pakistan from Winds coming from Arabian sea to cause rainfall
 Stop monsoon winds to provide monsoon rainfall
 Stop Siberian winds to protect Pakistan from extreme cold whether
 Snow covered peaks – Water resource
 Tourism activities
 Wood- economic activity
 Area included- Murree, Ayubia, Nathia Gali, Kaghan , Lippa Valley , Sakardu,
Sawat, Kalam , Neelam, Hunza, Chitral
 The Himalayas are a mountain range in South and East Asia separating the
plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has many
of Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest, at the border
between Nepal and China.
 The Himalayas consist of parallel mountain ranges: the Sivalik Hills on the south;
the Lower Himalayan Range; the Great Himalayas, which is the highest.
 The Karakoram are generally considered separate from the Himalayas.

I. The Siwalik Range

 Line of Low altitude Hills

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 Southern Border of Himalaya

 From east to west
 Major part in india
 Adjacent to plain areas of Hazara , Attock, Rawalpindi, Jehlum, Sialkot,
Gujrat
 Height 2000-3000 ft from sea level
II. The Lower Himalaya
 Run parallel to Siwalik range
 Peer Pinjal range (average altitude 14000-15000ft )
 Snow covered during winter
 Natural vegetation
 Forests
III. The Great Himalaya
 B/W Pir Pinjal range and Karakoram range
 Average hight 2000ft
 Snow covered
 Water resource
 Nanga Parbat
 Valley of Kashmir B/W Pir Pinjal range & the great Himalaya
IV. The Karakoram Range
 North of Central Himalay in northern Kashmir and Gilgit area
 Along the border of China
 Hight 20000ft above sea level
 K-2 / Godwin Austin (28,250ft / 8475 m)
 Snow covered
 Karakoram Highway / Shahra e Resham passes through Karakoram range V.
The Hindukush Mountains:
 North western ranges / Western branches of Himalaya
 Series of parallel ranges
 Lower in altitude than northeastern mountains
 Low rainfall
 Bare of natural vegetation
 Boundry B/W Afghanistan , Iran, and Pakistan  Important passes in
Hindukush range :
i. The Lawari Pass
ii. The Babusar Pass
iii. The Shandur Pass
iv. The Maztagh Pass
2. Central Mountain Range

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I. Salt Range
II. Suleman Mountain Range
III. Kirthar Range
I. Salt Range o In south of Pothowar Plateau
o Area of Salt range begins in east near Jehlum in the Tilla Jogi & Bakralla Ridges &
runs south-west to the North of the river Jehlum for some distance before
turning north west to cross the Indus near Kalabagh
o Continue in Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan
o Average hight 2000ft but near Sakesar rise to about 5000ft above sea level o
River Jehlum & Indus flow in it
o Abundance of rock salt and Gypsum & Coal
II. The Suleman Mountain
 In the south of Gomal river
 Takht e suleman –highest peak 11,100ft
 At the Southern end , the Bugti and Mari Hills run from Southeast to the
Northwest
 Bolan river (passes through Bolan pass which links Iran and Pakistan
 Quetta is an important base at northern end of Bolan pass
III. The Kerthar Mountain
• In the west of river Indus and lower indus plain
• Not high enough , average height 7000ft
• Drained by Hub and Liyari stream (join Arabian sea near Karachi )

3.The Western Mountain Range

I. Koh e Sufaid
South of Kabul river up to Kurram pass lies the Safed koh range which run east
and west
Average height of 12000ft
Snow covered in winter
River Kurrum in South
Kurram pass (Pakistan and
Afghanistan linkage) lies near it Kohat military base II. Waziristan
Hills
 Between Kurram and Gomal rivires
 Low altitude
 Tochi river joins the Kurram river from West in North Waziristan
III. Toba Kakar Mountain Ranges
 Along Afghan border in south of Waziristan Hills
IV. Chaghi Hills
 In the west of Pakistan along Afghan BORDER

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V. Central and coastal Makran Hills

 Low hills
 Extreme cold winter
 Mild summer

4.Plateaus
I. Potwar Plateau
 North of Salt range – area of Rawalpindi , Jehlum and Mianwali
 Uneven serface
 Valleys of Haro & Sowan river
 Scarcity of rainfall
 Not suitable for agricultural activities
 Mineral oil , Iron, lime-stone
II. Balochistan Plateaue
 Lies to the West of Sulaiman and Kirthar Mountain
 Dry hills
 Toba kakar, Chaghi range, Brahui range, Makran range
 Hamun Mashkhel lake

5. Deserts
I. Thal Desert
 B/W Indus and Jehlum –Sindh Sagar Doab
 Mianwali, Sargodha, Muzaffargarh, Dera Ismail Khan
 Low rainfall  Sand dunes
 Dust storms
 Vast barren area
II. Cholistan Dessert
 Southern border of Bahawalpur
 Barren
 Fertile soil, shortage of water
III. Nara Desert
 Southern border area of Khairpur district in Sindh is known as Nara Desert
IV. Thar Desert
 Border area of Mirpur and Sanghar district are called Tharparker or Thar desert
V. Kharan Desert
 Located in Balochistan
 Site of Pakistan’s second nuclear tests , Chaghi-2 , 28th May 1998

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6.Plains
All the plain areas of Pakistan have existed by the Sediments brought by river Indus
and its tributaries. The whole of Indus plain is subdivided as under:

I. The upper Indus plain

 From the point of junction eastern tributaries of river Indus is known as the
upper Indus plain
 Most area of Punjab
 5 rivers of Punjab drain it
 Fertile area
 Land that lies B/W 2 rivers- DOAB
 The area of Punjab plain can be divided into following Doabs:
Bari Doab.Rachna Doab. Chaj Doab. Sindh Sagar Doab
II. Lower Indus Plain
 Mithankot is known as junction of Indus river and Eastern tributaries
 Beyond Mithankot , INDUS flows alone
 This region lies from Mithankot to Thattha
III. The Indus Delta
 Indus delta begins near Thattha and the river Indus by distributing itself into
a number of Branches joins with the water of Arabian sea.
 The tidal deltic Land covers this area
 Submerged during high tides
 Mangroves swamps
 Barren waste lands

SOCIETY OF PAKISTAN:
Ethnic groups:

 44.7% Punjabis
 15.4% Pashtuns
 14.1% Sindhis
 8.4% Saraikis
 7.6% Muhajirs
 3.6% Balochs

Regional languages

Punjabi (39%) • Pashto (18%) • Sindhi (15%) • Saraiki (12%) • Balochi (3%) •
Hindko

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(2%) • Pothwari (1%) • Brahui (1%) • Kashmiri (0.17%) Balti • Burushaski • Dameli • Domaaki • Gawar-
Bati • Kalasha • Khowar • Kohistani • Kutchi • Memoni • Shina • Wakhi • Yidgha 6.3% Others
NATURAL RESOURCES

 vast land,
 natural gas reserves, petroleum, extensive coal  Iron ore, copper, salt,
limestone and gold.
 Second largest salt mine
 second largest coal reservoirs
 fifth largest gold mines
 seventh largest copper mines
 the country is the 11th largest wheat producer
 12th largest rice producer
 Seventh country of the world with nuclear power.
 Two of Pakistan’s major natural resources are at Reko Diq and Thar.
 Reko Diq is a giant copper and gold project in Chagai district,
Balochistan, in a desert area 70 kilometres northwest of Naukundi. Reko
Diq is close to Pakistan’s border with Iran and Afghanistan. According to
experts, Reko Diq has proven gold and copper reserves worth US$260
billion and estimated gold and copper reserves worth US$3 trillion.
 Thar coal is also a major blessing for the country. According to experts,
there is 175 billion tonnes of coal available in Thar, which is equal to 618
billion barrels of crude oil.

Agriculture Sector of Pakistan:

 Largest economy sector

 Employment provider
 Largest source of Foreign exchange reserve

Problems:

1. Old agricultural techniques

2. Educational backwardness of farmers
3. Poverty
4. Salinity and water logging
5. Division of land
6. Gulf between farmers and government sector

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7. Lack of marketing facilities

8. Erosion
9. Poor role of middle man
10. Infrastructure issues
Remedies:

1. TECHNICAL education for farmers

2. Pragmatic policies
3. Good infrastructure
4. Incentives for farmers
5. Better marketing procedures
6. Mechanization of agriculture

Industrial Sector of Pakistan

It consists of following major industries:

1. Textile Industry
2. Cement industry
3. Sugar Industry
4. Fertilizer Industry
5. Leather Industry
6. Paper industry
7. Card Board industry
8. Rubber industry
9. Electric Goods industry
10. Ship Industry
11. Oil refining industry
12. Iron industry
13. Machine industry
14. Banaspati Ghee Industry
15. Chemical industry
16. Armament Industry
17. Miscellaneous industries

Education Sector in Pakistan

Problems

1. Gender discrimination
2. Regional disparity
3. Unequal education system

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4. Lack of technical education

5. Untrained teachers
6. Poverty
7. Infrastructure issues
8. Age old Curriculum
9. Rote learning
10. Education – as business

Solutions:

1. Technical education
2. Industry-university linkage
3. Infrastructure
4. Equality in education
5. Modern CURRICULUM
6. Analytical examination method

II. Economic Challenges in Pakistan

Pakistan is currently facing many economic woes.

Economic Woes

1. Dwindling foreign exchange reserves

2. Low exports
3. High inflation
4. Growing fiscal deficit
5. Heavy debt

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6. Low tax to GDP ratio

7. Consumption on Cosmetic projects
8. Undocumented economy
9. Low saving rate
10. Rising poverty

Solution

1. Support local products

2. Prioritize Developmental projects
3. Documentation of economy
4. High saving rate
5. Entrepreneurship
6. Control fiscal deficit
7. Youth empowerment
8. Support traditional home industry
9. Promote tourism
10. Rely on Exports rather than imports

Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic

Survey, the Previous and Current Budgets, and the Problems
and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy

Read Economic Survey of Pakistan

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